Au/GO/GCE |
Nandrolone |
1 to 100 μM |
4 nM |
The sensor was used to determine Nandrolone levels in serum and urine samples of athletes who were administered Nandrolone. The results showed good agreement with ELISA kit, with RSD values of 3.10–4.33%. |
[110[110] LI, C., XIAO, Y., LIU, J., et al., “Determination of anabolic steroid as doping agent in serum and urine of athletes by using an electrochemical sensor based on the graphene-gold hybrid nanostructure”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, v. 17, n. 7, pp. 220766, Jul. 2022. doi: http://doi.org/10.20964/2022.07.70. https://doi.org/10.20964/2022.07.70...
] |
DTMIP/C60/MWCNT-Gr-IL/ITO |
Nandrolone decanoate and testosterone decanoate |
– |
0.05 nM for nandrolone and 0.5 nM for testosterone |
The biosensor was successfully applied to the analysis of ND and TS in urine samples from bodybuilder athletes and the results showed good agreement with HPLC reference method. Recoveries from spiked urine samples were in the range of 96.3–106% for both analytes. |
[111[111] JALALVAND, A.R., RASHIDI, Z., KHAJENOORI, M., “Sensitive and selective simultaneous biosensing of nandrolone and testosterone as two anabolic steroids by a novel biosensor assisted by second-order calibration”, Steroids, v. 189, pp. 109138, Jan. 2023. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109138. PubMed PMID: 36379297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2022....
] |
MIP/Au/GCE |
19-nortestosterone |
5 to 95 μM |
3 nM |
The sensor was used to detect 19-NT in urine samples from athletes who were administered Nandrodek. The results showed good agreement between the amperometric sensor and ELISA kit assay, with relative standard deviations between 3.09–4.38% for the amperometric method. |
[107[107] ZHAO, X., ZHAN, B., NIE, W., “Electrochemical determination of nandrolone as a doping agent in sport by molecularly imprinted polymers and Au nanoparticles hybrid nanostructured electrode in biological fluids”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, v. 17, n. 8, pp. 220856, Aug. 2022. doi: http://doi.org/10.20964/2022.08.52. https://doi.org/10.20964/2022.08.52...
] |
MIP on GOsurface |
Testosterone |
1 fM to 1 μM |
0.4 fM |
The sensor was used to detect testosterone in diluted human serum samples. Spike recoveries ranged from 98.6% to 104.2%. |
[82[82] LIU, W., MA, Y., SUN, G., et al., “Molecularly imprinted polymers on graphene oxide surface for EIS sensing of testosterone”, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, v. 92, pp. 305–312, Jun. 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.007. PubMed PMID: 27836607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.0...
] |
RGO/GCE |
Testosterone |
2.0 to 210.0 nM |
0.1 nM |
The sensor was used for quantification of testosterone in biological fluids (urine and plasma) and drug (ANDRONE®100) with good recovery. |
[112[112] HEIDARIMOGHADAM, R., AKHAVAN, O., GHADERI, E., et al., “Graphene oxide for rapid determination of testosterone in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in urine and blood plasma of athletes”, Materials Science and Engineering C, v. 61, pp. 246–250, Apr. 2016. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.005. PubMed PMID: 26838847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.0...
] |
PDA/Au@RGO |
Testosterone |
25 to 200 μM |
4.2 μM |
The sensor was used to detect testosterone spiked in pH 7.4 PBS buffer. The electrocatalytic conversion of testosterone to 6β-OH testosterone by the sensor was confirmed using HPLC-MS. |
[113[113] XU, X., BAI, G., SONG, L., et al., “Fast steroid hormone metabolism assays with electrochemical liver microsomal bioreactor based on polydopamine encapsulated gold-graphene nanocomposite”, Electrochimica Acta, v. 258, pp. 1365–1374, Dec. 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017...
] |
Graphene-modified SPE |
Methamphetamine |
1–500 μM |
0.3 μM |
Street samples containing methamphetamine: Detected methamphetamine in 8 out of 9 samples (89% true positive rate) |
[114[114] TRUTA, F., DRAGAN, A.-M., TERTIS, M., et al., “Electrochemical Rapid Detection of Methamphetamine from Confiscated Samples Using a Graphene-Based Printed Platform”, Sensors (Basel), v. 23, n. 13, pp. 6193, Jan. 2023. doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/s23136193. PubMed PMID: 37448052. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136193...
] |
Graphene/AuNP modified electrode |
Cocaine |
1 nM to 500 nM |
1 nM |
– |
[115[115] JIANG, B., WANG, M., CHEN, Y., et al., “Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of cocaine on graphene/AuNP modified electrode via catalytic redox-recycling amplification”, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, v. 32, n. 1, pp. 305–308, Feb. 2012. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.010. PubMed PMID: 22204778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.0...
] |
3D-MRGO/PA/AuNP/aptamer based impedimetric aptasensor |
Cocaine |
0.09 to 85 nM |
0.029 nM |
The aptasensor was applied to detect cocaine in spiked urine and serum samples with satisfactory recoveries. Relative standard deviations ranged from 2.4% to 3.9%. |
[116[116] HASHEMI, P., BAGHERI, H., AFKHAMI, A., et al., “Fabrication of a novel aptasensor based on three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline/gold nanoparticle composite as a novel platform for high sensitive and specific cocaine detection”, Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 996, pp. 10–19, Dec. 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.035. PubMed PMID: 29137703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.03...
] |
CRGO-GCE |
Furosemide |
1–600 μM |
0.7 μM |
Recovery between 89–99% in spiked seawater samples. |
[117[117] VASCONCELOS, S.C., RODRIGUES, E.M., DE ALMEIDA, L.G., et al., “An improved drop casting electrochemical strategy for furosemide quantification in natural waters exploiting chemically reduced graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrodes”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, v. 412, n. 26, pp. 7123–7130, Oct. 2020. doi: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02845-9. PubMed PMID: 32737552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02845...
] |