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Articles • Matéria (Rio J.) 29 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0129 copy

Optimization of tribological behavior of Aluminium (A356) composites using TGRA technique

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Lightweight materials are the great demand in the aerospace sector to enhance system performance. The automotive, aerospace sector has utilized the composite materials to strengthen the physical and mechanical qualities of less weight materials and to improve their functionality. In this study, three different base matrix alloy combinations comprise the specimens being examined. Selective laser melting was used to combine boron carbide, graphite, and iron oxide powder (2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt.%) with an aluminium alloy matrix. Use the ASTM B-557M standards, specimens are prepared for testing the hybrid composite including such wear, and scanning electron microscopy. The purpose of the current study is to use Taguchi-based gray relational analysis (TGRA) to improve the wear parameters of aluminium matrix composite. Grey relationship study has shown that the optimal combinations for determining the hybrid composite’s wear rate and coefficient of friction are 40 N load (level 3), 6 m/s sliding speed (level 3), and 1000 m sliding distance (level 1). Hybrid composites are said to have better wear properties and to offer enhanced components for the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries as compared to earlier metal matrix composites.

Keywords:
Aluminium alloy; Selective laser melting; Wear; Grey Relational analysis

PARAMETERS	VALUES
Fiber Laser	440–460 W
Spot sizes	90–120 µm
Scan processing speed	20 m/s
Build area	300 × 300 × 400 mm
Layer thickness	30–150 µm
Platform heating	300°C

SPECIFICATIONS	VALUES
Disc size	165 mm × 8 mm
Normal Load	5 to 200 N
Rotational Speed	200 rpm to 2000 rpm
Frictional Force	up to 200 N
Wear measurement	range up to 2000 µm
Wear Track Diameter	140 mm
variable Pin/Ball Diameter	3, 6, & 10 mm

LEVEL	LOAD (N)	SLIDING VELOCITY (m/s)	SLIDING DISTANCE (m)
1	20	2	1500
2	30	4	2500
3	40	6	3500

EX. NO.	LOAD (N)	SLIDING VELOCITY (m/s)	SLIDING DISTANCE (m)	WEAR LOSS (mm³/m)	FRICTION FORCE (N)	CoF
1	20	2	1500	0.00658	6.87	0.3435
2	20	2	1500	0.00785	6.91	0.3455
3	20	2	1500	0.00896	6.47	0.3235
4	30	2	2500	0.00943	9.84	0.328
5	30	2	2500	0.00643	9.12	0.304
6	30	2	2500	0.00549	9.47	0.315667
7	40	2	3500	0.00487	13.94	0.3485
8	40	2	3500	0.00397	13.63	0.34075
9	40	2	3500	0.00542	13.72	0.343
10	20	4	2500	0.00298	6.52	0.326
11	20	4	2500	0.00357	6.79	0.3395
12	20	4	2500	0.00491	6.27	0.3135
13	30	4	3500	0.00953	9.93	0.331
14	30	4	3500	0.00876	9.75	0.325
15	30	4	3500	0.00639	9.27	0.309
16	40	4	1500	0.00527	13.24	0.331
17	40	4	1500	0.00916	13.42	0.3355
18	40	4	1500	0.00837	13.64	0.341
19	20	6	3500	0.00743	6.13	0.3065
20	20	6	3500	0.00842	6.39	0.3195
21	20	6	3500	0.00586	6.82	0.341
22	30	6	1500	0.00739	9.61	0.320333
23	30	6	1500	0.00614	9.24	0.308
24	30	6	1500	0.00749	9.58	0.319333
25	40	6	2500	0.00864	13.18	0.3295
26	40	6	2500	0.00982	13.37	0.33425
27	40	6	2500	0.00834	13.52	0.338

WR (mm³/m)	FF (N)	CoF	DEVIATION SEQUENCE			GREY RELATION COEFFICIENT			GRG	Rank
WR (mm³/m)	FF (N)	CoF	WR (mm³/m)	FF (N)	CoF	WR (mm³/m)	FF (N)	CoF	GRG	Rank
0.00658	6.87	0.724	0.00324	7.07	0.069	0.993562	0.06605	0.878735	0.646	16
0.00785	6.91	0.741	0.00197	7.03	0.052	0.996075	0.066401	0.905797	0.656	15
0.00896	6.47	0.762	0.00086	7.47	0.031	0.998283	0.062735	0.94162	0.668	13
0.00943	9.84	0.712	0.00039	4.1	0.081	0.999221	0.108696	0.860585	0.656	14
0.00643	9.12	0.685	0.00339	4.82	0.108	0.993266	0.093985	0.822368	0.637	19
0.00549	9.47	0.673	0.00433	4.47	0.12	0.991414	0.100604	0.806452	0.633	21
0.00487	13.94	0.616	0.00495	0	0.177	0.990197	1	0.738552	0.91	1
0.00397	13.63	0.586	0.00585	0.31	0.207	0.988435	0.617284	0.707214	0.771	8
0.00542	13.72	0.549	0.0044	0.22	0.244	0.991277	0.694444	0.672043	0.786	5
0.00298	6.52	0.597	0.00684	7.42	0.196	0.986505	0.063131	0.718391	0.589	26
0.00357	6.79	0.687	0.00625	7.15	0.106	0.987654	0.065359	0.825083	0.626	22
0.00491	6.27	0.729	0.00491	7.67	0.064	0.990275	0.0612	0.886525	0.646	17
0.00953	9.93	0.754	0.00029	4.01	0.039	0.99942	0.110865	0.927644	0.679	12
0.00876	9.75	0.784	0.00106	4.19	0.009	0.997884	0.10661	0.982318	0.696	11
0.00639	9.27	0.793	0.00343	4.67	0	0.993187	0.096712	1	0.697	10
0.00527	13.24	0.743	0.00455	0.7	0.05	0.990982	0.416667	0.909091	0.772	7
0.00916	13.42	0.692	0.00066	0.52	0.101	0.998682	0.490196	0.831947	0.774	6
0.00837	13.64	0.672	0.00145	0.3	0.121	0.997108	0.625	0.805153	0.809	3
0.00743	6.13	0.664	0.00239	7.81	0.129	0.995243	0.060168	0.794913	0.617	23
0.00842	6.39	0.541	0.0014	7.55	0.252	0.997208	0.062112	0.664894	0.575	27
0.00586	6.82	0.715	0.00396	7.12	0.078	0.992142	0.065617	0.865052	0.641	18
0.00739	9.61	0.673	0.00243	4.33	0.12	0.995164	0.10352	0.806452	0.635	20
0.00614	9.24	0.572	0.00368	4.7	0.221	0.992694	0.096154	0.693481	0.594	25
0.00749	9.58	0.623	0.00233	4.36	0.17	0.995362	0.102881	0.746269	0.615	24
0.00864	13.18	0.735	0.00118	0.76	0.058	0.997646	0.396825	0.896057	0.764	9
0.00982	13.37	0.751	0	0.57	0.042	1	0.46729	0.922509	0.797	4
0.00834	13.52	0.763	0.00148	0.42	0.03	0.997049	0.543478	0.943396	0.828	2

LEVEL	LOAD	SLIDING VELOCITY	SLIDING DISTANCE
1	0.632	0.698	0.714^* *Optimum values.
2	0.658	0.698	0.698
3	0.816^* *Optimum values.	0.724^* *Optimum values.	0.672
Delta	0.298	0.276	0.251
Rank	1	2	3

SOURCE	DF	ADJ. SS	ADJ.MS	F VALUE	P VALUE	%
Load	2	0.6453	0.6873	116.78	0.007	28.17
Sliding Velocity	2	0.7453	0.5789	186.29	0.005	45.16
Sliding Distance	2	0.5698	0.4756	108.26	0.008	26.32
Residual Error	2	0.0029	0.0035	–	–	0.35
Total	8	0.1456	–	–	–	100

Laboratório de Hidrogênio, Coppe - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em cooperação com a Associação Brasileira do Hidrogênio, ABH2 Av. Moniz Aragão, 207, 21941-594, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel: +55 (21) 3938-8791 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revmateria@gmail.com

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