Role of nursing professionals for parenting development in early childhood: a systematic review of scope

Reticena, Kesley de Oliveira; Yabuchi, Vânia do Nascimento Tolentino; Gomes, Maria Fernanda Pereira; Siqueira, Lucíola D’Emery; Abreu, Flávia Corrêa Porto de; Fracolli, Lislaine Aparecida

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.3031.3213

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Brasil

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

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Review Article • Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 27 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3031.3213 copy

Role of nursing professionals for parenting development in early childhood: a systematic review of scope

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective:

map available evidence regarding the role of nursing professionals in early childhood care through the development of parenting.

Method:

systematic review of scope, with selection of studies about the role of nursing professionals for the development of parenting in the context of early childhood care, using a standardized data extraction tool and qualitative thematic analysis.

Results:

nineteen studies were included, showing the role of nursing professionals covers nine dimensions: promoter of parental role construction; guidance and support for the implementation of physical health care; guidance for promoting safe environment; application of theories, principles and methods of maternal and child programs; development of therapeutic relationships; implementation of maternal and child care management; promotion of access to support network; guidance for the life course of parental figures; and use of scientific evidence to guide practice.

Conclusion:

nursing professionals offer important knowledge and significant practices for the development of parenting in early childhood care. These findings provide the basis for improving the clinical practice of these professionals, showing relevant areas of action and interventions to early childhood.

Descriptors:
Nurse Practitioners; Nursing Role; Child Care; Child Development; Nursing Practice; Parenting

Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 (16) 3315-3451 / 3315-4407 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Kesley de Oliveira Reticena. E-mail: kesleyreticena@usp.br

DIMENSION 1 Promoter of parental role construction	- Conduct parental education by promoting knowledge to parental figures about the child’s growth and development, their motor, personal-social and language skills, videos and videotaping may be used as strategies. - Guide to stimulate children through touching, speaking and playing. - Identify temperament traits and how to manage them with reaffirmation of authority (apply rules, routine, rewards). - Promote parent-child interaction, facilitating parental figure understanding of children’s communication signals to promote emotional and cognitive development. - Enable increased satisfaction in parenting. - Enable reduction of maternal depression and stress related to parenting. - Provide support to positive parenting role, with guidance to improve parenting skills. - Provide early guidance on role transition. - Promote effective teaching of behavioral parent skills for easier incorporation of the role. - Assist parental figures in proper parenting management. - Encourage parents in their role of raising children. - Help parents solve problems, perform parent tasks and understand situations in the perspective of development. - Plan interventions in partnership with parents to strengthen marital and parental relationship. - Encourage parent reading for children for cognitive and language development. - Guide mothers about behaviors that promote family bonding, development and proper growth without disrespecting culture. - Positively reinforce all efforts made and gains achieved in the harmonious development of the child and healthy performance of the parental role. - Evaluate conflictual dimensions related to the role. - Plan family rituals. - Promote adaptive strategies – coping in the family. - Be aware of the dyad relationship between parental figures and children and possible behavioral problems. - Reduce behavioral problems in children, improve relationships between parental figures and children and prevent future problems. - Improve detection, support and referral of families and children with behavioral problems in their early stages. - Involve parental figures in decision-making and care process. - Identify and understand the main challenges and needs of parental figures in the exercise of parenting.
DIMENSION 2 Guidance and support for the implementation of physical health care	- Address concerns of mothers and family members about complications of pregnancy, labor and delivery, and physical health of babies. - Stimulate healthy growth and development of children. - Teach mothers and family members how to identify signs of health problems and clinical signs (temperature), and seek health centers in case of changes. - Perform early detection and treatment of disorders. - Evaluate women’s smoking habits and consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs, facilitating reduction of such use through behavioral strategies. - Teach women how to identify signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications, encourage women to inform health team about these conditions, and facilitate treatment completion. - Pay attention to urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, hypertensive disorders (conditions associated with poor birth conditions). - Help mothers and other caregivers improve physical and emotional care to their children. - Promote better preventive maternal care. - Promote the dissemination of information/resources about physical health and child development. - Provide care related to key areas for the promotion of child development. - Provide care that combines health promotion, disease prevention and clinical responsibility and actions targeting family members. - Analyze the presence of risk factors in the family. - Promote educational interventions in specific risk areas. - Provide health education about different topics: breastfeeding, feeding, prevention of infectious diseases, prevention of accidents, recreational and leisure activities, hygiene and comfort care, bowel elimination pattern. - Emphasize the importance of observing the national immunization schedule and regular child/youth health visits. - Conduct nutritional assessment and provide guidance. - Guide postpartum mothers about newborn feeding and care.
DIMENSION 3 Guidance for promoting safe environment	- Conduct environmental education (housing hygiene and health promoting environment). - Provide guidance for the implementation of safe family environment (smoke detector, tap water temperature, protection on windows and stairs, safe place for children to sleep). - Instruct and encourage the family for home management (definition of monthly resources for food, transportation and items of basic needs). - Provide guidance to promote a place with an area where children can play, for their meals, promoting a daily routine. - Plan interventions in partnership with parents, creating an environment that contributes to development and well-being.
DIMENSION 4 Application of theories, principles and methods of maternal and child programs	- Conduct home visits. - Use protocols of family supervision programs. - Perform evaluation in a room for children exam. - Provide telephone support to answer questions. - Promote discussion groups with parental figures for specific themes. - Distribute explanatory material. - Visit the hospital during pregnancy and after the birth. - Supervise child development in a structured program of child monitoring in all stages of child development. - Apply program guidelines to visits. - Divide home visit time to cover all domains defined by the program. - Apply the theoretical framework that supports the program. - Support a specific number of cases, as defined in the program.
DIMENSION 5 Development of therapeutic relationships	- Develop friendly and trustful relationships with mothers and other family members. - Implement a therapeutic relationship with pregnant women to deal with interpersonal situations and problem resolution. - Offer emotional support, interest and attention to the mother/father and their baby. - Provide informational support about baby care. - Respect the decisions of parental figures. - Enhance self-esteem and independence of parental figures allowing them to take care of their children. - Provide nursing care that implies an interrelation with the child and family. - Promote expressive communication of emotions. - Learn about the needs and desires of parental figures.
DIMENSION 6 Implementation of maternal and child care management	- Manage complex clinical situations. - Manage and organize resources for maximum autonomy of those targeted by the intervention. - Assume the role of manager (of health/disease processes, of community resources), educator, emotional support, enabling family empowerment (at intrapersonal, interpersonal and organizational levels), with an intervention from the microsystem level to the macrosystem level. - Act in challenging and complex personal and social situations of families.
DIMENSION 7 Promotion of access to support network	- Help women build supportive relationships with family members and friends. - Link women and their families with other services. - Provide information about community resources that parental figures can use in child care. - Promote a connection with community services and resources. - Provide the family with guidance about social services. - Perform interprofessional actions with social workers.
DIMENSION 8 Guidance for the life course of parental figures	- Help women define their goals and solve problems that may affect the continuity of their education, job search and planning of future pregnancy. - Help women improve behavior related to health, care and life course development. - Promote building of social capital. - Promote household income management. - Promote improvements in the behavior of women and family members that affect the life course of parental figures.
DIMENSION 9 Use of scientific evidence to guide practice	- Use scientific methodology. - Use a child- and family-centered conceptual model. - Interact with families through an organized, dynamic and systematic method of critical thinking about family health. - Collect data about every family that allow problem identification and the formulation of nursing diagnoses. - Assume a comprehensive character, integrating perspectives and actions of technical and scientific nature that are specific to this period of development and that can fulfill emotional and social needs. - Have systemic models of family guidance that recognize the interdependence of processes affecting the family ability to ensure health development of family members. - Have deep and specialized knowledge about health, child development and methodologies allowing positive and interactive relationships with the parental figures.

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1998⁽¹⁵15 Reifsnider E. Reversing Growth Deficiency in Children: The Effect of a Community-based Intervention. J Pediatr Health Care. 1998; 12(6):305-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5245(98)90142-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5245(98)90... ⁾	Reversing Growth Deficiency in Children: The Effect of a Community-based Intervention	Randomized controlled trial	United States
1999⁽¹⁶16 Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Kitzman HJ, Eckenrode JJ, Cole RE, Tatelbaum RC. Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses: Recent Findings. Future Child. [Internet]. 1999 [cited Jul 25, 2018];9(1):44-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10414010 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1041... ⁾	Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses: Recent Findings	Randomized trial	United States
2000⁽¹⁷17 Guyer B, Hughart N, Strobino D, Jones A, Scharfstein D. Assessing the Impact of Pediatric-Based Developmental Services on Infants, Families, and Clinicians: Challenges to Evaluating the Healthy Steps Program. Pediatrics. [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited Jul 25, 2018];105(3):E33. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/105/3/e33 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/co... ⁾	Assessing the Impact of Pediatric-Based Developmental Services on Infants, Families, and Clinicians: Challenges to Evaluating the Healthy Steps Program	Evaluation research	United States
2000⁽¹⁸18 Kendrick D, Elkan R, Hewitt M, Dewey M, Blair M, Robinson J, et al. Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of the home environment? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 82(6):443-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.82.6.443 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.82.6.443... ⁾	Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of the home environment? A systematic review and meta analysis	Systematic review	England
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