Optimizing concrete strength with tapioca peel ash: a central composite design approach

Sakthivel, Sudhakar; Palaniraj, Saravanakumar; Paramasivam, Ramshankar; Shanmugam, Thiru

doi:10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0422

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Articles • Matéria (Rio J.) 29 (4) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0422 copy

Optimizing concrete strength with tapioca peel ash: a central composite design approach

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Tapioca Peel Ash (TPA), a plentiful agricultural residue, demonstrates potential as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) in concrete. This research intends to maximize the efficiency of TPA integration through the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach to ascertain the optimal mix of components for enhanced performance. The physicochemical analysis assessed TPA’s pozzolanic properties. Laboratory tests analyzed the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete mixes containing various amounts of TPA, cement, and aggregates. The outcomes showed that a mixture ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.4625 (Cement : TPA : Fine Aggregate : Coarse Aggregate) achieved an ultimate compressive strength of 27.08 MPa. Moreover, a ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.525 yielded a maximum flexural strength of 9.84 MPa. Quadratic predictive models and statistical analyses were derived to determine the ideal concrete mixture that substantially improves compressive and flexural strengths. Validation via student’s t-test showed a significant correlation between experimental and simulated values, with p-values of 0.9987 and 0.9912 for compressive and flexural strengths, respectively. This research highlights the opportunity to improve concrete properties and minimize waste by effectively using TPA in construction.

Keywords:
Tapioca Peel Ash; SCM; Agro-waste; Design expert; Response Surface Methodology

COMPONENT	CEMENT	TPA
Physical Properties
Specific gravity	3.10	2.3
Specific surface area (m²/kg)	340	290
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CaO	66.67	7.6
SiO₂	18.91	58.2
Fe₂O₃	4.94	5.8
Al₂O₃	4.51	12.5
SO₃	2.5	–
MgO	0.87	4.3
K₂O	0.43	3.2
Na₂O	0.12	1.1

FACTORS	LOWEST	HIGHEST	LOWER CODED LIMIT	UPPER CODED LIMIT	MEAN	STD. DEV
OPC Cement	0.15	0.25	− 1 ↔ 0.15	+ 1 ↔ 0.25	0.2000	0.0433
TPA	0.025	0.15	− 1 ↔ 0.025	+ 1 ↔ 0.15	0.0875	0.0541
Fine aggregate	0.3	0.425	− 1 ↔ 0.30	+ 1 ↔ 0.425	0.3625	0.0541
Coarse aggregate	0.4	0.525	− 1 ↔ 0.40	+ 1 ↔ 0.525	0.4625	0.0541

RUN NO	ACTUAL UNITS				CODED UNITS
RUN NO	OPC	TPA	FA	CA	OPC	TPA	FA	CA
1	0.15	0.15	0.3	0.4	−1	1	−1	−1
2	0.15	0.15	0.3	0.525	−1	1	−1	1
3	0.25	0.025	0.3	0.525	1	−1	−1	1
4	0.25	0.15	0.425	0.4	1	1	1	−1
5	0.2	0.0875	0.3	0.4625	0	0	−1	0
6	0.15	0.15	0.425	0.4	−1	1	1	−1
7	0.2	0.0875	0.425	0.4625	0	0	1	0
8	0.15	0.0875	0.3625	0.4625	−1	0	0	0
9	0.25	0.0875	0.3625	0.4625	1	0	0	0
10	0.15	0.15	0.425	0.525	−1	1	1	1
11	0.2	0.0875	0.3625	0.4	0	0	0	−1
12	0.25	0.15	0.3	0.4	1	1	−1	−1
13	0.25	0.15	0.425	0.525	1	1	1	1
14	0.15	0.025	0.3	0.4	−1	−1	–1	−1
15	0.2	0.15	0.3625	0.4625	0	1	0	0
16	0.15	0.025	0.425	0.525	−1	−1	1	1
17	0.25	0.15	0.3	0.525	1	1	−1	1
18	0.2	0.0875	0.3625	0.525	0	0	0	1
19	0.25	0.025	0.425	0.4	1	−1	1	−1
20	0.25	0.025	0.425	0.525	1	−1	1	1
21	0.25	0.025	0.3	0.4	1	−1	−1	−1
22	0.2	0.0875	0.3625	0.4625	0	0	0	0
23	0.15	0.025	0.425	0.4	−1	−1	1	−1
24	0.15	0.025	0.3	0.525	−1	−1	−1	1
25	0.2	0.025	0.3625	0.4625	0	−1	0	0

RUN NO	COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)					FLEXURAL STRENGTH (MPa)
RUN NO	OPC (kg)	TPA (kg)	FA (kg)	CA (kg)	CS (MPa)	OPC (kg)	TPA (kg)	FA (kg)	CA (kg)	FS (MPa)
1	3.65	3.65	7.29	9.72	19.82	4.32	4.32	8.64	11.52	5.18
2	3.24	3.24	6.48	11.34	19.65	3.84	3.84	7.68	13.44	5.12
3	5.52	0.55	6.63	11.6	24.62	6.55	0.65	7.85	13.75	8.47
4	4.96	2.98	8.43	7.93	18.16	5.88	3.53	9.99	9.4	4.51
5	4.63	2.03	6.94	10.7	25.70	5.49	2.4	8.23	12.69	8.10
6	3.24	3.24	9.18	8.64	17.99	3.84	3.84	10.88	10.24	4.26
7	4.14	1.81	8.79	9.56	21.68	4.9	2.14	10.42	11.34	5.85
8	3.43	2	8.29	10.58	18.59	4.07	2.37	9.83	12.54	4.59
9	5.23	1.83	7.58	9.67	23.87	6.19	2.17	8.98	11.46	6.62
10	2.92	2.92	8.26	10.21	16.39	3.46	3.46	9.79	12.1	4.01
11	4.63	2.03	8.39	9.26	25.50	5.49	2.4	9.94	10.97	8.67
12	5.52	3.31	6.63	8.84	25.78	6.55	3.93	7.85	10.47	6.99
13	4.5	2.7	7.65	9.45	22.02	5.33	3.2	9.07	11.2	5.96
14	4.17	0.69	8.33	11.11	25.11	4.94	0.82	9.87	13.17	7.99
15	4.14	3.1	7.5	9.56	18.50	4.9	3.68	8.89	11.34	4.64
16	3.24	0.54	9.18	11.34	20.18	3.84	0.64	10.88	13.44	5.59
17	4.96	2.98	5.95	10.41	22.69	5.88	3.53	7.05	12.34	6.25
18	4.14	1.81	7.5	10.86	25.23	4.9	2.14	8.89	12.87	9.84
19	5.52	0.55	9.39	8.84	20.67	6.55	0.65	11.13	10.47	5.55
20	4.96	0.5	8.43	10.41	24.39	5.88	0.59	9.99	12.34	6.94
21	6.23	0.62	7.48	9.97	24.71	7.38	0.74	8.86	11.82	8.56
22	4.37	1.91	7.92	10.1	27.08	5.18	2.27	9.38	11.97	8.82
23	3.65	0.61	10.33	9.72	19.09	4.32	0.72	12.24	11.52	4.81
24	3.65	0.61	7.29	12.76	19.21	4.32	0.72	8.64	15.12	4.85
25	4.63	0.58	8.39	10.7	22.13	5.49	0.69	9.94	12.69	6.00

SOURCE	STD. DEV.	R²	ADJUSTED R²	PREDICTED R²	PRESS	^* *Su – Suggested	STD. DEV.	R²	ADJUSTED R²	PREDICTED R²	PRESS	^* *Su – Suggested
	COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STATISTICS						FLEXURAL STRENGTH STATISTICS
Linear	2.39	0.4970	0.3964	0.2684	166.71	Su	1.40	0.4226	0.3072	0.2070	54.02
2FI	2.51	0.6137	0.3377	–0.0878	247.88		1.55	0.5079	0.1564	–0.0800	73.57
Quadratic	1.78	0.8613	0.6670	0.2314	175.14	Su	0.7963	0.9069	0.7766	0.4948	34.41	Su

SOURCE	SUM OF SQUARES	DF	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE	^* *Su - Suggested	SUM OF SQUARES	DF	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE	^* *Su - Suggested
SOURCE	COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MODEL						FLEXURAL STRENGTH MODEL
Mean vs Total	12045.50	1	12045.50				1000.71	1	1000.71
Linear vs Mean	113.26	4	28.32	4.94	0.0062	Su	28.79	4	7.20	3.66	0.0215
2FI vs Linear	26.58	6	4.43	0.7045	0.6513		5.81	6	0.9678	0.4042	0.8641
Quadratic vs 2FI	56.42	4	14.10	4.46	0.0251	Su	27.18	4	6.80	10.72	0.0012	Su
Residual	21.20	2	10.60				3.94	2	1.97
Total	12273.38	25	490.94				1068.83	25	42.75

SOURCE	SUM OF SQUARES	df	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE	^* *Si - Significant	SUM OF SQUARES	df	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE	^* *Si - Significant
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (QUADRATIC MODEL)							FLEXURAL STRENGTH (QUADRATIC MODEL)
Model	196.26	14	14.02	4.43	0.0114	Si	61.78	14	4.41	6.96	0.0020	Si
A-OPC	52.98	1	52.98	16.76	0.0022		10.05	1	10.05	15.85	0.0026
B-TPA	20.29	1	20.29	6.42	0.0297		7.79	1	7.79	12.28	0.0057
C-FA	39.66	1	39.66	12.55	0.0053		10.94	1	10.94	17.25	0.0020
D-CA	0.3335	1	0.3335	0.1055	0.7520		0.0145	1	0.0145	0.0228	0.8830
AB	1.0000	1	1.0000	0.3163	0.5862		0.0812	1	0.0812	0.1281	0.7279
AC	0.3660	1	0.3660	0.1158	0.7407		0.5041	1	0.5041	0.7950	0.3935
AD	7.54	1	7.54	2.38	0.1537		1.37	1	1.37	2.16	0.1725
BC	1.03	1	1.03	0.3259	0.5807		0.2970	1	0.2970	0.4684	0.5093
BD	0.0020	1	0.0020	0.0006	0.9803		0.1332	1	0.1332	0.2101	0.6565
CD	16.65	1	16.65	5.27	0.0447		3.42	1	3.42	5.40	0.0425
A²	11.00	1	11.00	3.48	0.0917		6.16	1	6.16	9.72	0.0109
B²	22.82	1	22.82	7.22	0.0228		8.63	1	8.63	13.61	0.0042
C²	0.3703	1	0.3703	0.1171	0.7393		0.0877	1	0.0877	0.1383	0.7177
D²	10.77	1	10.77	3.41	0.0947		11.17	1	11.17	17.62	0.0018
Residual	31.62	10	3.16				6.34	10	0.6341
Cor Total	227.88	24					68.12	24

	INTERCEPT	A	B	C	D	AB	AC	AD	BC	BD	CD	A²	B²	C²	D²
Sqrt (CS)	23.85	1.72	–1.06	–1.48	–0.14	0.25	–0.15	0.686	–0.25	0.011	1.02	–2.08	–2.99	0.381	2.06
p-values		0.002	0.030	0.005	0.75	0.586	0.741	0.154	0.581	0.980	0.045	0.092	0.023	0.739	0.095
Sqrt (FS)	7.40	0.75	–0.66	–0.78	0.028	–0.07	–0.18	0.293	0.136	0.091	0.463	–1.56	–1.84	–0.19	2.09
p-values		0.003	0.006	0.002	0.883	0.728	0.394	0.173	0.509	0.656	0.043	0.011	0.004	0.718	0.002

NAME	TARGET	MINIMUM THRESHOLD	MAXIMUM THRESHOLD	LIGHTEST WEIGHT	HIGHEST WEIGHT
A: OPC	Is within the range	0.15	0.25	1	1
B: TPA	Is within the range	0.025	0.15	1	1
C: FA	Is within the range	0.30	0.425	1	1
D: CA	Is within the range	0.40	0.525	1	1
CS	Maximize	16.39	27.08	1	1
FS	Maximize	4.01	9.84	1	1

S.No	OPC	TPA	FA	CA	CS	FS	DESIRABILITY
1	0.223	0.088	0.300	0.404	28.732	10.224	1.000
2	0.234	0.082	0.316	0.401	27.881	9.945	1.000
3	0.208	0.067	0.318	0.406	27.630	9.957	1.000
4	0.218	0.075	0.300	0.523	27.179	9.842	1.000
5	0.221	0.075	0.309	0.524	27.102	9.882	1.000
6	0.213	0.069	0.324	0.406	27.453	9.897	1.000
7	0.212	0.075	0.301	0.524	27.080	9.883	1.000
8	0.203	0.043	0.310	0.403	27.365	9.899	1.000
9	0.213	0.085	0.300	0.524	27.131	9.843	1.000
10	0.224	0.068	0.305	0.524	27.137	9.858	1.000

	COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH		FLEXURAL STRENGTH
	ACTUAL	PREDICTED	ACTUAL	PREDICTED
Mean	21.9504	21.95	6.3268	6.3264
Variance	9.494829	8.174858333	2.838239	2.574841
Findings	25	25	25	25
Pearson correlation	0.928133196	–	0.952551	–
d_f	0	–	0	–
t Stat	24	–	24	–
P (T < = t) one-tail	0.001743627	–	0.0039	–
t Critical one-tail	0.4993116	–	0.49846	–
P (T < = t) two-tail	1.71088208	–	1.710882	–
t Critical two-tail	0.9986232	–	0.99692	–

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[1] Corresponding Author: Sudhakar Sakthivel, e-mail: sudhakariitm74@gmail.com, psaravana2000@gmail.com, rsram25@gmail.com, shanmugamthiru@gmail.com