Production of extracellular lipase by the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani FS1Abstract
A Brazilian strain of Fusarium solani was tested for extracellular lipase production in peptone-olive oil medium. The fungus produced 10,500 U.l-1 of lipase after 72 hours of cultivation at 25oC in shake-flask at 120 rpm in a medium containing 3% (w/v) peptone plus 0.5% (v/v) olive oil. Glucose (1% w/v) was found to inhibit the inductive effect of olive oil. Peptone concentrations below 3% (w/v) resulted in a reduced lipase production while increased olive oil concentration (above 0.5%) did not further stimulate lipase production. The optimum lipase activity was achieved at pH 8.6 and 30oC and a good enzyme stability (80% activity retention) was observed at pH ranging from 7.6 to 8.6, and the activity rapidly dropped at temperatures above 50oC. Lipase activity was stimulated by the addition of n-hexane to the culture medium supernatants, in contrast to incubation with water-soluble solvents.
Enzyme kinetics; ester hydrolysis; extracellular lipase; Fusarium solani
Production of extracellular lipase by the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani FS1
Maria de Mascena Diniz Maia1; Marcia Maria Camargo de Morais2; Marcos Antonio de Morais Jr.3; Eduardo Henrique Magalhães Melo2; José Luiz de Lima Filho2*
1Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE; 2Setor de Biotecnologia - LIKA, 3Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
Submitted:April 13, 1999; Returned to authors for corrections: June 30, 1999; Approved: November 09, 1999
ABSTRACT
A Brazilian strain of Fusarium solani was tested for extracellular lipase production in peptone-olive oil medium. The fungus produced 10,500 U.l-1 of lipase after 72 hours of cultivation at 25ºC in shake-flask at 120 rpm in a medium containing 3% (w/v) peptone plus 0.5% (v/v) olive oil. Glucose (1% w/v) was found to inhibit the inductive effect of olive oil. Peptone concentrations below 3% (w/v) resulted in a reduced lipase production while increased olive oil concentration (above 0.5%) did not further stimulate lipase production. The optimum lipase activity was achieved at pH 8.6 and 30ºC and a good enzyme stability (80% activity retention) was observed at pH ranging from 7.6 to 8.6, and the activity rapidly dropped at temperatures above 50ºC. Lipase activity was stimulated by the addition of n-hexane to the culture medium supernatants, in contrast to incubation with water-soluble solvents.
Key words: Enzyme kinetics, ester hydrolysis, extracellular lipase, Fusarium solani
INTRODUCTION
Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases E. C. 3.1.1.3) are enzymes that hydrolyse fatty acyl ester bonds of acylglycerols at the interface between oil and water (2). In organic medium, lipases are able to catalyse reactions of synthesis and transesterification of glycerides and phosphoglycerides, as well as a variety of non-glyceride, ester bonds (2,9,18,22). Lipases have been extensively studied because of their actual and potential applications in the detergent, oil and food industries. Recently, various strategies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries have used lipases in the synthesis of optically pure drugs and agrochemicals that are more effective and produce fewer side effects compared with their racemates (11,22). Fungi are preferable lipase sources because fungal enzymes are usually excreted extracellularly, facilitating extraction from fermentation media. The selectivity of lipases has been exploited in industry in the synthesis of chiral compounds as well as in the resolution of racemic mixtures (19). The production of lipase by several Fusarium oxysporum strains has been studied in terms of enzyme production, protein properties and purification (7,8,11). The aim of this work was to describe the production of an extracellular lipase by a Fusarium solani FS1 isolated from Carica papaya fruit.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Microorganism:Fusarium solani FS1 was obtained from the culture collection of the Plant Health Department of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. The cultures were maintained at 4ºC on potato dextrose agar plates.
Growth conditions: Fusarium solani FS1 was batch cultivated in a basal medium (BM) pH 6.0 consisting of (g.L-1 of deionized water): MgSO4.7 H2O, 0.5; KH2PO4, 1; NaNO3, 3; peptone, 30. It was supplemented with different carbon sources (glucose, olive oil and peptone). Pre-inoculum consisted of 105 spores incubated in 10 ml of BM in a rotary shaker (120 rpm) for 2 days at 28°C. After this time, a 500 ml flask containing 90 ml of BM was inoculated with the pre-inoculum and cultivated as above. Aliquots of 10 ml of this culture were withdrawn at different periods of incubation and centrifuged. The supernatants were used to measure lipase activity, protease activity and pH. The pellet was washed in water, filtered and dried in pre-weighed filters for biomass determination. Peptone and oil concentrations varied as shown in results. The results were calculated from three independent cultures. Each measurement was carried out in triplicate.
Enzyme assay: Lipase activities were assayed in the enzyme-containing supernatants with p-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP) as substrate determined spectrophotometrically at 410nm (23). One lipase unit (U) is defined as the amount of enzyme that liberated 1 µmol p-nitrophenol per minute. Protease in the supernatant was measured according to Ginther (5) using azocasein as substrate. One unit of protease activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that produces na increase in absorbance of 1.0 in 1h at 440 nm.
Effect of pH and temperaturetoward pNPP: The pH values of the reaction mixtures were varied from 5.4 to 7.8 (in 50 mM tris-maleate) and 8.0 to 8.8 (in 50 mM tris-HCl) and lipase activity was measured at 25oC. To determine the pH stability, lipase-containing supernatant was diluted 1:1 in 100 mM of the buffers described above and incubated for one hour at 25oC before assayed. Lipase activities were assayed in reaction mixtures of pNPP containing tris-HCl pH 8.0 at a range of temperatures from 15°C to 60°C to determine optimum lipase activity. For thermal stability, lipase-containing supernatants were pre-incubated for 60 minutes over a range of temperature from 25°C to 50°C in tris-HCl pH 8.0 buffer. After this time, the mixtures were left for 10 minutes at room temperature and lipase activity were measured using the standard procedure.
Effect of organic solvents: The supernatant was diluted with organic solvents in the concentrations of 0 to 50% (v/v). After 1 hour of incubation with constant shaking at 25oC, lipase activity was measured in the aqueous phase as described above.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of the medium composition on lipase activity
The activity of extracellular lipase of F. solani FS1 cultures was evaluated after 96 hours of incubation in medium containing 3% (w/v) peptone alone and supplemented with different carbon sources (Table 1). Highest lipase activity of 9,500 U.L-1 was observed in the medium containing 1% olive oil.This represents an 8-fold lipase induction in relation to the basal medium (BM). The presence of 1% glucose, although stimulating a 3-fold lipase activity in relation to BM, abolished the enzyme induction produced by 1% olive oil. The results presented in Table 1 indicate a higher biomass production in 1% olive oil medium (15.3 g.L-1) in relation to glucose or glucose/olive oil medium (6.7 and 10.7 g.L-1, respectively). Our data shows similar lipase activities (in terms of Units per mg biomass) for both glucose and olive oil supplements. However, the presence of both supplements depresses lipase induction. Rapp (14) showed this effect with Fusarium oxysporum when mixtures of glucose and olive oil (both at 1%) resulted in a peak of biomass at approx 100h while lipase peaked at 220h. The effect of different concentrations of olive oil and peptone on lipase production was evaluated after 72 hours of cultivation (Fig. 1). At a peptone concentration of 3% (w/v), the highest lipase activity of 10,500 U.l-1 was obtained in the media containing 0.5% (v/v) olive oil. Lower (0.25%) and higher (1%) oil concentrations decreased lipase production to 8,300 U.L-1 and 7,800 U.L-1, respectively (Fig. 1A). Decreases in lipase production with increases in inducer concentrations have been noted (11, 3) for Aspergillus oryzae (soyabean oil) and Candida rugosa (olive oil). However, others have reported (17, 13) increased lipase production with increasing inducer concentrations for Penicillium citrinum (olive oil) and Candida rugosa (oleic acid). Pokorny et al. (12) showed that the addition of olive oil in concentrations between 0.5% and 2% increased the lipase production by Aspergillus niger to a maximum at 72h. The addition of olive oil to the basal medium at a concentration of 0.2% increased lipase activity by Torulopsis ernobii, but amounts of olive oil greater than 0.8 % gave smaller increases (24). These authors suggest that the role of lipids in augmenting lipase production appears to be related to growth. These observation reinforce the constitutive and the biomass-linked lipase production by FS1 strain. Higher oil concentrations could be affecting the aeration rate of the culture and promoting a delay in mycelial growth and lipase production.
Further evidences for that biomass-linked lipase production are showed in the Fig. 1B, where a decrease in peptone concentration to half (1.5% w/v) promoted 2.5-times decrease in lipase activity after 72 hours of cultivation in BM containing 0.5% olive oil. Peptone concentration of 0.5% (w/v) almost abolished lipase activity (Fig. 1B). This peptone-dependence was demonstrated for the lipase production by F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (14).
Batch fermentations were carried out in basal medium supplemented with 0.5% (v/v) olive oil and 3% (w/v) peptone for lipase production by FS1 strain (Fig. 2). A low lipase activity was observed until 48 hours of cultivation, at the moment that the culture entered into stationary phase of growth. However, it increased exponentially up to 96h to a value of 9,500 U.L-1. The production of lipase is accompanied by an increase in the supernatant pH up to value of 8.3. Such pH increase was also observed during lipase production by Aspergillus oryzae (11). In spite of the media containing peptone, the FS1 strain produced low quantity of protease during the period of fermentation, that reached maximal activity at 72 hours of cultivation (500 U.L-1 ) and decreased thereafter (Fig. 2). Low protease activity should facilitate downstream process for lipase recovering (6).
Effect of the pH and temperature on the lipase activity of Fusarium solani FS1 and stability
The lipase activity was evaluated at different pH values at 25°C using pNPP as substrate (Fig. 3). The optimum activity for pNPP hydrolysis of 10,620 U.L-1 was reached at pH 8.6 in 50 mM tris-HCl buffer and pH values below 8.0 decreased lipase activity. Extracellular lipase of F. oxysporum f. sp. line and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum showed optimum activity at pH 7.0 (in 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 37oC) and at pH 5.8 (in 0.06 M sodium phosphate, 35oC), respectively (8,14). Lipase mantained around 80% its initial activity when incubated for one hour at pH values between 7.2 and 8.6, with an decrease in lipase activity at pH beyond this range. The enzyme was more stable at pH 7.2 in tris-maleate buffer, despite its optimum activity at pH8.6 in tris-HCl buffer (Fig. 3). The incubations of the enzyme for 2h and 4h at 250C in the pH range of 6.4 to 8.8 decreased lipase activity for the values around 40% and 30%, respectively (Fig. 3). No lipase activity was observed after 24h incubation at any pH value tested. This decrease in enzyme stability should be due to some denaturation effect, as well as to the presence of protease in the samples. Extracellular lipase of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum showed stability over the pH range of 4.0 to 10 during 1h incubation at 30oC (14). On the other hand, others strains of F. oxysporum showed stability only at alkaline pH (15; 8).
Lipase presented two peaks of optimum temperature at 25°C and 45°C (Fig. 4). This behaviour of lipase activity from Fusarium solani FS1 may be indicative of the presence of isoenzymes. A considerable decrease in the lipolytic activity was observed for highest temperatures, reaching zero activity at 60oC. Maximal stability of the enzyme was observed in the temperature range of 25oC to 30oC after its thermal exposure for 1h (Fig. 4). Incubations above 40°C promoted inactivation of this enzyme. The lipase produced by F. oxysporum f. sp. line and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum showed optimum activity at 42oC and 45oC, respectively (8,14). Moreover, the lipases produced by both of the strains above were more thermostable than the FS1 lipase. The optimun temperatures were 25oC for A. oryzae (16), 37oC for C. cylindracea (16), and 40oC for Geotrichum candidum (21).
Stability of the FS1 lipase in organic solvents
Experiments presented in Fig. 5 demonstrate that 1-pentanol completely abolished lipase activity at 10% (v/v), while acetone and n-propanol maintained 30% of activity under this condition. At 20% (v/v), the last two solvents completely inhibited lipase activity. In contrast, n-hexane increased lipase activity to 170% of its initial activity at 40% (v/v) solvent concentration (Fig. 5). A similar result was demonstrated when F. Oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum lipase was incubated with n-hexane (14). On the other hand, lipase from Bacillus sp was inhibited in the presence of n-hexane (20). This effect has been discussed by Rapp (14) as an increase of the reaction mixture emulsification by n-hexane, an water-immiscible solvent, promoting the best contact between enzyme and substrate. The activity of lipase depends on the quality of an oil-water interface (4) and water-miscible organic solvents generally cause protein denaturation (1). In studies on the use of lipase for transesterification and synthesis of esters, the reactions have previously been carried out in media containing water-immiscible organic solvents and a small amount water, due to the fact that enzymes are less susceptible to denaturation in such systems (20). Since lipase from Fusarium solani FS1 has been shown to be stimulated by the addition of n-hexane, the enzyme might be useful for transesterification and ester synthesis. Experiments in flavour synthesis using FS1 lipase has been initiated in our laboratory with very promising results.
RESUMO
Produção de lipase extracelular pelo fungo fitopatogênico Fusarium solani FS1
Uma estirpe brasileira de Fusarium solani foi testada para produção de lipase em meio contendo peptona e óleo de oliva. O fungo produziu 10.500U.L-1 de lipase após 72h de incubação a 25oC e 120 rpm em meio contendo 3% (p/v) de peptona e 0,5% (v/v) de óleo de oliva. A glicose (1% w/v) parece inibir o efeito estimulador do óleo de oliva. Concentrações de peptona abaixo de 3% (w/v) reduziram a produção de lipase enquanto que o aumento na concentração de óleo de oliva acima de 0,5% (v/v) não estimulou a produção da enzima. Ótima atividade lipásica foi alcançada em pH 8,6 e 30oC e uma boa estabilidade enzimática foi observada em pH variando de 7,6 a 8,6, mas a atividade caiu rapidamente à temperaturas acima de 50oC. A atividade lipásica foi estimulada pela adição de n-hexano à mistura de incubação, em contraste com a incubação em solventes orgânicos solúveis em água.
Palavras-chave: cinética enzimática, hidrólise de ésteres, lipase extracelular, Fusarium solani, pNPP.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants from the following Brazilian agencies: Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB) and Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (PADCT/CNPq).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
19 Apr 2000 -
Date of issue
Dec 1999
History
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Received
13 Apr 1999 -
Reviewed
30 June 1999 -
Accepted
09 Nov 1999
