Segunda Lei de Fick*R
|
[30[30] SONG, H.W., ANN, K.Y., PACK, S.W., et al., “Factors influencing chloride transport and chloride threshold level for the prediction of service life of concrete structures”, In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures. Hangzhou, 2008. pp.131–144., 36[36] ZHANG, J., LOUNIS, Z., “Nonlinear relationships between parameters of simplified diffusion-based model for service life design of concrete structures exposed to chlorides”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 31, pp. 591–600, 2009., 48[48] NILSSON, L.-O., “On the uncertainty of service-life models for reinforced marine concrete structures”, In: Proceedings of the International Rilem Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structure. Paris, 2000., 50[50] DO, J., SONG, H., SO, S., et al., “Comparison of deterministic calculation and fuzzy arithmetic for two prediction model equations of corrosion initiation”, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, v. 4, n. 2, pp. 447–454, 2005., 54[54] ARYA, C., VASSIE, P., BIOUBAKHSH, S., “Chloride penetration in concrete subject to wet–dry cycling: influence of pore structure”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Structures and Buildings, v. 167, n. 6, pp. 343–354, 2014.–58[58] ANN, K.Y., AHN, J.H., RYOU, J.S., “The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 239–245, 2009.] |
Fick – solução de Crank – D e Cs constantes |
233 |
|
RILEM (1996) |
[50[50] DO, J., SONG, H., SO, S., et al., “Comparison of deterministic calculation and fuzzy arithmetic for two prediction model equations of corrosion initiation”, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, v. 4, n. 2, pp. 447–454, 2005.] |
Fick – solução simplificada |
6 |
|
Ann et al. (2009) |
[58[58] ANN, K.Y., AHN, J.H., RYOU, J.S., “The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 239–245, 2009.] |
Fick + Cs (t) |
138 |
|
Software CIKS |
[59[59] DOMINGUEZ, J.G., MENDOZA, C.G., “Durability of reinforced concrete applying some expert systems from the world wide web”, In: Proceedings of the International Conference Achieving Sustainability in Construction. Scotland, 2005. pp. 299–306.] |
Fick + Cs cíclico + fixação |
1 |
|
Amey et al. (1998) |
[51[51] MEDEIROS-JUNIOR, R.A., LIMA, M.G., MEDEIROS, M.H.F., “Service life of concrete structures considering the effects of temperature and relative humidity on chloride transport”, Environment development and sustainability, v. 17, pp. 1103–1119, 2015.] |
Fick + D (T) |
14 |
|
Kristiawan et al. (2017) |
[60[60] KRISTIAWAN, S., GAN, B.S., NURROHMAH, S., “Estimating corrosion initiation period due to chloride ingress into reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating high volume fly ash”, In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering, ISCEE 2016. Shenzhen, 2017.] |
Fick + D (T) |
3 |
|
Maage et al. (1995) *R
|
[34[34] ANGST, U.M., “Predicting the time to corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures exposed to chlorides”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 115, pp. 559–567, 2019., 48[48] NILSSON, L.-O., “On the uncertainty of service-life models for reinforced marine concrete structures”, In: Proceedings of the International Rilem Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structure. Paris, 2000., 61[61] KHATRI, R.P., SIRIVIVATNANON, V., “Characteristic service life for concrete exposed to marine environments”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 34, n. 5, pp. 745–752, 2004., 62[62] MAAGE, M., HELLAND, S., POULSEN, E., et al., “Service life prediction of existing concrete structures exposed to marine environment”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 93, n. 6, 1996.] |
Fick + D (t) |
240 |
|
UCT (2001) |
[63[63] HEATH, K. “Marinas in the Arabian Gulf region”. In: ALEXANDER, M. (org) Marine Concrete Structures. 1 ed. United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing, 2016. pp. 215–240,] |
Fick + D (t) |
0 |
|
HZM (2015) |
[25[25] LI, Q., LI, K., ZHOU, X., et al., “Model-based durability design of concrete structures in Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Sea link Project”, Structural Safety, v. 53, pp.1–12, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t) |
32 |
*ver [22[22] PANESAR, D.K., CHING, G.H., “Implications of coupled degradation mechanisms of cement-based materials exposed to cold climates”, Internat. Journal of Mechanical Sciences, v. 144, pp. 865–76, 2018.]
|
Kwon et al. (2009) |
[64[64] KWON, S.J., NA, UJ., PARK, S.S., et al., “Service life prediction of concrete wharves with early-aged crack: Probabilistic approach for chloride diffusion”, Structural Safety, v. 31, n. 1, pp. 75–83, 2009.] |
Fick + D (t) + fissuras |
167 |
|
Leung, Hou (2015) |
[65[65] LEUNG, C.K., HOU, D., “Numerical simulation of chloride-induced corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures with cracks”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 27, n. 3, 04014122, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t) + fissura |
8 |
|
CHLODIF (1995) |
[26[26] OSLAKOVIC, I.S., BJEGOVIC, D., MIKULIC, D., “Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment”, Materials and Structures, v. 43, n. 10, pp. 1397–1412, 2010.] |
Fick + D (t) + Cs (t) |
29 |
*consultar [26[26] OSLAKOVIC, I.S., BJEGOVIC, D., MIKULIC, D., “Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment”, Materials and Structures, v. 43, n. 10, pp. 1397–1412, 2010.]
|
CTDRC/ BHRC (2007) |
[52[52] SAFEHIAN, M., RAMEZANIANPOUR, A.A., “Assessment of service life models for determination of chloride penetration into silica fume concrete in the severe marine environmental condition”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 48, pp. 287–294, 2013.] |
Fick + D (t) + Cs (t) |
53 |
Consultar equação empírica em [66[66] ASHRAFI, H.R., RAMEZANIANPOUR, A.A., “Service life prediction of silica fume concretes”, Internacional Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 5, n. 3, pp. 182–197, 2007.]
|
Pack et al. (2010) |
[56[56] PACK, S.W., JUNG, M.S., SONG, H.W., et al., “Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 40, pp. 302–312, 2010.] |
Fick + D (t) + Cs (t) |
136 |
|
Duan et al. (2015) |
[67[67] DUAN, A., DAI, J.G., JIN, W.L., “Probabilistic approach for durability design of concrete structures in marine environments”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 27, n. 2, A4014007, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t) + Cs (t) |
22 |
|
Pang e Li (2016) |
[68[68] PANG, L., LI, Q., “Service life prediction of RC structures in marine environment using long term chloride ingress data: Comparison between exposure trials and real structure surveys”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 113, pp. 979–987, 2016.] |
Fick + D (t) + Cs (t) |
43 |
*fórmulas empíricas em [68[68] PANG, L., LI, Q., “Service life prediction of RC structures in marine environment using long term chloride ingress data: Comparison between exposure trials and real structure surveys”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 113, pp. 979–987, 2016.]
|
DuraCrete (2000)*R
|
[26[26] OSLAKOVIC, I.S., BJEGOVIC, D., MIKULIC, D., “Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment”, Materials and Structures, v. 43, n. 10, pp. 1397–1412, 2010., 53[53] WU, L., LI, W., YU, X., “Time-dependent chloride penetration in concrete in marine environments”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 406–413, 2017., 69[69] VAN BREUGEL, K., POLDER, R.B., DE ROOIJ, M.R., “Long-term performance of marine structures in the Netherlands – validation of predictive models for chloride ingress”. In: Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Life-Cycle Engineering. Netherlands, 2016. pp. 1285–1294.; 70[70] YU, B., NING, C.L., LI, B., “Probabilistic durability assessment of concrete structures in marine environments: Reliability and sensitivity analysis”, China Ocean Engineering, v. 31, n. 1, pp.63–73, 2017.] |
Fick + D (t) + fatores k |
62 |
|
LNEC E465 (2007) |
[53[53] WU, L., LI, W., YU, X., “Time-dependent chloride penetration in concrete in marine environments”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 406–413, 2017.] |
Fick + D (t) + fatores k |
22 |
|
Smith (2001) |
[49[49] SMITH, B.G., CREVELING, M., TEIG, J.W. “Sustainable concrete mix designs for 100-year service life for bridges in san diego county coastal environments”, In: Proceedings of Conference on Coastal Engineering Practice. Florida, 2011. pp. 184–197., 71[71] SMITH, B.G., “Durability of silica fume concrete exposed to chloride in hot climates”, Journal of materials in civil engineering, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 41–48, 2001.] |
Fick + D (t, T) |
21 |
|
Ferreira (2010) |
[72[72] FARAHANI, A., TAGHADDOS, H., SHEKARCHI, M., “Prediction of long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in a marine environment”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 59, pp.10–17, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t, T) |
74 |
|
Life-365*R
|
[26[26] OSLAKOVIC, I.S., BJEGOVIC, D., MIKULIC, D., “Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment”, Materials and Structures, v. 43, n. 10, pp. 1397–1412, 2010., 52[52] SAFEHIAN, M., RAMEZANIANPOUR, A.A., “Assessment of service life models for determination of chloride penetration into silica fume concrete in the severe marine environmental condition”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 48, pp. 287–294, 2013., 53[53] WU, L., LI, W., YU, X., “Time-dependent chloride penetration in concrete in marine environments”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 406–413, 2017., 56[56] PACK, S.W., JUNG, M.S., SONG, H.W., et al., “Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 40, pp. 302–312, 2010., 73[73] BURRIS, L.E., RIDING, K.A., “Diffusivity of binary and ternary concrete mixture blends”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 111, n. 4, pp. 373–382, 2014., 74[74] JACIR, U., NAGI, M., “Evaluation of service life of reinforced concrete in the middle east – five year testing”, In: Proceedings of European Corrosion Congress, EUROCORR 2016. Paris, 2016.] |
Fick + D (t, T) + Cs (t) |
249 |
|
Concrete Works |
[73[73] BURRIS, L.E., RIDING, K.A., “Diffusivity of binary and ternary concrete mixture blends”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 111, n. 4, pp. 373–382, 2014.] |
Fick + D (t, T) + Cs (t) |
9 |
|
ClinConc |
[48[48] NILSSON, L.-O., “On the uncertainty of service-life models for reinforced marine concrete structures”, In: Proceedings of the International Rilem Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structure. Paris, 2000.] |
Fick + D (t,T,x) + Cs (t) – senoidal |
1 |
Equação de Arrhenius:
|
DuraPGulf (2008) |
[52[52] SAFEHIAN, M., RAMEZANIANPOUR, A.A., “Assessment of service life models for determination of chloride penetration into silica fume concrete in the severe marine environmental condition”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 48, pp. 287–294, 2013., 75[75] ALIZADEH, R., GHODS, P., CHINI, M., et al., “Effect of curing conditions on the service life design of RC structures in the Persian Gulf region”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 20, n. 1, pp. 2–8, 2008.;76[76] SHEKARCHI, M., GHODS, P., ALIZADEH, R., et al., “Durapgulf, a local service life model for the durability of concrete structures in the south of Iran”, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, v. 33, pp.78–88, 2008.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h) |
100 |
f(t) igual Maage et al. (1995) f(T): Equação de Arrhenius (ver ClinConc) f(h) = [1 + 256 (1 − h)4]−1 |
Farahani et al. (2015) |
[72[72] FARAHANI, A., TAGHADDOS, H., SHEKARCHI, M., “Prediction of long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in a marine environment”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 59, pp.10–17, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h) |
74 |
f(t) igual Maage et al. (1995) f(T): Equação de Arrhenius |
Yu et al. (2015) |
[77[77] YU, Z., CHEN, Y., LIU, P., WANG, W., “Accelerated simulation of chloride ingress into concrete under drying–wetting alternation condition chloride environment”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 93, pp. 205–213, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h) |
50 |
f(h) igual Farahani et al. (2015)
|
Shi et al. (2012) |
[78[78] SHI, W., YU, Z., KUANG, Y., et al., “Probability-based durability analysis of structural concrete under chloride salt environment”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, v. 166, pp. 1843–1847, 2012.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h, fixação, fissura) |
0 |
f(h) igual Farahani et al.(2015)
*consultar [78[78] SHI, W., YU, Z., KUANG, Y., et al., “Probability-based durability analysis of structural concrete under chloride salt environment”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, v. 166, pp. 1843–1847, 2012.]
|
Van Dinh (2017) |
[79[79] VAN DINH, D., “Initiation time of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride in marine environment”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, v. 8, n. 9, pp. 564–571, 2017.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h, fissuras) + Cs (t) |
0 |
Dapp = D0[exp(−0.165 sf)]f(t)f(T)f(h) + w/scr DCr f(t): Maage et al. (1995) / f(T): Equação de Arrhenius / f(h): Farahani et al. (2015) |
Dominicini (2016) |
[35[35] VIEIRA, D.R., MOREIRA, A.L.R., CALMON, J.L., et al., “Service life modeling of a bridge in a tropical marine environment for durable design”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 163, pp. 315–325, 2018.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h) + diferentes Cs (t) + efeito radiação solar |
6 |
D = D0f(t)f(T)f(h) f(t) igual Maage et al. (1995) f(T): Equação de Arrhenius f(h) igual Farahani et al. (2015) Ver efeito radiação solar em [35[35] VIEIRA, D.R., MOREIRA, A.L.R., CALMON, J.L., et al., “Service life modeling of a bridge in a tropical marine environment for durable design”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 163, pp. 315–325, 2018.] |
Zhang et al. (2019) |
[80[80] ZHANG, Y., ZHOU, X., ZHANG, Y., et al., “Randomness of bidirectional chloride corrosion of sluice gate and time to corrosion initiation of reinforcement in a strong tidal environment”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 227, 116707, 2019.] |
Fick + D (t) + Convecção* |
1 |
Equação empírica em [80[80] ZHANG, Y., ZHOU, X., ZHANG, Y., et al., “Randomness of bidirectional chloride corrosion of sluice gate and time to corrosion initiation of reinforcement in a strong tidal environment”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 227, 116707, 2019.]
|
fib (2006) *R
|
[52[52] SAFEHIAN, M., RAMEZANIANPOUR, A.A., “Assessment of service life models for determination of chloride penetration into silica fume concrete in the severe marine environmental condition”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 48, pp. 287–294, 2013., 81[81] NIELSEN, C.V. “Service life modelling for chloride ingress in reinforced concrete”, In: Proceedings of the 2017 fib Symposium. Netherlands, 2017. pp. 2234–2243., 82[82] YOGALAKSHMI, N.J., RAO, K.B., ANOOP, M.B., “Durability-based service life design of RC structures – chloride-induced corrosion”. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Reliability, Safety and Hazard, ICRESH 2019. Chennai, 2020. pp. 580–590.] |
Fick + D (t, T) + Convecção* |
54 |
|
Da Costa et al. (2013) |
[83[83] DA COSTA, A., FENAUX, M., FERNÁNDEZ, J., SÁNCHEZ, E., MORAGUES, A., “Modelling of chloride penetration into non-saturated concrete: Case study application for real marine offshore structures”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 43, pp. 217–224, 2013.] |
Fick + Convecção |
27 |
|
Hong e Ann (2018) |
[84[84] HONG, S.I., ANN, K.Y., “Numerical prediction of chloride penetration in concrete exposed to a marine environment at tide”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, v. 2018, 7591576, 2018.] |
Fick + Convecção + Transporte de umidade |
0 |
|
RMTC |
[85[85] BOULFIZA, M., SAKAI, K., BANTHIA, N., et al., “Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and cracked concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 100, n. 1, pp. 38–48, 2003.] |
Fick + Convecção + transporte de umidade + fissura |
77 |
Alterna entre o transporte na fissura e na matriz
Fórmulas do transporte de umidade: [85[85] BOULFIZA, M., SAKAI, K., BANTHIA, N., et al., “Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and cracked concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 100, n. 1, pp. 38–48, 2003.]
|
Saetta et al. (1993) |
[51[51] MEDEIROS-JUNIOR, R.A., LIMA, M.G., MEDEIROS, M.H.F., “Service life of concrete structures considering the effects of temperature and relative humidity on chloride transport”, Environment development and sustainability, v. 17, pp. 1103–1119, 2015., 72[72] FARAHANI, A., TAGHADDOS, H., SHEKARCHI, M., “Prediction of long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in a marine environment”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 59, pp.10–17, 2015.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h) + Convecção + Transfer. decalor + Transporte de umidade |
88 |
*Demais equações ver em [86[86] SAETTA, A.V., SCOTTA, R.V., VITALIANI, R.V. “Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, v. 90, n. 5, pp. 441–451, 1993.]
|
Lin, et al. (2010) *R
|
[87[87] LIN, G., LIU, Y., XIANG, Z., “Numerical modeling for predicting service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride environments”, Cement and Concrete Composites, v. 32, pp. 571–579, 2010.] |
Fick + D (t, T, h, de) + Convecção + Transf. de calor + Transporte de umidade |
72 |
D = D0f(t)f(T)f(h)f(de) f(t) igual Maage et al. (1995) f(T): Equação de Arrhenius f(h) = hk / k – Power index |
Universidade de Toronto (1999)*R
|
[88[88] BODDY, A., BENTZ, E., THOMAS, M.D.A., et al., “An overview and sensitivity study of a multimechanistic chloride transport model”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 29, pp. 827–837, 1999., 89[89] THOMAS, M.D.A., BAMFORTH, P.B., “Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete: Effect of fly ash and slag”, Cement and Concrete Research, v. 29, n. 4, pp. 487–495, 1999.] |
Fick + D (t, T) + Convecção + Permeabilidade + Wicking
|
578 |
|
Sub-difusão |
[82[82] YOGALAKSHMI, N.J., RAO, K.B., ANOOP, M.B., “Durability-based service life design of RC structures – chloride-induced corrosion”. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Reliability, Safety and Hazard, ICRESH 2019. Chennai, 2020. pp. 580–590.] |
investigações teóricas de Janett (2010)
|
0 |
|
Bob (1996) |
[51[51] MEDEIROS-JUNIOR, R.A., LIMA, M.G., MEDEIROS, M.H.F., “Service life of concrete structures considering the effects of temperature and relative humidity on chloride transport”, Environment development and sustainability, v. 17, pp. 1103–1119, 2015.] |
– |
14 |
|
Frente de ingresso de cloretos |
[90[90] CHEEWAKET, T., JATURAPITAKKUL, C., CHALEE, W., “Initial corrosion presented by chloride threshold penetration of concrete up to 10 year-results under marine site”, Construction and Building Materials, v. 37, pp. 693–698, 2012.] |
– |
49 |
Sem equações / graficamente se faz a frente de penetração de cloreto ao longo do tempo para cada tipo de concreto – únicos parâmetros são teor crítico obtido experimentalmente e cálculo da frente de ingresso de cloretos |