Concrete produced with recycled aggregate: a durability analysis for structural use

Pimentel, Lia Lorena; Rizzo, Giovanna Falzetta; Jacintho, Ana Elisabete Paganelli Guimarães de Avila; Fontanini, Patrícia Stella Pucharelli

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952020000600013

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Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 13 (6) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952020000600013 copy

Concrete produced with recycled aggregate: a durability analysis for structural use

Concreto produzido com agregado reciclado: uma análise de durabilidade visando uso em estruturas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

abstract:

Construction and Demolition waste (CDW) is already used in many European countries as recycled aggregates to produce concrete for structural purposes. In Brazil, its use is still restricted to concretes with no structural function. The consumption of aggregates for the production of concrete is very large, and enabling the use of recycled aggregates in the production of concrete is essential to transform the civil construction industry into a more sustainable one. This work aimed to study the parameters that affect the durability of C30 grade concrete, produced with different types of recycled aggregate. We defined four types of coarse aggregates for carrying out this work: the natural (AN), the concrete (ARCO), the cementitious materials (ARCI) and the treated cementitious materials (ARCI Treated). We adopted 30% substitution content of natural aggregate for recycled aggregates. The treatment of the ARCI aggregate consisted of the application of water and cement solution, aiming to reduce its water absorption capacity. We determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of the concrete, in addition to carrying out indirect measurement tests of durability, by determining the permeability to air, penetration and migration of chloride ions, and determination of the carbonation depth. The results indicate that the concrete using the ARCO type aggregate, produced with 100% crushed concrete, presented characteristics like the reference concrete, indicating the possibility that it can be applied to reinforced concrete structures. As for the ARCI type aggregate, it presented inferior results when compared to the concrete reference for the tests of indirect measurement of durability, however, the concrete displayed good mechanical properties. The concrete produced with the treated ARCI did not perform better than the concrete with ARCI for most of the evaluated characteristics, indicating that the proposed treatment was not adequate.

Keywords:
durability; construction waste; permeability

Aggregates	Standard	Natural Sand	Natural Coarse	ARCO	ARCI	ARCI Treated
Specific mass (g/cm³)	NBR NM 52 [²⁴24 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Miúdo – Determinação da Massa Específica e Massa Específica Aparente, ABNT NBR NM 52, 2009.] / NBR NM 53 [²⁵25 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Graúdo – Determinação da Massa Específica, Massa Específica Aparente e Absorção de Água, ABNT NBR NM 53, 2009.]	2.52	2.87	2.36	2.41	2.42
Water absorption (%)	NBR NM 52 [²⁴24 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Miúdo – Determinação da Massa Específica e Massa Específica Aparente, ABNT NBR NM 52, 2009.]/ NBR NM 30 [²⁶26 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregado Miúdo – Determinação da Absorção de Água, ABNT NBR NM 30, 2001.]	2.76	1.35	7.34	7.35	6.75
Crushing Strength (%)	NBR 9938 [²⁷27 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação da Resistência ao Esmagamento de Agregados Graúdos, ABNT NBR 9938, 1987.]	_	14.36	25.79	24.50	24.24
Max aggregate size (mm)	NBR NM 248 [²⁸28 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados – Determinação da Composição Granulométrica, ABNT NBR NM 248, 2003.]	6.3	25	25	25	25

Concrete	Replacement content.	C	Natural Sand	Natural Coarse	Recycled aggregate	a/c	S. A.^* * S.A. – Superplasticizer Additive; **Cement Consumption (%)	Cc ^** (kg/m³)
T REF	0	1	2.71	3.79	0	0.6	0.4	308.5
T ARCO	30%	1	2.71	2.65	1.00	0.6	0.4	308.5
T ARCI	30%	1	2.71	2.65	1.02	0.6	0.3	308.5
T ARCI Treated	30%	1	2.71	2.65	1.02	0.6	0.5	308.5

Tests performed	Standard Method
Resistance to axial compression	NBR 5739 [³⁵35 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Concreto – Ensaio de Compressão de Corpos de Prova Cilíndricos, ABNT NBR 5739, 2007.]
Modulus of elasticity	NBR 8522 [³⁶36 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Concreto – Determinação do Módulo Estático de Elasticidade à Compressão, ABNT NBR 8522, 2008.]
Water absorption capacity by immersion	NBR 9778 [³⁷37 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Argamassa e Concreto Endurecidos – Determinação da Absorção de Água, Índice de Vazios e Massa Específica, ABNT NBR 9778, 2005.]
Capillary water absorption capacity	NBR 9779 [³⁸38 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Argamassa e Concreto Endurecidos – Determinação da Absorção de Água por Capilaridade, ABNT NBR 9779, 2012.]23
Chloride penetration	Adaptation of the methodologies used by Omrane et al. [³3 M. Omrane, S. Kenai, E.-H. Kadri, and A. Aït-Mokhtar, "Performance and durability of self-compacting concrete using recycled concrete aggregates and natural pozzolan," J. Clean. Prod., vol. 165, pp. 415–430, Nov 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017... ], França [³⁹39 C. B. França, “Avaliação de cloretos livres em concretos pelo método de aspersão de solução de nitrato de prata,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Catol. Pernambuco, Recife, 2011.], Kim et al. [⁴⁰40 M.-Y. Kim, E.-I. Yang, and S.-T. Yi, "Application of the colorimetric method to chloride diffusion evaluation in concrete structures," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 41, pp. 239–245, Apr 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... ], Real et al. [⁴¹41 L. V. Real, D. R. B. Oliveira, T. Soares, and M. H. F. Medeiros, "Método colorimétrico por aspersão de nitrato de prata para avaliação da penetração de cloretos em concreto: estado da arte," Rev. ALCONPAT, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 149–159, May 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v5i2.84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v5i2.84... ]:
Air and water permeability (Porosiscope)	Manual Porosiscope [⁴²42 American Society for Testing and Materials, Porosiscope™ Determines Air and Water Permeability in Concrete Both At and Below the Surface, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.ndtjames.com/Porosiscope-p/c-p.htm http://www.ndtjames.com/Porosiscope-p/c-... ]
Carbonation	Adaptation of the methodologies used by Perea and Alvarado [²²22 M. Perea and A. Alvarado “Propriedades mecânicas en concretos fabricados con agregados gruesos reciclados tratados com lechadas,” in CONPAT, 2015, pp. 1-14.], NBR 7211 [²³23 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Agregados para Concreto – Especificação, ABNT NBR 7211, 2009.], Valls and Vàzquez [⁴³43 S. Valls and E. Vàzquez, "Accelerated carbonatation of sewage sluge-cementsand mortars and its environmental impact," Cement Concr. Res., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1271–1276, Sep 2001, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00573-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)... ], Gandía-Romero [⁴⁴44 J. M. Gandía-Romero et al., "Potentiometric thick-film sensor for measuring the pH of concrete," Cement Concr. Compos., vol. 68, pp. 66–76, Apr 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2... ]:
Chloride migration	According Medeiros [⁴⁵45 R. A. Medeiros Jr., “Estudo da resistividade do concreto para proposta de modelagem de vida útil – corrosão das armaduras devido a penetração de cloreto,” Ph.D. dissertation, Inst. Tecnol. Aeronáut., São José dos Campos, 2011.]

Quality Category	Time(s)	Protection Quality
0	< 30	Poor
1	30 - 100	Moderate
2	100 - 300	Satisfactory
3	300 - 1000	Good
4	> 1000	Excellent

Concrete	Slump Test (cm)	Specific mass (g/cm³)
T REF	6.5	2.50
T 30 ARCO	6.5	2.44
T 30 ARCI	7.0	2.44
T 30 ARCI Treated	6.5	2.37

Permeability
Concrete	Time (s)	Classification
T REF	55.5	Moderate
T 30 ARCO	21.5	Poor
T 30 ARCI	17.25	Poor
T 30 ARCI Treated	17.25	Poor

Sample	Carbonated area (cm2)	e (mm)
T REF	1.96	1.27
T 30 ARCO	2.57	1.65
T 30 ARCI	8.02	5.24
T 30 ARCI Treated	4.83	3.12

Sample	Carbonated Area (cm2)	e (mm)
T REF	17.60	11.89
T 30 ARCO	10.89	7.19
T 30 ARCI	15.24	10.22
T 30 ARCI Treated	18.76	12.76

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E-mail: arlene@ibracon.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Lia Lorena Pimentel. E-mail: lialp@puc-campinas.edu.br