Optimum design of a composite floor system considering environmental and economic impacts

Arpini, Paulo Augusto T.; Loureiro, Mayane C.; Breda, Breno D.; Calenzani, Adenílcia F.; Alves, Élcio C.

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952022000300002

Paulo Augusto T. Arpini

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Vitória, ES, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-5030

Mayane C. Loureiro

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Vitória, ES, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6330-9900

Breno D. Breda

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Vitória, ES, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-7843

Adenílcia F. Calenzani

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Vitória, ES, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-9950

Élcio C. Alves

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Vitória, ES, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-2645

Corresponding author: Paulo Augusto T. Arpini. E-mail: paulo.a.arpini@edu.ufes.br

Conflict of interest: Nothing to declare.

Author contributions: PATA: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing; MC: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing; BDB: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing; AFGC: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, supervision, writing ECA: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, supervision, writing.

Editors: Mark Alexander, Guilherme Aris Parsekian

Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference	Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference
Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference	Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference
Concrete 20 MPa	m³	130.68	Santoro and Kripka [¹²12 J. F. Santoro and M. Kripka, "Minimizing environmental impact from optimized sizing of reinforced concrete elements," Comput. Concr., vol. 25, pp. 111–118, 2020.]	Steel deck	kg	26.38	Worldsteel Association [³¹31 Worldsteel Association, LCI Data for Steel Products, 2019.]
Concrete 25 MPa	m³	139.88		Steel profile	kg	11.16
Concrete 30 MPa	m³	148.28		Studbolt shear connector	kg	11.16
Concrete 35 MPa	m³	162.36		Reinforcing steel mesh	kg	19.24
Concrete 40 MPa	m³	172.77		Steel CA50, ø 8 mm, reinforcement bar	kg	19.24
Concrete 45 MPa	m³	185.32
Concrete 50 MPa	m³	216.40

Material	Unit	Cost	Reference	Material	Unit	Cost	Reference
Material	Unit	(R$)	Reference	Material	Unit	(R$)	Reference
Concrete 20 MPa	m³	295.00	SINAPI [³²32 Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil. http://www.caixa.gov.br/poder-publico/apoio-poder-publico/sinapi/Paginas/default.aspx (accessed Mar. 20, 2020). http://www.caixa.gov.br/poder-publico/ap... ]	Steel CA-50, ø 8 mm, reinforcement bar	kg	5.34	SINAPI [³²32 Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil. http://www.caixa.gov.br/poder-publico/apoio-poder-publico/sinapi/Paginas/default.aspx (accessed Mar. 20, 2020). http://www.caixa.gov.br/poder-publico/ap... ]
Concrete 25 MPa	m³	307.42		Stud bolt shear connector	un	11.40	Cordeiro [³³33 F. C. R. Cordeiro, “Análise de produtividade da mão-de-obra e composição de custos do serviço de execução da laje steel deck,” Undergraduate thesis, UFSC, Florianópolis, 2016.]
Concrete 30 MPa	m³	317.11		Steel deck MF-50, thickness 0.80 mm	m²	72.36	MS Estruturas Metálicas [³⁴34 M. S. Estruturas Metálicas. “Painel steel deck.” https://rms-estruturas-metalicas.webnode.com.pt/products/painel-steel-deck-apartir-de-r%24-46%2C35-m%C2%B2/ (accessed Mar. 19, 2020). https://rms-estruturas-metalicas.webnode... ]
Concrete 35 MPa	m³	329.15		Steel deck MF-50, thickness 0.95 mm	m²	80.96
Concrete 40 MPa	m³	341.57		Steel deck MF-50, thickness 1.25 mm	m²	104.54
Concrete 45 MPa	m³	384.01		Steel deck MF-75, thickness 0.80 mm	m²	83.29
Concrete 50 MPa	m³	455.43		Steel deck MF-75, thickness 0.95 mm	m²	93.18
Steel profile	kg	9.47		Steel deck MF-75, thickness 1.25 mm	m²	120.31
Reinforcing steel mesh	kg	7.96

	Load type	Load	Characteristic value [kN/m²]	Load factor
Before concrete curing	Dead	Weight of the steel structure	0.25	1.15
Before concrete curing	Live	Construction live load	1.00	1.30
After concrete curing	Dead	Weight of the steel structure	0.25	1.25
	Dead	Weight of the flooring	1.35	1.50
	Live	Serviceability live load	5.00	1.50

Information	Unit	Fakury et al. [²⁷27 R. Fakury, A. Silva, and R. Caldas, Dimensionamento de Elementos Estruturais de Aço e Mistos de Aço e Concreto. São Paulo: Pearson Education do Brasil, 2016.]	Optimized solution
Number of beams	un	2	3
Steel deck type	--	MF-75	MF-50
Steel deck thickness	mm	0.95	0.80
Maximum span	m	2.50	2.20
Total height of the slab	cm	15.00	11.00
Thickness of the concrete layer	cm	7.50	6.00
Reinforcing steel mesh	--	Q-75 (ø3.8-150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8-150 × 150)
Profile of the beam V1	--	W 310 × 28.3	W 310 × 21
Degree of composite interaction V1	--	0.47	0.54
Total number of connectors V1	un	32	48
Transverse reinforcementV1		Q-75 (ø3.8 150 × 150) C=52	16 ø8 c/40 C=91
Profile of the primary beam V2	--	W 310 × 28.3*	W 310 × 21
Degree of composite interaction V2	un	0.47*	0.51
Total number of connectors V2	--	32*	32
Transverse reinforcementV2		Q-75 (ø3.8-150×150) C=52*	16 ø8 c/40 C=91
Profile of the girder V3	--	VSM 450 × 59	VS 450 × 51
Degree of composite interaction V3	--	0.65	0.71
Total number of connectors V3	un	32	28
Transverse reinforcement V3	--	46 ø8 c/11 C=96 6 ø8 c/40 C= 96	16 ø8 c/40 C=91

Information	Fakury et al. [²⁷27 R. Fakury, A. Silva, and R. Caldas, Dimensionamento de Elementos Estruturais de Aço e Mistos de Aço e Concreto. São Paulo: Pearson Education do Brasil, 2016.]		Optimization program
Information	Environmental impact (kgCO₂)	Cost (R$)	Environmental impact (kgCO₂)	Cost (R$)
Beams V1	481.77	4434.9	517.52	4960.56
Primary beam V2	481.77	4434.9	345.016	3307.04
Girder V3	494.71	4535.2	436.07	3951.78
Transverse reinforcement	35.7	123.7	31.52	102.36
Steel deck	1661.9	5241.38	1390.39	4685.06
Concrete	885.18	1945.39	806.5	1772.47
Reinforcing steel mesh	130.95	541.78	130.95	541.78
TOTAL	4171.98	21257.25	3657.966	19321.05

Information	Unit	20 MPa	25 MPa	30 MPa	35 MPa	40 MPa	45 MPa	50 MPa
Number of V1*	un	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Steel deck type	--	MF-50	MF-75	MF-75	MF-75	MF-50	MF-50	MF-75
Steel deck thickness	mm	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Maximum span	m	2.10	2.20	2.20	2.20	2.10	1.90	2.20
Total height of the slab	cm	11.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	11.00	11.00	14.00
Thickness of the concrete layer	cm	6.00	6.50	6.50	6.50	6.00	6.00	6.50
Reinforcing steel Mesh	--	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)
Profile V1 and V2*	--	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21	W 310 × 21
Degree of composite interaction V1 and V2	--	0.53	0.54	0.52	0.61	0.54	0.49	0.5
Total number of connectors V1	un	48	48	48	54	48	48	48
Number of connectors V2	un	32	32	32	36	32	32	32
Transverse reinforcement V1 and V2	--	16 ø8 c/40 C=106	16 ø8 c/40 C=91	16 ø8 c/40 C=80	16 ø8 c/40 C=73	16 ø8 c/40 C=66	16 ø8 c/40 C=61	16 ø8 c/40 C=56
Profile V3*	--	VS 450 × 59	VS 450 × 51	VS 450 × 51	VS 450 × 51	VS 450 × 51	VS 450 × 51	VS 450 × 51
Degree of composite interaction	--	0.5	0.66	0.69	0.78	0.48	0.86	0.78
number of connectors	un	20	28	30	34	22	38	34
Transverse reinforcement V3	--	16 ø8 c/40 C=109	30 ø8 c/23 C=91	38 ø10 c/18 C=80	46 ø8 c/8 C=73	16 ø8 c/40 C=70	46 ø8 c/8 C=61	46 ø8 c/8 C=56
TOTAL CO₂ emission	kg	3403.84	3671.32	3718.71	3800.69	3529.68	3600.44	4102.14
TOTAL cost	R$	18780.85	19321.05	19399.16	19622.19	18459.14	18862.50	20209.63

Load type	Load	Characteristic value [kN/m²]	Load factor
Dead loads	Weight of the steel structure	0.40	1.40
Dead loads	Weight of the flooring	1.35	1.40
Live loads	Serviceability live load	3.00	1.50

Information	Unit	NEXEM	Optimized solution
Number of beams V1	un	2	4
Steel deck type	--	MF-50	MF-50
Steel deck thickness	mm	0.80	0.80
Maximum span	m	3.50	2.10
Total height of the slab	cm	15.00	11.00
Thickness of the concrete layer	cm	10.00	6.00
Reinforcing steel mesh	--	Q-113 (ø3.8- 100×100)	Q-75 (ø3.8-150×150)
Profile of the beam V1	--	W 200 × 31.3	W 200 × 15
Degree of composite interaction V1	--	0.40	0.43
Total number of connectors V1	un	24	40
Transverse reinforcementV1		6 ø8 c/31 C=79*	10 ø8 c/38 C=72
Profile of the primary beam V2	--	W 200 × 31.3*	W 200 × 15
Degree of composite interaction V2	un	0.40*	0.43
Total number of connectors V2	--	24*	20
Transverse reinforcementV2		6 ø8 c/31 C=79**	10 ø8 c/38 C=72
Profile of the girder V3	--	VS 450 × 51**	VS 400 × 44
Degree of composite interaction V3	--	0.85**	0.69
Total number of connectors V3	un	38**	26
Transverse reinforcementV3	--	12 ø8 c/40 C=86**	22 ø8 c/40 C=87

Information	NEXEM		Optimization program
Information	Environmental impact (kgCO₂)	Cost (R$)	Environmental impact (kgCO₂)	Cost (R$)
Beam V1	298.97	2797.02	281.33	2828.23
Primary beams V2	298.97	2797.02	140.66	1414.12
Girder V3	609.41	5518.81	522.92	4675.17
Transverse reinforcement	8.52	23.69	22.25	61.74
Steel deck	999.3	3267.05	999.3	3267.05
Concrete	836.86	1793.41	569.06	1219.52
Reinforcing steel mesh	156.36	646.91	105.11	434.87
TOTAL	3208.39	16843.91	2640.63	13900.70

Information	Unit	20 MPa	25 MPa	30 MPa	35 MPa	40 MPa	45 MPa	50 MPa
Number of V1*	un	4	4	4	4	5	5	4
Steel deck type	--	MF-50	MF-75	MF-50	MF-50	MF-50	MF-50	MF-50
Steel deck thickness	mm	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Maximum span	m	210.00	210.00	210.00	240.00	200.00	200.00	230.00
Total height of the slab	cm	12.00	11.00	11.00	11.00	11.00	11.00	11.00
Thickness of the concrete layer	m	7.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00
Reinforcing steel mesh	--	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)	Q-75 (ø3.8 – 150 × 150)
Profile V1 and V2*	--	W 150 × 13	W 150 × 13	W 200 × 15	W 200 × 15	W 150 × 13	W 200 × 15	W 150 × 13
Degree of composite interaction V1 e V2	--	0.45	0.67	0.43	0.58	0.78	0.52	0.4
Total number of connectors V1	un	32	48	40	48	70	60	32
Number of connectors V2	un	16	24	20	24	28	24	16
Transverse reinforcement V1 e V2	--	10 ø8 c/38 C=103	10 ø8 c/38 C=90	10 ø8 c/38 C=79	10 ø8 c/38 C=72	10 ø8 c/38 C=66	10 ø8 c/38 C=60	10 ø8 c/38 C=55
Girder V3*	--	VS 400 × 44	VS 400 × 44	VS 400 × 44	VS 400 × 44	VS 400 × 38	VS 400 × 37	VS 400 × 44
Degree of composite interaction	--	0.67	0.74	0.69	0.68	0.8	0.88	0.64
Number of connectors	un	32	30	26	26	26	28	24
Transverse reinforcementV3	--	22 ø8 c/40 C=114	22 ø8 c/40 C=100	22 ø8 c/40 C=87	22 ø8 c/40 C=78	22 ø8 c/40 C=71	22 ø8 c/40 C=66	22 ø8 c/40 C=61
TOTAL CO₂ emission	kg	2576.40	2549.68	2640.63	2693.10	2659.88	2767.10	2830.83
TOTAL cost	R$	13357.91	13513.32	13900.70	14075.37	13791.62	14328.19	13711.98

C O_{2 (b e a m) V S P} = (2 + n_{b e a m}) \cdot [(ρ_{s t e e l} \cdot A_{a} \cdot L \cdot E_{s t e e l}) + (n \cdot ρ_{s t e e l} . V_{c} \cdot E_{s t e e l}) + (A_{s} \cdot l_{b} \cdot ρ_{s t e e l} \cdot E_{s t e e l})]

C O_{2 (b e a m) V P} = (V_{s t e e l} \cdot E_{s t e e l} \cdot ρ_{s t e e l}) + (n_{p} \cdot V_{c} \cdot ρ_{s t e e l} \cdot E_{s t e e l}) + (A_{s p} \cdot l_{b p} \cdot ρ_{s t e e l} \cdot E_{s t e e l})

C = \{\begin{matrix} \frac{h_{w} / t_{w}}{5.7 \sqrt{E / f_{y k}}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{α_{m i n}}{α} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{M_{s d}}{M_{r d}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{V_{s d}}{V_{r d}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{q_{s d}}{q_{r d}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{(M_{G a, S k} / W_{a, i}) + (M_{L, S k} / W_{e f, i})}{f_{y k}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{δ_{t}}{δ_{a d m}} - 1 \leq 0 \\ \frac{H_{v, S d}}{H_{v . R d}} - 1 \leq 0 \end{matrix}

Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference	Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference
Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference	Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference
Concrete 20 MPa	m³	130.68	Santoro and Kripka [12]	Steel deck	kg	26.38	Worldsteel Association [31]
Concrete 25 MPa	m³	139.88		Steel profile	kg	11.16
Concrete 30 MPa	m³	148.28		Studbolt shear connector	kg	11.16
Concrete 35 MPa	m³	162.36		Reinforcing steel mesh	kg	19.24
Concrete 40 MPa	m³	172.77		Steel CA50, ø 8 mm, reinforcement bar	kg	19.24
Concrete 45 MPa	m³	185.32
Concrete 50 MPa	m³	216.40

Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference	Material	Unit	CO₂ emissions	Reference
Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference	Material	Unit	(kgCO₂)	Reference
Concrete 20 MPa	m³	130.68	Santoro and Kripka [12]	Steel deck	kg	2.638	Worldsteel Association [31]
Concrete 25 MPa	m³	139.88		Steel profile	kg	1.116
Concrete 30 MPa	m³	148.28		Studbolt shear connector	kg	1.116
Concrete 35 MPa	m³	162.36		Reinforcing steel mesh	kg	1.924
Concrete 40 MPa	m³	172.77		Steel CA50, ø 8 mm, reinforcement bar	kg	1.924
Concrete 45 MPa	m³	185.32
Concrete 50 MPa	m³	216.40

[1] Corresponding author: Paulo Augusto T. Arpini. E-mail: paulo.a.arpini@edu.ufes.br

Brasil

Brasil

Optimum design of a composite floor system considering environmental and economic impacts

Otimização de sistema de piso misto de aço e concreto considerando o impacto ambiental e econômico

Abstract