Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select high performance concretes

Pinto, Sabrina Requião; Bem, Diogo Henrique de; Rebmann, Markus Samuel; Medeiros, Marcelo Henrique Farias de

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952021000200006

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 14 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952021000200006 copy

Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select high performance concretes

Aplicação do método da análise hierárquica para escolha de concretos de alto desempenho

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This paper describes an application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to choose the best cement type and mixture for the production of high performance concrete. The decision process aimed at obtaining a concrete that would best meet the requirements of three hypothetical scenarios: (a) industrial concrete floors of a chemical plant, (b) structural elements of a thirty-floor building and (c) a massive foundation block of a green building. In this regard, six different concrete mixtures were evaluated (VR4, IIIR4, V280, III280, V200 and III210) according to four criteria: mechanical properties, durability, financial cost and environmental impact. The analysis results showed that the composition with CPV-ARI cement and content of 280 kg/m³ was the best alternative for scenario (a) and (b), while for scenario (c) the composition with cement CPIII and content of 210 kg/m³ was the best choice.

Keywords:
high performance concrete; mechanical properties; economic and environmental performance; durability; analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

Material parameter	Mixture nomenclature
Material parameter	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Type of cement	CP V	CP III	CP V	CP III	CP V	CP III
Type of cement	ARI	40-RS	ARI	40-RS	ARI	40-RS
Cement consumption (kg/m³)	426.1	437.4	278.6	275.5	199.2	208
Active silica (kg/m³)	-	-	16.9	17.4	12.1	13.1
Metakaolin (kg/m³)	-	-	6.5	6.7	4.6	5.0
Filler (ground silica) (kg/m³)	-	-	51.6	51.2	53	52.7
Sand 1 (kg/m³)	685	676	470.8	466.9	483.4	480.6
Sand 2 (kg/m³)	-	-	313.9	311.3	322.3	320.4
Sand 3 (kg/m³)	-	-	196.2	194.6	201.4	200.3
Pebble (kg/m³)	-	-	413	409.6	424.0	421.6
Gravel 1 (kg/m³)	1.111	1.114	619.5	614.4	636.0	632.4
Mixing water (kg/m³)	191.7	190.0	128.3	128.9	130.5	130.7
Superplasticizer (kg/m³)	-	-	6.04	5.99	4.32	4.52
Water/binder ratio^* * this value refers to the ratio (mixing water + additive water)/total binders	0.451	0.434	0.436	0.442	0.617	0.590
Mortar content (%)	50	50	56.4	56.4	54.6	54.8
Total binders (kg/m³)	426.1	437.4	302.0	299.6	216.0	226.1

Analysis parameter	Mixture nomenclature
Analysis parameter	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Compressive strength⁽¹ (1) Test on 10x20cm cylindrical specimens according to NBR 5739 [40]. (2) Test on 10x10x50cm prismatic specimens according to NBR 12142 [41]. (3) Test according to NBR 9778 [42]. (4) Test according to NBR 12042 [43]. (5) Tests based on the German Water Permeability Test (GWT). (6) Test according to ASTM C876 [44] with immersion and drying cycles in a solution with 3.5% NaCl (7) adopted emission rate of 860 kg of CO2 per ton of clinker. (8) Subsequently, to allow the calculations to be carried out, this value will be admitted as 1mm, remaining as the lowest value. ⁾ – 28 days (MPa)	40.7	30.0	67.9	55.4	51.9	34.5
Modulus of elasticity⁽¹⁾ – 28 days (GPa)	42.1	36.1	51.4	50.8	49.0	43.5
Flexural tensile strength⁽2⁾ (MPa)	4.5	4.7	8.3	7.2	6.2	5.1
Water absorption⁽¹⁾⁽3⁾ – 63 days (%)	5.5	5.9	3.2	2.5	3.8	3.8
Abrasion⁽4⁾ 1000m (mm)	1.0	1.6	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.6
Permeability⁽5⁾ (10-12m/s)	2.5	3.1	1.4	2.4	2.7	4.7
Carbonation⁽²⁾ – 96 days (mm)	0(8)	14.6	1.7	9.8	11.1	22.3
Corrosion potential⁽6⁾ – 17 cycles (mV)	-530	-460	-320	-440	-230	-590
Cost (R$/m³)	249.14	253.35	330.33	328.20	277.21	283.57
CO₂ emission⁽7⁾ (kg)	348	184	228	116	163	88

Judgment scale				Weight
A is equally as important as B				1.00
A is moderately more (less) important than B				2.00 (0.5)
A is extremely more (less) important than B				3.00 (0.33)
Analysis parameter	A	B	C	D
A	1.00	a	a × b	a × b × c
B	1/a	1.00	b	b × c
C	1/(a × b)	1/b	1.00	c
D	1/(a × b × c)	1/(b × c)	1/c	1.00

	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Mechanical properties	0.60	0.55	1.00	0.86	0.79	0.62
Durability	0.87	0.56	1.00	0.73	0.70	0.51
Economic attractiveness	1.00	0.98	0.75	0.76	0.90	0.88
Environmental performance	0.25	0.48	0.39	0.76	0.54	1.00

Analysis parameter (Main criteria)		Mechanical properties		Durability		Economic attractiveness			Environmental performance
Mechanical properties		1.0		0.33		1.0			2.0
Durability		3.0		1.0		3.0			6.0
Economic attractiveness		1.0		0.33		1.0			2.0
Environmental performance		0.5		0.17		0.50			1.0
Analysis parameter (Mechanical properties sub-criteria)				Compressive strength			Modulus of elasticity			Tensile strength
Compressive strength				1.0			2.0			0.67
Modulus of elasticity				0.5			1.0			0.33
Tensile strength				1.5			3.0			1.0
Analysis parameter (Durability sub-criteria)	Absorption		Abrasion		Corrosion potential			Permeability			Carbonation
Absorption	1.0		0.33		1.0			0.33			1.0
Abrasion	3.0		1.0		3.0			1.0			3.0
Corrosion potential	1.0		0.33		1.0			0.33			1.0
Permeability	3.0		1.0		3.0			1.0			3.0
Carbonation	1.0		0.33		1.0			0.33			1.0

Analysis parameter (Main criteria)		Mechanical properties		Durability		Economic attractiveness			Environmental performance
Mechanical properties		1.0		2.0		4.0			8.0
Durability		0.5		1.0		2.0			4.0
Economic attractiveness		0.25		0.5		1.0			2.0
Environmental performance		0.13		0.25		0.5			1.0
Analysis parameter (Mechanical properties sub-criteria)				Compressive strength			Modulus of elasticity			Tensile strength
Compressive strength				1.0			2.0			4.0
Modulus of elasticity				0.5			1.0			2.0
Tensile strength				0.25			0.5			1.0
Analysis parameter (Durability sub-criteria)	Absorption		Abrasion		Corrosion potential			Permeability			Carbonation
Absorption	1.0		1.0		0.33			1.0			0.33
Abrasion	1.0		1.0		0.33			1.0			0.33
Corrosion Potential	3.0		3.0		1.0			3.0			1.0
Permeability	1.0		1.0		0.33			1.0			0.33
Carbonation	3.0		3.0		1.0			3.0			1.0

Analysis parameter (Main criteria)		Mechanical properties		Durability		Economic attractiveness			Environmental performance
Mechanical properties		1.00		0.50		1.00			0.33
Durability		2.00		1.00		2.00			0.66
Economic attractiveness		1.00		0.50		1.00			0.33
Environmental performance		3.03		1.50		3.00			1.00
Analysis parameter (Mechanical properties sub-criteria)				Compressive strength			Modulus of elasticity			Tensile strength
Compressive strength				1.0			2.0			2.0
Modulus of elasticity				0.5			1.0			1.0
Tensile strength				0.5			1.0			1.0
Analysis parameter (Durability sub-criteria)	Absorption		Abrasion		Pot. Corrosion			Permeability			Carbonation
Absorption	1.00		2.00		0.66			1.32			2.64
Abrasion	0.50		1.00		0.33			0.66			1.32
Corrosion Potential	1.52		3.03		1.00			2.00			4.00
Permeability	0.76		1.52		0.50			1.00			2.00
Carbonation	0.38		0.76		0.25			0.50			1.00

	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Compressive strength - 28 days	0.58	0.43	1.00	0.80	0.77	0.51
Modulus of elasticity - 28 days	0.82	0.70	1.00	0.99	0.95	0.85
Flexural tensile strength	0.54	0.57	1.00	0.87	0.75	0.61
Water absorption - 63 days	0.45	0.42	0.78	1.00	0.66	0.66
Abrasion 1000 m	1.00	0.63	0.83	0.71	0.67	0.63
Permeability	0.56	0.45	1.00	0.58	0.52	0.30
Carbonation	1.00	0.07	0.59	0.10	0.09	0.04
Corrosion potential – 17 cycles	0.43	0.50	0.72	0.52	1.00	0.39
Cost	1.00	0.98	0.75	0.76	0.90	0.88
CO₂ Emission	0.25	0.48	0.39	0.76	0.54	1.00

Mechanical properties	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Compressive strength	19.23	14.42	33.17	26.44	25.48	16.82
Modulus of elasticity	13.58	11.65	16.58	16.39	15.81	14.03
Tensile strength	27.24	28.46	50.25	43.59	37.54	30.88
Performance index	60.05	54.52	100.00	86.42	78.82	61.73
Durability	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Water absorption	4.98	4.65	8.56	10.96	7.21	7.21
Abrasion	33.22	20.76	27.68	23.73	22.15	20.76
Corrosion potential	4.81	5.54	7.96	5.79	11.07	4.32
Permeability	18.79	15.15	33.56	19.57	17.40	10.00
Carbonation	11.19	0.77	6.58	1.14	1.01	0.50
Performance index	72.99	46.18	78.42	60.17	57.93	42.34

	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Mechanical properties	10.82	9.83	18.03	15.58	14.21	11.13
Durability	47.28	30.36	54.64	39.65	38.12	27.72
Economic attractiveness	18.21	17.91	13.74	13.83	16.37	16.00
Environmental performance	2.30	4.36	3.52	6.91	4.92	9.11
Performance index	78.63	62.46	89.93	75.97	73.62	63.97

	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Mechanical properties	34.28	28.27	53.33	45.96	43.63	33.04
Durability	26.67	12.68	20.77	16.34	20.45	11.59
Economic attractiveness	13.33	13.11	10.06	10.12	11.98	11.71
Environmental performance	1.69	3.19	2.57	5.06	3.60	6.67
Performance index	75.13	57.61	92.63	78.10	80.03	63.14

	VR4	IIIR4	V280	III280	V200	III210
Mechanical properties	8.96	7.60	14.22	12.26	11.50	8.80
Durability	21.02	16.21	28.44	22.89	25.54	15.70
Economic attractiveness	14.22	13.99	10.73	10.80	12.78	12.50
Environmental performance	10.90	20.61	16.64	32.70	23.27	43.10
Performance index	55.12	58.42	70.04	78.66	73.10	80.11

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E-mail: arlene@ibracon.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Marcelo Henrique Farias de Medeiros. E-mail: medeiros.ufpr@gmail.com