TiN coatings on Ti15Mo alloys for enhanced two-body wear performance in dental applicationsABSTRACT
Ti15Mo alloys have recently been attracted in biomaterials due to its favourable mechanical and biocompatibility properties. However, the wear resistance of this alloys should be improved for dental applications. The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of a TiN film on two-body wear properties of the Ti15Mo alloy. The microstructure properties of uncoated and TiN film-coated alloys were comparatively investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and microhardness measurement systems. The wear performance of uncoated and coated samples has also been evaluated using a dual-axis computer-controlled wear simulator device in distilled water. Following the completion of the two-body wear test procedures, the mean wear volume loss of all test samples was determined utilising a non-contact 2D and 3D profilometer. The two-body wear resistance of TiN film-coated alloys was superior to that of the uncoated alloys. The coated samples exhibited enhanced wear resistance, which was accompanied by an increase in hardness and a reduction in surface roughness. The mean wear volume loss of coated samples was lower than the other group samples irrespective of test conditions.
Keywords:
Biomedical application; Ti15Mo; DC magnetron sputtering; Two-body wear; Volume loss
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing of the global population has led to a growing demand for biomaterials which are biocompatible, resistant to wear and corrosion. In the field of dental materials, Ti6Al4V alloys are commonly employed in implant applications due to their superior properties, including a low elastic modulus, an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, and superior resistance to corrosion [1,2,3]. However, the primary disadvantage of this alloy is that it exhibits Young’s modulus larger than that of cortical bone tissue. This phenomenon gives rise to stress shielding and subsequent implant loosening [4]. Additionally, it is established that the Ti6Al4V alloy releases cytotoxic Al3+ and V5+ ions as a consequence of corrosion over an extended period of use, such as in the context of dental implants [5, 6]. In light of these considerations, the β-type Ti15Mo alloy, which has emerged in recent years, has attracted attention due to its favourable mechanical and biocompatibility properties, including potential benefits in the treatment of anaemia, cancer and as an antioxidant [7, 8]. Nevertheless, it remains established that two-body wear represents an unavoidable consequence of utilising metallic implants as antagonist materials in dental applications. The type of wear that occurs without any third-party substance between the teeth or restorative materials is defined as two-body wear [9]. Generally, two-body wear mechanisms have occurred during the human chewing movement. The phenomenon wear mechanism that occurs in intraoral tribology has a significant impact on both the mechanical and aesthetic properties of the implant, leading to irreversible damage [10]. In order to guarantee the long-term serviceability of Ti15Mo alloys, it is essential that they exhibit good wear resistance. Consequently, coating techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), ion implantation and plasma and laser nitriding are receiving heightened attention with regard to potential solutions [11,12,13].
Among the surface modification techniques, PVD has recently been successfully applied to titanium alloys to improve properties such as hardness, wear resistance of alloys and reduce friction [14, 15]. This process is based on the interaction between the oxide film growing on the anodic metal and spark arc microdischarges [16,17,18]. Prior research on PVD coatings has demonstrated that titanium alloys enhance mechanical characteristics, including corrosion and wear resistance and surface hardness. For example, NOLAN et al. [19] investigated the wear resistance of TiN coated. They found that the maximum wear resistance was reached for TiN coated samples more significantly than the substrate materials. In a study conducted by CHANG et al. [20], the efficacy of a TiN-Ti-TiN PVD coating in providing protection against galvanic corrosion on titanium alloy was demonstrated. In their study, ROSSI et al. [21] investigated the corrosion behaviour of the PVD nitride-coated Ti–6Al–4V alloy in a 5 wt.% HCl solution. Their findings revealed that, despite the aggressive nature of the medium, the coated alloy exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated Ti–6Al–4V alloy.
Titanium nitride (TiN) based nanoparticles are currently being investigated for their distinctive properties, including low surface roughness, exceptional corrosion resistance and a low friction coefficient [22, 23]. The application of these nano-sized particles has the potential to enhance the durability and protection of the titanium alloy, making it more resistant to two-body wear even in an oral environment. The evidence from studies conducted thus far indicates that TiN coatings enhance not only corrosion resistance but also the surface hardness of the substrates to which they are applied [24, 25]. Nevertheless, the dearth of studies examining the effects of two-body wear on TiN coatings in oral environments, coupled with the potential of these coatings to enhance the mechanical properties of Ti15Mo alloys, prompted the present investigation. Therefore, this study’s TiN based coatings were formed on the Ti15Mo implant material using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system. The surface structures and mechanical properties of all samples were examined, and their two-body wear behaviours in a distilled water using a chewing simulator were investigated and compared.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ti15Mo samples with a thickness of 13 mm were cut from a cylindrical bar with a diameter of 20 mm using an Electron Discharge Machine (EDM). The compositions of these alloys were obtained from their commercial grades and described in detail in a previous publication [26]. Each sample was subjected to a cleaning process utilising 80–2000 grit SiC paper, followed by a polishing procedure employing 0.3 µm Al2O3 powder. Following the polishing process, the samples were rinsed with ethyl alcohol and immediately dried. TiN films were deposited on an Ti15Mo alloy using a Eifeler Alpha 400p PVD system, with the objective of achieving a TiN 3.18 × 50 mm diameter with 99.99% purity. The coating parameters are presented in Table 1.
The surface roughness values of all samples were measured utilising the Bruker ContourGT device, with an area of 100 × 100 µm. The phase structure of the samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction (Explorer, GNR, Italy) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) and the JCPDS PDF-2 database. Scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta FEG 250, USA) was employed to generate cross-sectional images of the coatings and images of wear scars subsequent to the wear tests. The surface roughness values of the samples were determined using the Bruker Contour GT device. A 100x100 µm area was analysed to establish a standard value for all samples. Hardness measurements were conducted utilising a microhardness tester (Wolpert Wilson Instruments) with an applied load of 25 g and a dwell time of 10 seconds.
Computer-controlled chewing simulator was designed and manufactured for the purpose of evaluating the two-body wear of Ti15Mo, as illustrated in Figure 1. Two-body wear test was conducted with 240,000 chewing cycles (equivalent to two years of use as a reference point), a frequency of 1.6 Hz, distilled water, a vertical loading of 50 N (bite force), and a combination of 2 mm vertical and 0.7 mm horizontal movement. In the experimental mechanism, 6 mm diameter Al2O3 balls were employed as antagonists in each chewing test. In this study, the cold water bath temperature was maintained at 5°C, while the hot water bath temperature was set at 55°C. Upon completion of all tests, the 2D and 3D images and volume loss analyses on the wear surfaces were evaluated using the Bruker-Contour GT 3D profilometer.
Schematics of the chewing simulator test device: (a) 3D CATIA drawing (b) Step movements (c) Distilled water circulation demonstration.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Microstructures
The XRD patterns of the uncoated, and TiN film coated Ti15Mo samples are shown in Figure 2. An examination of the XRD results reveals the presence of peaks that are indicative of a single crystal structure (110, 200), which is characteristic of the β phase of the alloys in the uncoated Ti15Mo samples (JCPDF code:96-900-8555) [24]. Following the PVD coating process, new peaks were observed in the XRD pattern of TiN film-coated samples (JCPDF code: 01-087-0628) [27,28]. The spectra indicate the presence of a TiN coating on four distinct crystal surfaces, namely (111), (200), (220) and (311), which are visible from left to right. In the comparative analysis of coatings, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) graph illustrates the crystallographic orientation in the (111) direction. This suggests that the dislocation undergoes a change in direction upon reaching the grain boundary, thereby facilitating the passage of the other grain. Furthermore, the data demonstrate the formation of nitride phase peaks in the (111) direction and the emergence of peaks with minor contributions in the parallel planes (200), (220) and (311). This evidence demonstrates the elevated degree of crystallinity observed in the larger particles within the nitride peaks [29].
SEM photos of cross-sections of TiN film coated sample is shown in Figure 3. Upon examination of the surface morphologies shown in Figure 3a, it was observed that the film thickness values remained constant. Conversely, an examination of the structure of the TiN film reveals a more uniform and integrated structure [30, 31]. This result can be attributed to the inhibition of columnar growth during the deposition of TiN, which has led to the formation of a fine and dense microstructure. EDX analyses of full area-1 is shown in Figure 3b. Figure 3b indicates the presence of Ti and N on the surface of the TiN layer, thereby confirming the deposition of a TiN film in the PVD system.
The mean surface hardness of the untreated sample is 267 HV. The result of the incorporation of TiN into the structure was an observed increase in sample hardness. Furthermore, it has been documented in the existing literature that the TiN film PVD coating displays a more resistant microstructure than the uncoated sample [32]. The mean surface roughness of the untreated sample was found to be Ra = 0.670 μm. The rougher the surface, the greater the likelihood of the coating adhering effectively to it. The surface roughness values of the alloys were observed to decrease following the PVD process, with a mean Ra value of 0.130 μm. The surface roughness values observed following the application of the coating are also consistent with the findings of previous literature studies [33].
3.2. Two-body wear tests
Table 2 presents the hardness, roughness, and mean volume loss values of the samples subjected to testing in the present study. The TiN-coated Ti15Mo alloy exhibited a lower degree of wear volume loss in comparison to the uncoated samples, as illustrated in Table 2. The observed differences can be attributed to the superior wear resistance and hardness of the wrought substrate in comparison to the uncoated substrate, as documented in published literature [34].
Surface roughness, hardness, and mean volume loss values of the Ti15Mo alloys tested in this study (standard deviation).
The evaluation of the wear analysis of biomaterials used in the human body under in vitro conditions can be conducted through a variety of methods, including the use of a contact or non-contact profilometer, digital microscope, optical sensor, and laser scanning. In a study of the literature, the volume loss and wear depth variables of a biomaterial were evaluated using a variety of methods, including a profilometer, an optical sensor, and laser scanning [35]. It was thus established that the wear depth and volume loss of the surface wear area in the lateral axes were significantly correlated. In this study, wear analyses were conducted utilizing 2D and 3D non-contact profilometer devices, with a particular focus on the correlation between wear depth and wear area on lateral axes. Figure 4 illustrates the two-dimensional non-contact profilometer volume loss analysis of the titanium alloys following the two body wear tests conducted in distilled water. The highest wear depth was observed in uncoated sample while the lowest wear depth was observed in TiN coated sample. The results of the two-body wear test may be influenced by a number of factors, including the composition of the opposing surface material, the presence of lubrication, the magnitude of the applied load, the sliding speed, and the axial load model of the movement. The reason for the high wear volume loss in uncoated materials can be attributed to the hardness of the Al2O3 ball (N1600HV).
Two-dimensional non-contact profilometer volume loss analysis of the Ti15Mo: (a) Untreated (b) TiN film coated.
Figure 5 illustrates the 3D non-contact profilometer wear area analyses of the Ti15Mo alloys following the wear tests conducted in distilled water. Upon examination of Figure 5a, it becomes evident that the untreated Ti15Mo sample that exhibits a more pronounced wear zone. This situation may be attributed to the β phase structure present in the Ti15Mo sample, as evidenced by the XRD results. On the other hand, Figure 5b shows that the wear depth of the coated samples is lower. This result shows that there is no hydraulic degradation in the TiN coated sample through wear test procedures. Considering that biomaterials remain in the human body for a long time, this behaviour is a desired property in titanium material. Because, it is a known fact that the wear resistance increases with decreasing surface roughness in a material during chewing test procedures.
3D non-contact profilometer volume loss analysis of the Ti15Mo: (a) Untreated (b) TiN film coated.
The microstructures formed on the surfaces of the samples after the two-body wear test are shown in Figure 6. Upon examination of Figure 6a, it becomes evident that the uncoated Ti15Mo alloy exhibits pronounced wear tracks of lateral movement in the distilled water wear test, whereas the TiN-coated Ti15Mo alloy displays minimal such wear (Figure 6b). Furthermore, the TiN-coated alloy exhibited a more uniform wear surface in comparison to the untreated Ti15Mo alloy when subjected to a distilled water wear test (Figure 6b and Figure 6a respectively). An increase in the nitride phase ratio in the Ti15Mo alloy resulted in enhanced elastic behaviour at the wear surface.
Microstructure analysis of titanium alloys after two-body wear test protocols in distilled water medium (A) Untreated (B) TiN film coated.
The non-uniform distribution of the wear tracks in the direction of the lateral movement mechanism suggests that multiple wear mechanisms are occurring concurrently (Figure 6a). In the existing literature, the wear mechanism of greatest significance for titanium alloys is abrasion, which frequently occurs in conjunction with adhesion and transfer layer formation [36]. Accordingly, the temperature change was employed to simulate intraoral tribology, while the continuous distillation of water (approximately 0.5 seconds) permitted the transportation of worn particles from the surface of the material during a two-body wear test. The aforementioned process was regulated by a time-delayed circuit comprising solenoid valves integrated into the programming logic controller. The surface morphology of TiN coated Ti15Mo alloys exhibits minimal evidence of wear tracks, suggesting that the TiN coating may prevent abrasive wear mechanisms.
The presence of deep tracks and micro-cracks in the wear area suggests that the material is subjected to lateral plastic deformation. It is possible that these micro-cracks represent the continuation of cracks that occur below the surface of the material in question. This observation may be indicative of fatigue wear, which is a common phenomenon in this context. It is recommended that future investigations into the fatigue wear mechanism employ in vitro chewing test procedures.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Using the PVD coating technique, a TiN film was deposited on Ti15Mo alloys. Our results showed that while β-Ti phase peaks were detected on uncoated alloy surfaces, titanium and nitride peaks were found by diffraction on film-coated alloys according to the XRD results. The TiN coating on the Ti15Mo alloy resulted in a significantly harder surface than the uncoated sample. Furthermore, the lowest surface roughness value was achieved with the TiN coated alloys. The two-body wear test demonstrated that the TiN coated Ti15Mo alloy exhibited reduced wear volume loss in comparison to the other samples. This can be explained by the surface hardness value of the Al2O3 ball. On the other hand, the results of the 2D and 3D non-contact profilometer tests indicate that the wear depth of the coated samples is lower. The results demonstrate that the TiN-coated sample exhibits no significant deterioration in its hydraulic performance when subjected to the specified wear test procedures. The surface morphology of the TiN-coated Ti15Mo alloys displays only minimal wear marks. The results demonstrate that a TiN coating can effectively inhibit the onset of wear mechanisms.
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
[1] PARMAR, V., KUMAR, A., PRAKASH, G.V., et al, “Investigation, modelling and validation of material separation mechanism during fiber laser machining of medical grade titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and stainless steel SS316L”, Mechanics of Materials, v. 137, pp. 103125, 2019. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2019.103125.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2019.103125 -
[2] INJETI, V.S.Y., NUNE, K.C., REYES, E., et al, “A comparative study on the tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloys in simulated body fluid”, Materials Technology, v. 34, n. 5, pp. 270–284, 2019. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2018.1550138.
» https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2018.1550138 -
[3] LÓPEZ, M.M., FAURÉ, J., CABRERA, M.E., et al, “Structural characterization and electrochemical behavior of 45S5 bioglass coating on Ti6Al4V alloy for dental applications”, Materials Science and Engineering B, v. 206, pp. 30–38, Apr. 2016. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2015.09.003.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2015.09.003 -
[4] NIINOMI, M., NAKAI, M., “Titanium‐based biomaterials for preventing stress shielding between implant devices and bone”, International Journal of Biomaterials, v. 2011, pp. 836587, Jan. 2011. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587. PubMed PMID: 21765831.
» https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587 -
[5] CREMASCO, A., MESSIAS, A.D., ESPOSITO, A.R., et al, “Effects of alloying elements on the cytotoxic response of titanium alloys”, Materials Science and Engineering C, v. 31, n. 5, pp. 833–839, 2011. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.013.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.013 -
[6] COSTA, B.C., TOKUHARA, C.K., ROCHA, L.A., et al, “Vanadium ionic species from degradation of Ti-6Al-4V metallic implants: In vitro cytotoxicity and speciation evaluation”, Materials Science and Engineering C, v. 96, pp. 730–739, Mar. 2019. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.090. PubMed PMID: 30606586.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.090 -
[7] DISEGI, J.A., ROACH, M.D., MCMILLAN, R.D., et al, “Alpha plus beta annealed and aged Ti‐15 Mo alloy for high strength implant applications”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, v. 105, n. 7, pp. 2010–2018, 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33679. PubMed PMID: 27376777.
» https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33679 -
[8] MELETLIOĞLU, E., SADELER, R., KELEŞ, S., “Development of silver film coating on dental Ti15Mo alloy to enhance two-body wear resistance, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity effect”, Matéria, v. 28, n. 2, e20230044, 2023. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2023-0044.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2023-0044 -
[9] HAHNEL, S., SCHULTZ, S., TREMPLER, C., et al, “Two-body wear of dental restorative materials”, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, v. 4, n. 3, pp. 237–244, 2011. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.001. PubMed PMID: 21316610.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.001 -
[10] STOBER, T., LUTZ, T., GILDE, H., et al, “Wear of resin denture teeth by two-body contact”, Dental Materials, v. 22, n. 3, pp. 243–249, 2006. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.03.009. PubMed PMID: 16084585.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.03.009 -
[11] RAUTRAY, T.R., NARAYANAN, R., KIM, K.H., “Ion implantation of titanium-based biomaterials”, Progress in Materials Science, v. 56, n. 8, pp. 1137–1177, 2011. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.002.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.002 - [12] MELETLIOGLU, E., SADELER, R., “Comparison of corrosion, tribocorrosion and antibacterial properties of silver coatings on Ti15Mo by magnetron sputtering”, Surface Review and Letters, v. 30, n. 5, pp. 1–23, 2016.
-
[13] ÇOMAKLI, O., YAZICI, M., ATMACA, A., et al, “The electrochemical and tribocorrosion behavior of hybrid ceramic film-coated Ti alloys.”, Ceramics International, v. 50, n. 5, pp. 7988–7997, 2024. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.127.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.127 -
[14] MARIN, E., OFFOIACH, R., REGIS, M., et al, “Diffusive thermal treatments combined with PVD coatings for tribological protection of titanium alloys”, Materials & Design, v. 89, pp. 314–322, 2016. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.011.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.011 -
[15] DOBRZAŃSKI, L.A., ŻUKOWSKA, L.W., MIKUŁA, J., et al, “Structure and mechanical properties of gradient PVD coatings”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v. 201, n. 1–3, pp. 310–314, 2008. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.283.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.283 -
[16] LEONI, M., SCARDI, P., ROSSI, S., et al, “(Ti, Cr) N and Ti/TiN PVD coatings on 304 stainless steel substrates: Texture and residual stress”, Thin Solid Films, v. 345, n. 2, pp. 263–269, 1999. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01741-6.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01741-6 -
[17] COLOMBO, D.A., MÁRQUEZ, A.B., MARRO, F.G., et al, “Mechanical behavior of PVD coatings deposited on ADI.”, Matéria, v. 24, n. 4, e12488, 2019. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620190004.0813.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620190004.0813 -
[18] CIRIMELLO, P., AGUIRRE, L.A., MORRIS, W., et al, “Extensión de durabilidad de pistones de bombas de fractura hidráulica mediante el empleo de tecnología de nitruración por plasma y PVD.”, Matéria, v. 23, n. 2, e12063, 2018. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620180002.0399.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620180002.0399 -
[19] NOLAN, D., HUANG, S.W., LESKOVSEK, V., et al, “Sliding wear of titanium nitride thin films deposited on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by PVD and plasma nitriding processes”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 200, n. 20-21, pp. 5698–5705, 2006. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.110.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.110 -
[20] CHANG, F.C., LEVY, M., HUIE, R., et al, “Adhesion and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn and TiN/Ti/TiN coatings on a DU-0.75 wt.% Ti alloy”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 49, n. 1–3, pp. 87–96, 1991. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90037-W.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90037-W -
[21] ROSSI, S., FEDRIZZI, L., BACCI, T., et al, “Corrosion behaviour of glow discharge nitrided titanium alloys”, Corrosion Science, v. 45, n. 3, pp. 511–529, 2003. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00139-7.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00139-7 -
[22] HUSSEIN, M.A., ANKAH, N.K., KUMAR, et al, “Mechanical, biocorrosion, and antibacterial properties of nanocrystalline TiN coating for orthopedic applications “, Ceramics International, v. 46, n. 11, pp. 18573–18583, 2020. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.164.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.164 -
[23] ÇAHA, I., ALVES, A.C., AFFONÇO, L.J., et al, “Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of titanium nitride thin films grown on titanium under different deposition times”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 374, pp. 878–888, Sep. 2019. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.073.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.073 -
[24] VEGA, J., SCHEERER, H., ANDERSOHN, G., et al, “Experimental studies of the effect of Ti interlayers on the corrosion resistance of TiN PVD coatings by using electrochemical methods”, Corrosion Science, v. 133, pp. 240–250, 2018. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.01.010.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.01.010 -
[25] STEYER, P., MEGE, A., PECH, D., et al, “Influence of the nanostructuration of PVD hard TiN-based films on the durability of coated steel”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 202, n. 11, pp. 2268–2277, 2008. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.073.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.073 -
[26] YU, W., LI, X., HE, J., et al, “Graphene oxide-silver nanocomposites embedded nanofiber core-spun yarns for durable antibacterial textiles”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, v. 584, pp. 164–173, 2021. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.092. PubMed PMID: 33069016.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.092 - [27] SZKLARSKA, M., DERCZ, G., RAK, J., et al, “The influence of passivation type on corrosion resistance of Ti15Mo alloy in simulated body fluids Arc”, Metals and Materials, v. 60, n. 4, pp. 2687–2694, 2015.
-
[28] YIN, S., RAJARAO, R., KONG, C., et al, “Sustainable fabrication of protective nanoscale TiN thin film on a metal substrate by using automotive waste plastics”, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 1549–1556, 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02253.
» https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02253 -
[29] NIKOLOVA, M.P., NIKOLOVA, V., IVANOVA, V.L., et al, “Mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility evaluation of TiN/TiO2 coated Ti6Al4V alloy”, Materials Today: Proceedings, v. 33, pp. 1781–1786, 2020. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.051.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.051 -
[30] MI, B., CHEN, Z., WANG, Q., et al, “Properties of C-doped CrTiN films on the 316L stainless steel bipolar plate for PEMFC”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 46, n. 64, pp. 32645–32654, 2021. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.109.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.109 -
[31] ALMEIDA, E.A.D.S.D., COSTA, C.E.D., MILAN, J.C.G., et al, “Investigation of borided layers contribution on the wear resistance and adhesion of TiN coatings”, Matéria, v. 22, n. 1, e11787, 2017. doi: http://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620170001.0119.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620170001.0119 -
[32] NORDIN, M., LARSSON, M., HOGMARK, S., “Mechanical and tribological properties of multilayered PVD TiN/CrN, TiN/MoN, TiN/NbN and TiN/TaN coatings on cemented carbide”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 106, n. 2–3, pp. 234–241, 1998. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00544-1.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00544-1 -
[33] LIU, C., LEYLAND, A., BI, Q., et al, “Corrosion resistance of multi-layered plasma-assisted physical vapour deposition TiN and CrN coatings”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 141, n. 2–3, pp. 164–173, 2001. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01267-1.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01267-1 -
[34] BEMPORAD, E., SEBASTIANI, M., PECCHIO, C., et al, “High thickness Ti/TiN multilayer thin coatings for wear resistant applications”, Surface and Coatings Technology, v. 201, n. 6, pp. 2155–2165, 2006. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.042.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.042 -
[35] BUDINSKI, K.G., “Tribological properties of titanium alloys”, Wear, v. 151, n. 2, pp. 203–217, 1991. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90249-T.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90249-T -
[36] DONG, H., BELL, T., “Enhanced wear resistance of titanium surfaces by a new thermal oxidation treatment”, Wear, v. 238, n. 2, pp. 131–137, 2000. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00359-2.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00359-2
