Study of the compressive and tensile strenghts of self-compacting concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash

In this work, the axial compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days of age and the tensile strength at 28 days of age of specimens of two self-compacting concrete (SCC) compositions were evaluated. The difference between them was the presence of the sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in the substitution rate of 10% of the sand mass in the second trace. The traces were developed based on the rheological parameters of the NBR 15823 Brazilian standard. The strengths at 28 days were evaluated by the confidence interval of the Student’s t-test with α of 5%. The results in the fresh state have proved that the rheological performances between the SCC’S are similar. Moreover, the SCC with SCBA obtained equivalent performances in the compressive and tensile strengths at all ages when compared to the SCC without SCBA, with an effective reduction of 87 Kg of sand per cubic meter of concrete.

Keywords:
self-compacting mortar; rheology of concrete; mechanical strength of concrete; sustainability

Authorship

R. G. D. MOLIN FILHO

Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Maringá, PR, Brasil; rafagermano@gmail.com prparaiso@uem.br lmmjorge@uem.brUniversidade Estadual de MaringáBrazilMaringá, PR, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Maringá, PR, Brasil; rafagermano@gmail.com prparaiso@uem.br lmmjorge@uem.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-6944

D. A. LONGHI

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Jandaia do Sul, Jandaia do Sul, PR, Brasil; ealdaniel@ufpr.br thom@ufpr.brUniversidade Federal do ParanáBrazilJandaia do Sul, PR, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Jandaia do Sul, Jandaia do Sul, PR, Brasil; ealdaniel@ufpr.br thom@ufpr.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8514-5417

R. C. T. de SOUZA

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-8528

R. D. VANDERLEI

Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Maringá, PR, Brasil. rdvanderlei@uem.brUniversidade Estadual de MaringáBrazilMaringá, PR, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Maringá, PR, Brasil. rdvanderlei@uem.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6951

P. R. PARAÍSO

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-8104

L. M. de M. JORGE

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-1957

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (9)

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Figure 1
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) sample

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Figure 2
X-Ray diffraction

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Figure 3
Specimens in failure position

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Figure 4
Illustrations of the slump-flow tests

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Figure 5
Specimens ruptured by diametral compression

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Table 1
Unitary traces of the concretes

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Table 2
Sand and gravel characterizations

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Table 3
X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) results of SCBA composition

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Table 4
Range of self-compacting parameters

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Table 5
Results of the self-compactibilty tests

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Table 6
Materials consumption for 1 m³ of concrete

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Table 7
Axial compressive strengths at 3, 7 and 28 days

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Table 8
Tensile strength by diametral compression at 28 days

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Table 9
Tensile strength analysis

Figure 1 Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) sample

Figure 2 X-Ray diffraction

Figure 3 Specimens in failure position

Figure 4 Illustrations of the slump-flow tests

Figure 5 Specimens ruptured by diametral compression

Table 1 Unitary traces of the concretes

Components	Unitary composition 1 SCC	Unitary composition 2 SCC_SCBA10%
Cement	1	1
Calcitic limestone filler	0.4000	0.4000
Sand	2	1.8000
SCBA	0	0.2000
Gravel	2.1200	2.2100
Water	0.4500	0.4500
Superplasticizer	0.0055	0.0055

Reference: Molin Filho [¹⁸[18] MOLIN FILHO, R. G. D. Concreto auto-adensável com cinza do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, Maringá, 2012, Dissertação (Mestrado), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 164 p.]

Table 2 Sand and gravel characterizations

Characteristics	Units	Sand	Gravel
Specific mass (ρ)	kg/m³	2642.5	2877.1
Absorption of the aggregate (ABA)	%	0.1	1.9
Unbound mass (U.M)	kg/m³	1491.6	1464.2
Compressed unitary mass (C.U.M)	kg/m³	1656.6	1649.3
Maximum characteristic diameter (φ_max)	mm	0.6	12.5
Fineness modulus (F.M)	%	1.7	6.8

Table 3 X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) results of SCBA composition

Elements	% by mass
SiO₂	86.2
Al₂O₃	2.8
K₂O	2.4
CaO	1.5
Fe₂O₃	2.9
P₂O5	1.6
TiO₂	1.9
Other elements	0.7

Table 4 Range of self-compacting parameters

Test method	Investigated property	Parameters
Test method	Investigated property	Class	Units	NBR 15823-1 [¹[1] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 1: Classificação, controle e aceitação no estado fresco (Self Compacting concrete. Part 1: Classification, control and acceptance in the fresh state). - NBR 15823-1, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Gomes and Barros [²[2] GOMES, P. C. C.; BARROS, A. R. de. Métodos de dosagem de concreto autoadensável, São Paulo: Pini, 1ed, 1999, 165 p.]
Slump-flow test NBR 15823-2 [³⁰[30] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 2: Determinação do espalhamento e do tempo de escoamento - Método do cone de Abrams (Self Compacting concrete. Part 2: Slumpflow test and flow time - Abrams cone method). - NBR 15823-2, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Slump-flow	SF 1	mm	550 to 650	600 to 800
		SF 2		660 to 750
		SF 3		760 to 850
	Apparent plastic viscosity t₅₀₀ under free flow	VS 1	s	≤ 2	2 to 7
	Apparent plastic viscosity t₅₀₀ under free flow	VS 2	s	> 2	2 to 7
J-Ring test NBR 15823-3 [³¹[31] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 3: Determinação da habilidade passante - Método do J-Ring (Self Compacting concrete. Part 3: Determination of passing ability - J-ring method). - NBR 15823-3, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	J-Ring passing ability	PJ 1	mm	0 to 25	-
	J-Ring passing ability	PJ 2	mm	25 to 50	-
	Blocking step	BS_J	mm	-	0 - 10
L-Box test NBR 15823-4 [³²[32] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 4: Determinação da habilidade passante - Método da L-Box (Self Compacting concrete. Part 4: Determination of passing ability - L-box method). - . NBR 15823-4, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Flow time T_L20	T_L20	s	-	≤ 2
	Flow time T_L40	T_L40	s	-	≤ 4
	L-Box passing ability	PL 1	(H2/H1)	≥ 0.8	≥ 0.8
	L-Box passing ability	PL 2	(H2/H1)	≥ 0.8	≥ 0.8
V-Funnel test NBR 15823-5 [³³[33] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 5: Determinação da viscosidade - Método do V-Funnel. (Self Compacting concrete. Part 5: Determination of the viscosity - V-funnel test). - NBR 15823-5, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Apparent plastic viscosity by V-Funnel	VF 1	s	< 9	6 to 15
	Apparent plastic viscosity by V-Funnel	VF 2	s	9 to 25	6 to 15
U-Pipe test	Resistance to segregation by U-Pipe analysis (RS 1. RS 2. RS 3)	RS	%	-	≥ 0.9

Fonte: Adaptado da norma NBR 15823-1 [¹[1] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 1: Classificação, controle e aceitação no estado fresco (Self Compacting concrete. Part 1: Classification, control and acceptance in the fresh state). - NBR 15823-1, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.] e de Gomes and Barros [²[2] GOMES, P. C. C.; BARROS, A. R. de. Métodos de dosagem de concreto autoadensável, São Paulo: Pini, 1ed, 1999, 165 p.]

Table 5 Results of the self-compactibilty tests

Test method	Propriedade investigada	Units	SCC			SCC_SCBA10%
Test method	Propriedade investigada	Units	Values	NBR 15823-1 [¹[1] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 1: Classificação, controle e aceitação no estado fresco (Self Compacting concrete. Part 1: Classification, control and acceptance in the fresh state). - NBR 15823-1, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Gomes and Barros [²[2] GOMES, P. C. C.; BARROS, A. R. de. Métodos de dosagem de concreto autoadensável, São Paulo: Pini, 1ed, 1999, 165 p.]	Values	NBR 15823-1 [¹[1] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Concreto auto-adensável. Parte 1: Classificação, controle e aceitação no estado fresco (Self Compacting concrete. Part 1: Classification, control and acceptance in the fresh state). - NBR 15823-1, Rio de Janeiro, 2017.]	Gomes and Barros [²[2] GOMES, P. C. C.; BARROS, A. R. de. Métodos de dosagem de concreto autoadensável, São Paulo: Pini, 1ed, 1999, 165 p.]
Slump-flow test	Slump-flow	mm	745	SF 2	ok	702	SF 2	ok
Slump-flow test	Apparent plastic viscosity t₅₀₀ under free flow	s	1.0	VS 1	didn’t atend	2	VS 1	didn’t atend
J-Ring test	J-Ring passing ability	mm	125	didn’t atend	-	2	PJ 1	-
J-Ring test	Blocking step	mm	9.5	-	ok	3	-	ok
L-Box test	Flow time T_L20	s	0.2	-	ok	0.4	-	ok
	Flow time T_L40	s	0.8	-	ok	0.7	-	ok
	L-Box passing ability	(H2/H1)	0.9	PL 2	ok	0.9	PL 2	ok
V-Funnel test	Apparent plastic viscosity by V-Funnel	s	5.3	VF 1	didn’t atend	5.1	VF 1	didn’t atend
U-Pipe test	Resistance to segregation by U-Pipe analysis (RS 1. RS 2. RS 3)	%	0.92	-	ok	1.10	-	ok
			0.95	-	ok (RS)	1.00	-	ok (RS)
			0.93	-	ok	1.10	-	ok
Specific mass	Normal specific mass without compaction	kg/m³	2399			2405
Cement consumption	Cement consumption per m³ of concrete	kg/m³	405			396

Note: The fields with the dash (-) indicate that no tests occurred or there were no relevant classifications according to Table 4

Table 6 Materials consumption for 1 m³ of concrete

Components	SCC (kg/m³)	SCC_SCBA10% (kg/m³)	Variation in kg
Cement	400.51	396.33	4.18
Calcitic limestone filler	160.22	158.55	1.67
Sand	801.00	713.37	87.63
SCBA	0.00	-79.30	79.30
Gravel	849.10	875.90	26.80
Water	180.20	178.32	1.88
Superplasticizer	2.20	2.18	0.02

Table 7 Axial compressive strengths at 3, 7 and 28 days

Concretes	Age	Average compressive strength (f_cm) (MPa)	Batch standard deviation (σ)	Characteristic resistance to compression (f_ck) (MPa)
SCC	3 dias	25.48	0.80	24.15
SCC_SCBA10%		23.41	0.71	22.24
Variation		8%	-	7.9%
SCC	7 dias	29.71	2.01	26.40
SCC_SCBA10%		27.95	2.27	24.20
Variation		5.9%	-	8.3%
SCC	28 dias	40.8	1.35	38.6
SCC_SCBA10%		40.9	0.69	39.8
Variation		0.25%	-	3%

Table 8 Tensile strength by diametral compression at 28 days

Concretes	Average resistance to diametral compression (f_ctm.sp) (MPa)	Batch standard deviation (σ)	Characteristic resistance to diametral compression (f_ctk.sp) (MPa)
SCC	3.05	0.20	2.71
SCC_SCBA10%	2.92	0.24	2.52
Variation	6.2%	-	8.2%

Table 9 Tensile strength analysis

Concretes	NBR 7222 [³⁶[36] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Argamassa e concreto. Determinação da resistência à tração por compressão diametral de corpos de prova cilíndricos (Mortar and concrete - Determination of the tension stregth of cylindrical specimens submitted to diametrical compression). - NBR 7222, Rio de Janeiro, 2011.]	NBR 6118 [³⁷[37] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Projeto de estruturas de concreto - Procedimento (Design of structural concrete - Procedure). - NBR 6118, Rio de Janeiro, 2014.]
Concretes	Characteristic tensile strength (f_ctk,sp) (MPa)	Expected average tensile strength (f_ct,m) (MPa) f_ct,m = 0,3 f_ck ^²/³	Minimum tensile strength (f_ctk,inf) (MPa) f_ctk,inf = 0,7 f_ct,m
SCC	2.71	3.43	2.40
SCC_SCBA10%	2.52	3.50	2.45
Variation	8.2%	2.1%	2.0%

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Study of the compressive and tensile strenghts of self-compacting concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash

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[TFN1] Reference: Molin Filho [¹⁸[18] MOLIN FILHO, R. G. D. Concreto auto-adensável com cinza do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, Maringá, 2012, Dissertação (Mestrado), Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 164 p.]