Figure 1
Loads transmission on beams in case of indirect support [66 F. Leonhardt, and E. Mönning. Construções de Concreto, vol. 3: Princípios Básicos sobre a Armação de Estruturas de Concreto Armado. Rio de Janeiro: Interciência, 1978.]
Figure 2
Strut and tie model in indirect supports [77 A. H. Mattock and J. F. Shen, "Joints between reinforced concrete members of similar depth," Struct. J., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 290–295, 1992.]
Figure 3
PC beam test carried out by Büeler and Thoma apud Thoma [1111 K. Thoma, "Finite element analysis of experimentally tested RC and PC beams using the cracked membrane model," Eng. Struct., vol. 167, pp. 592–607, 2018.]
Figure 4
Crack pattern at failure: (a) view of longitudinal girder; (b) view of transverse girder–longitudinal girder. [1111 K. Thoma, "Finite element analysis of experimentally tested RC and PC beams using the cracked membrane model," Eng. Struct., vol. 167, pp. 592–607, 2018.]
Figure 5
Indirect support where =
Figure 6
Indirect support with support from the top (where << )
Figure 7
Indirect support with support from below (where << )
Figure 8
Indirect support where >
Figure 9
Principal stresses and crack pattern due to pure torsion [1313 J.K. Wight. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. Prentice Hall, 2015.]
Figure 10
Shear stresses and crack pattern due to the combination of torsion and shear[1313 J.K. Wight. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design. Prentice Hall, 2015.]
Figure 11
Relation between h1/h2 and load to be hung – Support from below
Figure 12
Relation between h1/h2 and load to be hung – Support from the top
Figure 13
Description of specimen B1 (dimensions in mm) [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 14
Description of specimen B2 (dimensions in mm) [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 15
Test scheme [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 16
Tensile force on hanger reinforcement [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 17
Development of tensile force as a function of the ratio hb/h2 [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 18
Cracking at the joint interface between the beams [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 19
Comparison between the forces transmitted by the hanger reinforcement and the direct shear flow [11 K. R. Baek, Response of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Indirect Loading. Montreal, Canada: McGill University; 2016.]
Figure 20
Strut and tie model for a bi-supported beam with centered force applied to the upper face
Figure 21
Strut and tie model for a bi-supported beam with centered force applied to the lower face
Figure 22
T-beam cross section [1010 Fusco Péricles Brasiliense. Técnicas de Armar as Estruturas de Concreto. 2. ed. Pini, 2013.]
Figure 23
Typical structure of the tested specimens [77 A. H. Mattock and J. F. Shen, "Joints between reinforced concrete members of similar depth," Struct. J., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 290–295, 1992.]
Figure 24
Cracking pattern of specimens 2 and 3 [77 A. H. Mattock and J. F. Shen, "Joints between reinforced concrete members of similar depth," Struct. J., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 290–295, 1992.]
Figure 25
Support situations analyzed by Pereira et al. [1414 E. M. V. Pereira, Í.S.S. Araújo, and P. G. B. Nóbrega, "ARMSUSP: um aplicativo computacional para cálculo da armadura de suspensão em apoios indiretos," Rev. Eng. Civ. IMED, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 179–201, 2020.]
Figure 26
Example of indirect support situation with application of torsion in the supporting beam (dimensions in cm)
Figure 27
Structural scheme used by Collins and Lampert [99 M. P. Collins, and P. Lampert. "Redistribution of moments at cracking-the key to simpler torsion design?," ACI Spec. Publ., vol. 35, pp. 343–384, 1973.]
Figure 28
Joint failure in specimen S3 [99 M. P. Collins, and P. Lampert. "Redistribution of moments at cracking-the key to simpler torsion design?," ACI Spec. Publ., vol. 35, pp. 343–384, 1973.]
Figure 29
Cracking pattern of the supporting beam in specimens 5 and 2 [77 A. H. Mattock and J. F. Shen, "Joints between reinforced concrete members of similar depth," Struct. J., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 290–295, 1992.]
Table 1
Test results [77 A. H. Mattock and J. F. Shen, "Joints between reinforced concrete members of similar depth," Struct. J., vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 290–295, 1992.]
Table 2
Shear stress values at the supported beam interface and limits [1414 E. M. V. Pereira, Í.S.S. Araújo, and P. G. B. Nóbrega, "ARMSUSP: um aplicativo computacional para cálculo da armadura de suspensão em apoios indiretos," Rev. Eng. Civ. IMED, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 179–201, 2020.]