Mechanical performance and chloride penetration resistance of concretes with low cement contents

Cândido, Taíssa Guedes; Meira, Gibson Rocha; Quattrone, Marco; John, Vanderley Moacyr

doi:10.1590/S1983-41952022000600008

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Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 15 (6) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952022000600008 copy

Mechanical performance and chloride penetration resistance of concretes with low cement contents

Desempenho mecânico e resistência à penetração de cloretos de concretos com baixo teor de cimento

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

abstract:

The concern about the environment has been leading the construction industry to adopt more sustainable practices. The main environmental impact of concrete is related to CO₂ emissions coming from cement, particularly from the cement content in concrete. For this reason, this research evaluates the performance of concretes with partial replacement of Portland cement by limestone filler and silica fume. These concretes were proportioned to improve particles’ packing and paste volume optimization. The compressive strength was determined to assess their mechanical performance. Their durability was investigated by capillary absorption and chloride penetration resistance. Results indicate that concretes showed a better efficiency in terms of binder intensity, with values close to the minimum found in literature (5 kg.m^-3.MPa^-1). It was also observed that even concretes with cement content lower than the minimum recommended by standards showed better performance than regular concretes regarding the chloride’s penetration.

Keywords:
ecoefficient concrete; low binder concrete; limestone filler; durability; chloride resistance

Standard	Exposure condition	Minimum cement content (kg/m³)	Maximum w/c	Minimum compressive strength (MPa)
NBR 12655 [²³23 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Concreto de cimento Portland - preparo, controle e recebimento - Procedimento, ABNT NBR 12655, 2015.]	Marine atmosphere zone (III)	320	0.55	30
ACI 318 [²⁴24 America Concrete Institute Committee, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, ACI 318-11, Detroit, USA, 2002.]	Exposed to moisture and an external source of chlorides (C2)	-	0.4	34.5
IS 456 [²⁵25 Indian Standard, Plain and Reinforced concrete - Code of Practice, IS-456, 2000.]	Marine aerosol (IV)	340	0.45	-
NP EN 206 [²⁶26 Norma Portuguesa, Betão: Especificação, desempenho, produção e conformidade, NP EN 206-1, 2007.]	Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water (XS1)	300	0.5	30
BS 8500 -1 [²⁷27 British Standards Institution, Concrete - Complementary British standard to BS EN 206-1 - Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier, BS 8500-1, 2006.]	Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water (XS1)	340	0.5	35
AS 3600 [²⁸28 Australian Standard, Concrete Structures, AS 3600, 2001.]	Within 1 km from coastline (B2)	-	-	40

Reference	Year	Cement type	Uses particle size optimization concepts	water/fines	Water/binder	Cement content (kg/m³)		Fly Ash content (kg/m³)	Slag content (kg/m³)	Limestone powder content (kg/m³)	Quartz powder content (kg/m³)	Compressive strength (MPa)		Rapid chloride migration (C)	Non-steady-state migration coefficient (x10^-12 m²/s)
Reference	Year	Cement type	Uses particle size optimization concepts	water/fines	Water/binder	Cement content (kg/m³)		Fly Ash content (kg/m³)	Slag content (kg/m³)	Limestone powder content (kg/m³)	Quartz powder content (kg/m³)	28 days	91 days	91 days	28 days	35 days	98 days
Naik et al. [³¹31 T. R. Naik, D. N. Singh, and M. M. Hossain, "Permeability of high-strength concrete containing low cement factor," J. Energy Eng., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 21-39, 1996.]	1996	Type I -ASTM C 150 (correspond to CP I NBR 5732)	N/A	0.31- 0.36	0.31- 0.36	375- 398						53.2- 60.7		1729- 2488
				0.33- 0.37	0.33- 0.37	220- 328		71- 182				41.7 -56.7		1576- 1907
				0.33- 0.37	0.33- 0.37	107- 179		216- 316				29.2 - 39.8		1620- 2750
Isaia and Gastaldini [²⁹29 G. C. Isaia and A. L. G. Gastaldini, "Concrete sustainability with very high amount of fly ash and slag," Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater., vol. 2, pp. 244-253, 2009.]	2009	CP V- ARI NBR 5733	N/A	0.35- 0.55	0.35- 0.55	309- 540							46.1- 72.4	2380- 3134
				0.35- 0.55	0.35- 0.55	155- 270		155- 270					25.4- 59.1	754- 1190
				0.35- 0.55	0.35- 0.55	93- 162			216- 378				32.6- 49.1	840- 1140
				0.35- 0.55	0.35- 0.55	31- 54		61- 108	216- 378				20 - 46.1	448- 651
Lollini et al. [³²32 F. Lollini, E. Redaelli, and L. Bertolini, "Effects of portland cement replacement with limestone on the properties of hardened concrete," Cement Concr. Compos., vol. 46, pp. 32-40, Feb 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2... ]	2014	CEM I 52.5R EN 197 (correspond to CP V - ARI)	Yes	0.42- 0.61	0.42- 0.61	300- 350						60 - 85	65 - 105		5- 12
				0.42- 0.61	0.49- 0.72		212.5 - 340			37.5 - 60		45 - 85	55 - 95		11-19
				0.42- 0.61	0.6- 0.87	210- 245				90 - 105		40 - 70	45 - 75		13- 38
Müller et al. [⁹9 H. S. Müller, R. Breiner, J. S. Moffatt, and M. Haist, "Design and properties of sustainable concrete," Procedia Eng., vol. 95, pp. 290-304, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.... ]	2014	CEM I 52.5R EN 197 (correspond to CP V - ARI)	Yes	0.26- 0.39	0.43- 0.69	112.8- 268.2					114.3- 216.4	48.5- 88			11- 20
Palm et al. [³³33 S. Palm, T. Proske, M. Rezvani, S. Hainer, C. Müller, and C.-A. Graubner, "Cements with a high limestone content - Mechanical properties, durability and ecological characteristics of the concrete," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 119, pp. 308-318, Aug 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.... ]	2016	CEM I 42.5 EN 197 (correspond to CP V - ARI)	Yes	0.5	0.5	320							54			17	13
		CEM II/A-LL 32,5R (Correspond to CP II-F NBR 11578)		0.5	0.5	320							52			25	15
		CEM I 52.5R EN 197 (correspond to CP V - ARI)		0.35	0.54- 1.0	133- 247				133- 247			40-80			19- 30	15- 18.5
				0.45	0.9	167.5				167.5			28-40			35- 50	21- 39
				0.5	1	160				160			30-38			48- 60	30- 50

Materials	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
Water (kg/m³)	192.6	148.3	139.1	160	160	160
Filler 1 (kg/m³)		12.1	24.5
Filler 2 (kg/m³)		12.1	24.5
Filler 3 (kg/m³)				139.84	139.84	139.84
Filler 4 (kg/m³)				54.5	100.22	189.22
Silica fume (kg/m³)		10	17.7
Portland cement (kg/m³)	350.1	319.5	284.7	300	250	150
Binder (clincker + gipsite + pozolana) (kg/m³)	332.6	313.5	288.2	286	237.5	143
Polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer content (mass % of cement)	0.5	2.55	2.8	3.63	2.21	1.85
Lignosulfonate-based plasticizer content (mass % of cement)		1	1
Fine sand (kg/m³)		544.6	544.6	684.36	684.36	684.36
Coarse sand (kg/m³)	903.6	445.6	445.6	634.78	634.78	634.78
Gravel 12.5 - 4.75 mm (kg/m³)		449.2	449.2	535.13	535.13	535.13
Gravel 19 - 4.75 mm (kg/m³)	983.8	548.2	548.2
Total fines (kg/m³)	350.1	353.7	351.4	480.38	477.56	472.07
Water/binder (kg/kg)	0.55	0.46	0.49	0.53	0.64	1.07
Water/fine (kg/kg)	0.55	0.42	0.4	0.33	0.34	0.34
Slump (cm)	12	15.5	7	SCC*	SCC*	SCC*

Material	F1	F2	F3	F4	SF	Cem 1	Cem 2
Density (g/cm³)	2.77	2.7	2.76	2.74	2.12	3.13	3.06
BET N2 SSA (m²/g)	2.23	4.07	3.73	1.16	1.5	1.16	0.97

Diffusion coefficient (D₂₈ x 10^-12 m²/s)	Resistance to chloride penetration
>15	Low
10-15	Moderate
5-10	High
2.5-5	Very high
<2.5	Extremely high

Charge passed (C)	Chloride ion penetrability
>4.000	High
2.000 - 4.000	Moderate
1.000 - 2.000	Low
100 - 1.000	Very Low
<100	Negligible

Concrete	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
Binder content (kg/m³)	332.6	313.5	288.2	286	237.5	143
Compressive strength at 28 days (MPa)	42.94	60.43	61.39	52.8	41.8	28.4
BI (kg.m-3.MPa^-1)	7.75	5.18	4.69	5.42	5.68	5.04

	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6
c (g/cm²h^0,5)	0.0829	0.027	0.0308	0.0474	0.0519	0.0492
I (mm)	7.46	2.70	2.97	4.01	4.46	4.29

Concrete	Average penetration depth (mm)	Dnssm (×10^-12 m²/s)	Resistance to chloride penetration
C1	30.2	21.76	Low
C2	15.3	5.19	High
C3	7.3	1.81	Extremely high

Concrete	Charge passed (C)	Chloride ion penetrability
C4	2235.00	Moderate
C5	2906.76	Moderate
C6	3534.27	Moderate

Concrete	Non-steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient (x 10^-8 cm²/s)	Cl Surface concentration (%sample mass)	Cl Total concentration (%sample mass)
C4	10.44	0.1891	0.1125
C5	10.77	0.1272	0.0844
C6	35.51	0.1248	0.0959

IBRACON - Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto (IBRACON), Av. Queiroz Filho, nº 1700 sala 407/408 Torre D, Villa Lobos Office Park, CEP 05319-000, São Paulo, SP - Brasil, Tel. (55 11) 3735-0202, Fax: (55 11) 3733-2190 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: arlene@ibracon.org.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Taíssa Guedes Cândido. E-mail: taissaguedes1@hotmail.com