Dark fermentation |
60–80 |
CO2-neutral, simple, can produce H2 without light, contributes to waste recycling, no O2 limitation. |
Fatty acids removal, low H2 rates and yields, low con- version efficiency, requirement of large reactor volume. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017.] |
SR |
74–85 |
Most developed technology, existing infrastructure. |
CO2 byproduct, dependence on fossil fuels. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1313 ERSÖZ, A., “Investigation of hydrocarbon reforming processes for micro-cogen-eration systems”. Journal Hydrog Energy, v. 33, pp.7084-7086, Aug. 2008.] |
POX |
60–75 |
Proven technology, existing infrastructure |
CO2 byproduct, dependence on fossil fuels |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1414 STEINBERG, M., “ Modern and prospective technologies for hydrogen production from fossil fuels.” Journal Hydrog Energ., v. 14, pp. 797-820, Fev. 1989.] |
ATR |
60–75 |
Proven technology, existing infrastructure. |
CO2 byproduct, dependence on fossil fuels. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1515 HOLLADAY, J.D., HU, J., KING, D.L., “An overview of hydrogen production technologies.” Catal Toda., v. 139, pp. 244-246, Jun. 2009.] |
CHs pyrolysis |
– |
Emission-free, reduced-step procedure. |
Carbon byproduct, dependence on fossil fuels. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1616 MURADOV, N., “How to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels without CO2 emission.” Journal Hydrog Energy, v. 18, pp. 211-214, Jan. 1993.] |
Biomass pyrolysis |
35–50 |
CO2-neutral, abundant and cheap feedstock |
Tar formation, varying H2 content due to seasonal availability and feedstock impurities. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1717 DUMAN, G., UDDIN, M.A., YANIK, J., “Hydrogen production from algal biomass via steam gasification.” Bioresour Technol, v. 166, pp. 24-30, Jun. 2014.] |
Biomass gasification |
- |
CO2-neutral, abundant and cheap feedstock |
Tar formation, varying H2 content due to seasonal availability and feedstock impurities. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1818 KAPDAN, I.K., KARGI, F., “Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials. Enzym Microb Technol” Journal Power Sources, v. 38, pp. 569-572, Fev. 2006.] |
Bio-photolysis |
10 |
CO2-consumed, O2 is the only byproduct, operation under mild conditions |
Requires sunlight, low H2 rates and yields, requirement of large reactor volume, O2 sensitivity, high raw material cost. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 1919 NI, M., LEUNG, D.Y.C., LEUNG, M,K,H., “An overview of hydrogen production from biomass”. Fuel Process Technol., v.87, pp. 461-463, Aug. 2006.] |
Photo-fermentation |
0.1 |
CO2-neutral, contributes to waste recycling, can use different organic. Wastes and wastewaters. |
Requires sunlight, low H2 rates and yields, low conversion efficiency, requirement of large reactor volume, O2 sensitivity. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 2020 KOTHARI, R,, BUDDHI, D., SAWHNEY, R.L., “Comparison of environmental and economic aspects of various hydrogen production methods.” Renew Sustain Energy Rev., v. 12, pp. 553-557, Jan. 2008] |
Electrolysis |
40–60 |
No pollution with renewable sources, proven technology, existing infrastructure, abundant feedstock, O2 is the only byproduct, contributes to RES integration as an electricity storage option. |
Low overall efficiency, high capital costs. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 2121 LEVENE, J.I., MANN, M.K., MARGOLIS, R.M., “An analysis of hydrogen production from renewable electricity sources.” Sol Energy. v. 81, pp. 773-775, Aug. 2007.] |
Thermolysis |
20–45 |
Clean and sustainable, abundant feedstock, O2 is the only byproduct. |
Elements toxicity, corrosive problems, high capital costs. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 2222 LIU, S., ZHU, J., CHEN, M., “Hydrogen production via catalytic pyrolysis of biomass in a two-stage fixed bed reactor system.” Journal Hydrog Energ., v. 39, pp. 13128-13130, Feb. 2014.] |
Photo-electrolysis |
0.06 |
Emission-free, abundant feedstock, O2 is the only byproduct. |
Requires sunlight, low conversion efficiency, non-effective photocatalytic material. |
[22 NIKOLAIDIS, P, POULLIKKAS A, “A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review., v. 67, pp. 597-611, Jan. 2017., 2323 DAS, D., VEZIROGLU, T.N., “Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature”. Journal Hydrogen Energy, v. 26, pp. 13-28, 2001., 2424 PLESSIS, S. S., AGARWAL, A., MOHANTY, G., “Oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis: what fuel do spermatozoa use?.” Asian Journal Androl. v. 17, pp. 230-235, Fev. 2015.] |