Factors associated with workaholism in nurses’ mental health: integrative review

Barbosa, Nanielle Silva; Lira, Jefferson Abraão Caetano; Ribeiro, Amanda Alves de Alencar; Rocha, Eukália Pereira da; Galdino, Maria José Quina; Fernandes, Márcia Astrês

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7046.4218

Nanielle Silva Barbosa Corresponding author: Nanielle Silva Barbosa E-mail: naniellesilvabarbosa@hotmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-2011

Study concept and design

Obtaining data

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-2011

Jefferson Abraão Caetano Lira

Obtaining data

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-4157

Amanda Alves de Alencar Ribeiro

Obtaining data

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-6063

Eukália Pereira da Rocha

Obtaining data

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Scholarship holder at the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-2639

Maria José Quina Galdino

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Critical review of the manuscript as to its relevant intellectual content

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Departamento de Enfermagem, Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-3502

Márcia Astrês Fernandes

Data analysis and interpretation

Statistical analysis

Drafting the manuscript

Critical review of the manuscript as to its relevant intellectual content

Approved the final version of the text

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Teresina, PI, Brazil.

Scholarship holder at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9781-0752

Corresponding author:
Nanielle Silva Barbosa E-mail: naniellesilvabarbosa@hotmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-2011

Conflict of interest:

the authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Associate Editor:

Karina Dal Sasso Mendes

Databases	Search strategy
MEDLINE, via PubMed	((((“nurses”[MeSH Terms]) OR (“nurse”[All Fields])) OR (“nursing personnel”[All Fields])) AND (((“workaholism”[All Fields]) OR (“workaholic”[All Fields])) OR (“work addiction”[All Fields]))) AND ((“work”[MeSH Terms]) OR (“work”[All Fields]))
CINAHL	( (MH “Nurses”) OR “Nurses” OR “nurse” OR ““Nursing Personnel”” ) AND ( “workaholism” OR “workaholic” OR ““work addiction”” ) AND ( (MH “Work”) OR “work” )
Web of Science Core Collection	(ALL=(nurses) OR ALL=(nurse) OR ALL=(“nursing personnel”)) AND (ALL=(workaholism ) OR ALL=(workaholic ) OR ALL=(“work addiction”)) AND (ALL=(work))
Scopus	(( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( nurse ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( nurses ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “nursing personnel” ) )) AND (( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( workaholism ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( workaholic ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “work addiction” ) )) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ( work ))
Embase	(‘nurse’/exp OR nurse OR ‘community health nurse’ OR ‘community health nurses’ OR ‘nurse’ OR ‘nurse, community health’ OR ‘nurses’ OR ‘nurses, community health’ OR ‘nurses, public health’ OR ‘public health nurse’ OR ‘public health nurses’) AND (‘workaholism’/exp OR workaholism OR ‘work addiction’ OR ‘workaholic behavior’ OR ‘workaholism’) AND (‘work’/exp OR work OR ‘job’ OR ‘job description’ OR ‘work’)
BDENF e LILACS, via BVS	((mh:(Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros)) OR (Enfermeira) OR (Enfermeira e Enfermeiro) OR (Enfermeiras) OR (Enfermeiro e Enfermeira) OR (Enfermeiros e Enfermeiras)) AND ((mh:(“Comportamento aditivo”)) OR (“Conduta aditiva”)) AND ((mh:(Trabalho)) OR (Trabalho)) AND ( db:(“LILACS” OR “BDENF”)) ((mh:(“Enfermeras y Enfermeros”)) OR (Enfermeras ) OR (Enfermeros)) AND ((mh:(“Conducta Adictiva”)) OR (“Conducta Adictiva”)) AND ((mh:(Trabajo)) OR (Trabajo)) AND ( db:(“LILACS” OR “BDENF”)) ((mh:(nurses)) OR (nurses)) AND ((mh:(“Behavior, Addictive”)) OR (“Behavior, Addictive”)) AND ((mh:(work)) OR (work)) AND ( db:(“LILACS” OR “BDENF”))

Authorship and year	Country	Journal	Study design, sample and setting	LE ^* * LE = Level of evidence
Ariapooran (2019) ⁽ ¹⁵15. Ariapooran S. Sleep Problems and Depression in Iranian Nurses: The Predictive Role of Workaholism. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(1):30-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_17 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_... ⁾	Iran	Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research	Cross-sectional and correlational analytical study Sample: n= 247 Setting: three hospitals Industry: not specified	VI
Adolfo, et al. (2021) ⁽ ¹⁶16. Adolfo CS, Almazan JU, Cruz JP, Albougami ASB, Roque MY, Montayre J. Saudi Arabian nurses’ workaholic tendencies and their predictive role in professional quality of life. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58:1144-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913... ⁾	Saudi Arabia	Perspective in Psychiatric Care	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 427 Setting: four tertiary public hospitals Sector of activity: emergency, outpatient clinic, medical clinic, surgical clinic, nephrology, obstetric center, intensive care unit and administration	VI
Kubota, et al. (2010) ⁽ ²⁶26. Kubota K, Shimazu A, Kawakami N, Takahashi M, Nakata A, Schaufeli WB. Association between workaholism and sleep problems among hospital nurses. Ind Health. 2010;48(6):864-71. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139... ⁾	Japan	Industrial Health	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 312 Setting: two university hospitals Sector of activity: medical clinic, surgical clinic and emergency	VI
Jenaabadi, et al. (2017) ⁽ ²⁷27. Jenaabadi H, Miri MR, Mirlatifi PR. Correlation of workaholism with job stress and job burnout in nurses. JHPM [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 24];6(2):20-5. Available from: http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html... ⁾	Iran	Journal of Health Promotion Management	Descriptive and correlational study Sample: n= 350 Setting: university hospitals Industry: not specified	VI
Nonnis, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁸28. Nonnis M, Massidda D, Cuccu S, Cortese CG. The impact of workaholism on nurses’ burnout and disillusion. Open Psychol J. 2018;11(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010077 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010... ⁾	Italy	Open Psychology Journal	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 614 Setting: six hospitals Sector of activity: medical clinic, pediatrics, oncology, psychiatry, obstetrics, neurology, radiotherapy and emergency	VI
Andreassen, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁹29. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Moen BE, Bjorvatn B, Waage S, Schaufeli WB. Workaholism and negative work-related incidents among nurses. Ind Health. 2018;56(5):373-81. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0223 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0... ⁾	Norway	Industrial Health	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 1781 Scenario: online Industry: not specified	VI
Kwak, et al. (2018) ⁽ ³⁰30. Kwak Y, Kim JS, Han Y, Seo Y. The effect of work addiction on Korean nurses’ professional quality of life: a cross-sectional study. J Addict Nurs. 2018;29(2):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000221 https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.000000000000... ⁾	Korea	Journal of Addictions Nursing	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 278 Setting: three university hospitals Area of activity: intensive care unit, surgical center and emergency	VI
Almeida, et al. (2020) ⁽ ³¹31. Almeida LPBMD, Barreto MFC, Martins JT, Haddad MDCFL, Galdino MJQ. Workaholism entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em enfermagem no Brasil. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2020;28:e3326. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3326 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3... ⁾	Brazil	Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 333 Scenario: 47 Brazilian public universities Industry of activity: Postgraduate Nursing Programs	VI
Galdino, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³²32. Galdino MJQ, Martins JT, Robazzi MLDCC, Pelloso SM, Barreto MFC, Haddad MDCFL. Burnout, workaholism e qualidade de vida entre docentes de pós-graduação em enfermagem. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00451. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO00451 https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO... ⁾	Brazil	Acta Paulista de Enfermagem	Cross-sectional study Sample: n= 368 Scenario: 47 Brazilian public universities Industry of activity: Postgraduate Nursing Programs	VI
Borges, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³³33. Borges EMDN, Sequeira CADC, Queirós CML, Mosteiro-Díaz MP. Workaholism, engagement and family interaction: comparative study in Portuguese and Spanish nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(4):731-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213... ⁾	Portugal and Spain	Journal of Nursing Management	Multicenter, comparative and cross-sectional study Sample: n= 333 Setting: hospital environment Industry: not specified	VI
Ruíz-Garcia, et al. (2022) ⁽ ³⁴34. Ruiz-Garcia P, Castanheira AM, Borges E, Mosteiro-Diaz MP. Workaholism and work-family interaction among emergency and critical care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;72:103240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.1032... ⁾	Spain	Intensive & Critical Care Nursing	Cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative and correlational study Sample: n= 219 Setting: hospital environment Area of activity: intensive care unit, cardiac intensive care unit and emergency	VI

Primary study	Objective	Main results
Ariapooran (2019) ⁽ ¹⁵15. Ariapooran S. Sleep Problems and Depression in Iranian Nurses: The Predictive Role of Workaholism. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(1):30-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_17 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_... ⁾	To investigate the role of workaholism in predicting sleep problems and depression among Iranian nurses.	Workaholism was positively correlated with problems associated with sleep and depression
Adolfo, et al. (2021) ⁽ ¹⁶16. Adolfo CS, Almazan JU, Cruz JP, Albougami ASB, Roque MY, Montayre J. Saudi Arabian nurses’ workaholic tendencies and their predictive role in professional quality of life. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58:1144-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913... ⁾	Determine whether nurses’ workaholic tendencies and demographic variables predict quality of professional life.	Workaholic tendencies were predictive factors of burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress.
Kubota, et al. (2010) ⁽ ²⁶26. Kubota K, Shimazu A, Kawakami N, Takahashi M, Nakata A, Schaufeli WB. Association between workaholism and sleep problems among hospital nurses. Ind Health. 2010;48(6):864-71. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139... ⁾	To examine the association between workaholism, tendency to compulsively overwork, and sleep problems among Japanese nurses.	Associations have been identified between workaholism and problems related to sleep quality.
Jenaabadi, et al. (2017) ⁽ ²⁷27. Jenaabadi H, Miri MR, Mirlatifi PR. Correlation of workaholism with job stress and job burnout in nurses. JHPM [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 24];6(2):20-5. Available from: http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html... ⁾	To determine the correlation of workaholism with work stress and professional burnout in nurses.	There was a significant and positive correlation between workaholism and work-related stress and professional burnout.
Nonnis, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁸28. Nonnis M, Massidda D, Cuccu S, Cortese CG. The impact of workaholism on nurses’ burnout and disillusion. Open Psychol J. 2018;11(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010077 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010... ⁾	Contribute to ongoing research on the relationship between workaholism and burnout among nurses.	Workaholism has been identified as a predictor of burnout.
Andreassen, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁹29. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Moen BE, Bjorvatn B, Waage S, Schaufeli WB. Workaholism and negative work-related incidents among nurses. Ind Health. 2018;56(5):373-81. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0223 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0... ⁾	Investigate working conditions, sleep and health.	Workaholism was identified as a consistent predictor of negative work-related incidents, particularly involuntary naps at work, which almost caused damage to patients and equipment.
Kwak, et al. (2018) ⁽ ³⁰30. Kwak Y, Kim JS, Han Y, Seo Y. The effect of work addiction on Korean nurses’ professional quality of life: a cross-sectional study. J Addict Nurs. 2018;29(2):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000221 https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.000000000000... ⁾	Outline the relationships between work dependence and quality of professional life among nurses in university hospitals.	Workaholism has been identified as an influential factor in burnout and secondary traumatic stress.
Almeida, et al. (2020) ⁽ ³¹31. Almeida LPBMD, Barreto MFC, Martins JT, Haddad MDCFL, Galdino MJQ. Workaholism entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em enfermagem no Brasil. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2020;28:e3326. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3326 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3... ⁾	To identify the prevalence and factors associated with workaholism among stricto sensu postgraduate nursing professors.	Factors such as poor sleep, low concentration capacity and work anxiety were associated with the dimensions of workaholism.
Galdino, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³²32. Galdino MJQ, Martins JT, Robazzi MLDCC, Pelloso SM, Barreto MFC, Haddad MDCFL. Burnout, workaholism e qualidade de vida entre docentes de pós-graduação em enfermagem. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00451. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO00451 https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO... ⁾	Verify the association of burnout with workaholism and quality of life among master’s and/or doctorate nursing professors.	Being identified as a workaholic worker significantly increased the chances of high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low professional effectiveness.
Borges, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³³33. Borges EMDN, Sequeira CADC, Queirós CML, Mosteiro-Díaz MP. Workaholism, engagement and family interaction: comparative study in Portuguese and Spanish nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(4):731-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213... ⁾	Identify and compare the levels of workaholism, engagement and family interaction between Portuguese and Spanish nurses.	Nurses with stress scored higher average levels for workaholism and excessive work.
Ruíz-Garcia, et al. (2022) ⁽ ³⁴34. Ruiz-Garcia P, Castanheira AM, Borges E, Mosteiro-Diaz MP. Workaholism and work-family interaction among emergency and critical care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;72:103240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.1032... ⁾	Investigate the prevalence of workaholism, as well as the relationship between work-family interaction in emergency and intensive care nurses.	Perceived stress at work has been related to workaholism.

Primary Study	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8
Ariapooran (2019) ⁽ ¹⁵15. Ariapooran S. Sleep Problems and Depression in Iranian Nurses: The Predictive Role of Workaholism. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(1):30-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_17 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_188_... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Adolfo, et al. (2021) ⁽ ¹⁶16. Adolfo CS, Almazan JU, Cruz JP, Albougami ASB, Roque MY, Montayre J. Saudi Arabian nurses’ workaholic tendencies and their predictive role in professional quality of life. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58:1144-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12913... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Kubota, et al. (2010) ⁽ ²⁶26. Kubota K, Shimazu A, Kawakami N, Takahashi M, Nakata A, Schaufeli WB. Association between workaholism and sleep problems among hospital nurses. Ind Health. 2010;48(6):864-71. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.ms1139... ⁾	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Jenaabadi, et al. (2017) ⁽ ²⁷27. Jenaabadi H, Miri MR, Mirlatifi PR. Correlation of workaholism with job stress and job burnout in nurses. JHPM [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 24];6(2):20-5. Available from: http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html http://jhpm.ir/article-1-618-en.html... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nonnis, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁸28. Nonnis M, Massidda D, Cuccu S, Cortese CG. The impact of workaholism on nurses’ burnout and disillusion. Open Psychol J. 2018;11(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010077 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010... ⁾	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Andreassen, et al. (2018) ⁽ ²⁹29. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Moen BE, Bjorvatn B, Waage S, Schaufeli WB. Workaholism and negative work-related incidents among nurses. Ind Health. 2018;56(5):373-81. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0223 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Kwak, et al. (2018) ⁽ ³⁰30. Kwak Y, Kim JS, Han Y, Seo Y. The effect of work addiction on Korean nurses’ professional quality of life: a cross-sectional study. J Addict Nurs. 2018;29(2):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000221 https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.000000000000... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Almeida, et al. (2020) ⁽ ³¹31. Almeida LPBMD, Barreto MFC, Martins JT, Haddad MDCFL, Galdino MJQ. Workaholism entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em enfermagem no Brasil. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2020;28:e3326. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3326 https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4071.3... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Galdino, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³²32. Galdino MJQ, Martins JT, Robazzi MLDCC, Pelloso SM, Barreto MFC, Haddad MDCFL. Burnout, workaholism e qualidade de vida entre docentes de pós-graduação em enfermagem. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00451. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO00451 https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Borges, et al. (2021) ⁽ ³³33. Borges EMDN, Sequeira CADC, Queirós CML, Mosteiro-Díaz MP. Workaholism, engagement and family interaction: comparative study in Portuguese and Spanish nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(4):731-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13213... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Ruíz-Garcia, et al. (2022) ⁽ ³⁴34. Ruiz-Garcia P, Castanheira AM, Borges E, Mosteiro-Diaz MP. Workaholism and work-family interaction among emergency and critical care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;72:103240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2022.1032... ⁾	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes

[1] Corresponding author:
Nanielle Silva Barbosa E-mail: naniellesilvabarbosa@hotmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-2011

Brasil

Brasil

Factors associated with workaholism in nurses’ mental health: integrative review

Objective:

Method:

Results:

Conclusion:

Highlights: