Impact of inclusion of lignocellulosic fibre, metal swarf and industrial waste by products to develop sustainable environment

Senguttuvan, Kavipriya; Natarajan, Sridhar; Govindan, Deepanraj Cherupillil; Easwaran, Suresh Kumar

doi:10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0030

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Articles • Matéria (Rio J.) 29 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0030 copy

Impact of inclusion of lignocellulosic fibre, metal swarf and industrial waste by products to develop sustainable environment

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Day by day, the percentage of waste increased at an enormous rate due to the increase in population. Utilization of industrial waste in concrete not only prevents the duplication of natural resources but also helps to minimize waste disposal issues. One of the industrial byproducts used in geopolymer concrete is fly ash, which serves as the main source material and is highly rich in alumina and silica. In this study, Quarry rock dust is used as fine aggregate which replaces natural river sand. Recycled coarse aggregate and metal swarf was added in 50:50 proportion with respect to the volume of concrete to replace coarse aggregate. Alkaline activator solution, also called stimulator solution a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, is added into the concrete. Polyethylene-based superplasticizer with 1% of the volume of fly ash is mixed into the concrete to increase its workability. Coir fibers (lignocellulosic fibers) are added to the concrete in percentages range from 0.2% to 1.2% at 0.2% interval. The specimens are tested for their compressive strength, water absorption, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Fibres below 0.6% dosage produced the optimum results.

Keywords:
Ambient alkaline solution; Compressive strength; Geopolymer concrete; Lignocellulosic fibre; Metal swarf; Water absorption; Weight and strength loss

PROPERTIES	OBSERVED VALUES
Fineness (%)	8
Particular surface area (m²/g)	36.1
Particle size (mm)	<0.0075
Specific gravity	3.15
Initial setting time (mins)	130

PROPERTIES	OBSERVED VALUES
Particular surface area (m²/g)	135–145
Particle size (nm)	30–45
SiO₂	62.48
Al₂O₃	18.72
Fe₂O₃	6.54
CaO	4.83
MgO	2.56
Na₂O	Nil
K₂O	3.18
TiO₂	1.21
Mn₂O₃	Nil
SO₃	Nil
Loss of ignition (%)	0.48
Bulking of sand (%)	22
Specific gravity	2.64
Fineness modulus	2.87
Type/zone	Medium sand/zone II

PROPERTIES OBSERVED	VALUES
Specific gravity	2.76
Fineness modulus	6.32
Water absorption (%)	0.6
Crushing strength (MPa)	2.4
Grading zone	II
Maximum size of aggregates	10–4.75 mm

PROPERTIES OBSERVED VALUES
Standard compliance	ASTMC-1116
Shape	Monofilament
Standard length	12 mm
Specific gravity	0.91
Melting point	162 ˚C and above
Water absorption	Nil
Alkali sesistance	99% Strength retained
Tensile strength	3500–7700 kg/m³
Young’s modulus	35 ×10³ kg/cm²
Diameter	18 micron, nominal

PROPERTIES
Specific gravity	3.3
Maximum size (mm)	2.10
Fineness modulus	6.84
Water absorption (%)	3
Bulk density (kg/m³)	3.45
Aggregate impact value (%)	3.12

	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9
Fly ash (kg/m³)	550	550	550	550	550	550	550	550	550
Quarry rock dust (kg/m³)	590	590	590	590	590	590	590	590	590
Recycled Coarse Aggregate (kg/m³)	460	460	460	460	460	460	460	460	460
Metal swarf	520	520	520	520	520	520	520	520	520
Lignocellulosic fiber (coir fiber) (kg/m³)	0.061	0.122	0.184	0.245	0.307	0.368	0.429	0.491	0.552
Sodium hydroxide (kg/m³)	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	45
Sodium silicate (kg/m³)	240	240	240	240	240	240	240	240	240
Superplasticizer (%)	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016	0.016
Extra water (%)	55	55	55	55	55	55	55	55	55
Rest period (days)	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

SPECIMEN	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9
Slump value (mm)	120	100	95	80	75	60	45	40	35

	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9
Densities (kg/m³)	2360	2378	2384	2399	2412	2424	2439	2444	2456

SPECIMEN	AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (Mpa)		VARIATIONS IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (%)
	7 DAYS	28 DAYS	7 DAYS	28 DAYS
G1	19.6	35.6	0	0
G2	20.1	39.7	0.11	0.02
G3	22.4	42.4	0.19	0.14
G4	23.6	46.5	0.30	0.20
G5	24.7	48.9	0.37	0.26
G6	21.2	37.4	0.05	0.08
G7	18.9	31.8	−0.1	−0.03
G8	17.5	28.5	−0.19	−0.1
G9	15.9	26.4	−0.25	−0.18

	POROSITY PERCENTAGE OF GEOPOLYMER SPECIMENS								T^1/2 (Mins)
G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9	T^1/2 (Mins)
0.003	0.0042	0.005	0.0062	0.0071	0.0078	0.0082	0.0092	0.0098	2
0.005	0.0078	0.009	0.0012	0.0187	0.0215	0.0345	0.0357	0.0369	3
0.014	0.0167	0.019	0.0215	0.032	0.039	0.047	0.0487	0.0516	4
0.019	0.029	0.0312	0.0387	0.0381	0.0425	0.0498	0.0518	0.0568	5
0.025	0.0353	0.0373	0.0412	0.0436	0.0456	0.052	0.0587	0.0614	6
0.031	0.0367	0.0386	0.0454	0.0469	0.0489	0.0578	0.0612	0.0638	7
0.038	0.0378	0.0388	0.0468	0.0488	0.051	0.0594	0.0647	0.0695	8
0.044	0.0393	0.0403	0.0497	0.0512	0.0568	0.0625	0.0668	0.0715	9
0.046	0.0415	0.0415	0.0512	0.0535	0.0597	0.0634	0.0698	0.0738	10
0.046	0.0426	0.0426	0.0534	0.0557	0.0612	0.0651	0.0714	0.0755	11
0.048	0.0437	0.0457	0.0545	0.0569	0.0625	0.0664	0.0732	0.0768	12

SPECIMEN ID	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8	G9
Initial wt.	5.41	5.63	5.71	5.79	5.84	5.97	6.17	6.28	6.34
Wt. after 3 hrs	5.51	5.72	5.79	5.88	5.93	6.10	6.31	6.47	6.59
% of absorption	1.87	1.34	1.46	1.52	1.64	2.17	2.26	3.02	3.94
Wt. after 6 hrs	5.52	5.71	5.80	5.79	5.94	6.21	6.44	6.61	6.71
% of absorption	2.02	1.69	1.43	1.72	1.51	4.02	4.37	5.25	5.83
Wt. after 9 hrs	5.53	5.73	5.80	5.90	5.94	6.27	6.58	6.72	6.84
% of absorption	2.14	1.77	1.59	1.95	1.74	5.02	5.58	7.00	7.88
Wt. after 12 hrs	5.54	5.74	5.81	5.92	5.95	6.29	6.57	6.76	6.98
% of absorption	2.45	2.01	1.80	2.25	2.96	5.36	6.48	7.64	10.09
Wt. after 15 hrs	5.55	5.75	2.82	5.92	5.96	6.31	6.68	6.84	7.15
% of absorption	2.64	2.18	1.93	2.33	3.10	5.69	8.26	8.91	12.77
Wt. after 18 hrs	5.55	5.75	5.82	5.92	5.96	6.39	6.71	6.89	7.24
% of absorption	2.84	2.39	2.12	2.55	3.31	7.03	9.88	9.71	14.19
Wt. after 21 hrs	5.57	5.77	5.83	5.94	5.98	6.45	6.87	6.94	7.29
% of absorption	2.93	2.41	2.15	2.58	3.33	8.04	10.50	11.50	14.98
Wt. after 24 hrs	5.60	5.79	5.86	5.97	6.01	6.47	6.92	7.18	7.31
% of absorption	3.42	2.64	2.90	3.12	3.84	8.37	12.10	14.33	15.29

SPECIMEN	INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)	WEIGHT LOSS (kg)
		30 DAYS	60 DAYS	90 DAYS
G1	5.41	5.32	5.21	5.12
G2	5.63	5.54	5.43	5.31
G3	5.71	5.64	5.55	5.45
G4	5.79	5.68	5.50	5.41
G5	5.84	5.77	5.64	5.52
G6	5.97	5.87	5.75	5.64
G7	6.17	6.01	5.94	5.87
G8	6.28	6.10	6.10	5.99
G9	6.34	6.21	6.14	6.05

SPECIMEN	STRENGTH LOSS AT 30 DAYS (Mpa)	WEIGHT LOSS AT 30 DAYS (%)	STRENGTH LOSS AT 60 DAYS (Mpa)	WEIGHT LOSS AT 60 DAYS (%)	STRENGTH LOSS AT 90 DAYS (Mpa)	WEIGHT LOSS AT 90 DAYS (%)
G1	34.1	1.30	33.1	1.45	32.1	1.66
G2	38.2	1.31	37.2	1.41	36.4	1.59
G3	41.7	1.42	40.9	1.52	39.2	1.64
G4	45.4	1.66	44.2	1.74	43.5	1.89
G5	47.3	1.71	46.3	1.80	45.1	1.91
G6	36.5	1.73	35.1	1.89	34.5	1.97
G7	30.4	2.01	29.2	2.17	28.2	2.59
G8	27.2	2.54	26.4	2.64	25.9	2.76
G9	25.7	2.64	24.8	2.70	23.4	2.85

Laboratório de Hidrogênio, Coppe - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em cooperação com a Associação Brasileira do Hidrogênio, ABH2 Av. Moniz Aragão, 207, 21941-594, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel: +55 (21) 3938-8791 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revmateria@gmail.com

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[1] Corresponding Author: Kavipriya Senguttuvan, e-mail: kavipriyacivil2001@gmail.com, sridharnatarajan82@gmail.com, deepancdhassini@gmail.com, ersureshme@gmail.com