Aggregation of unhealthy food markers in High Schools

Souza, Adriano Almeida; Munaro, Suziane de Almeida Pereira; Munaro, Hector Luiz Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202437e220198

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Sumário

Original | Collective Health • Rev. Nutr. 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202437e220198 copy

Aggregation of unhealthy food markers in High Schools

Agregação de marcadores de alimentação não saudável em escolares do Ensino Médio

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To estimate the isolated and aggregated prevalence of excessive consumption of salty, sweet and soft drinks, markers of unhealthy eating, and identify association with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors among schoolchildren.

Methods

Random sample, proportional to the conglomerates (classes). A total of 1,170 high school students aged 14 to 20 years enrolled in public schools in Jequié, Bahia in 2015 were included. Sociodemographic variables (gender, age group, family income and education) and lifestyle (consumption of fruits and vegetables, alcohol and tobacco consumption, screen time and insufficient levels of physical activity) were assessed. SPSS 11.5 (95%CI) was used to perform the chi-square test and Poisson aggregation.

Results

We found a greater consumption of sweets among girls, 27.9% (p<0.01) and inadequate consumption of vegetables in boys 66.3% (p<0.00). The aggregation of the three unhealthy eating markers yielded an exposure of 7.88 (95%CI; 7.87-7.90) for boys and 4.91 (95%CI; 4.87-4.95) for girls. The exposure is higher for boys who watch TV ≥02 hours/day (PR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.01-3.9; p<0.05) and girls (PR: 3.01; 95%CI: 1.64-5.52; p<0.00), besides computer/videogame use (PR: 2.47; 95%CI: 1.4-4.35; p<0.00).

Conclusion

It was observed that for both genders, watching TV or using the computer/video game for more than two hours increases the chance of consumption of unhealthy food markers.

Keywords:
Adolescent; Eating habits; Life style; Risk factors

Variables	Male (n=492)	Female (n=678)	X²
Variables	%	%	p
*UEM (>5 days/week)
Snacks	18.9	22.8	0.11
Sweets	21.6	27.9	0.01
Soft drinks	20.8	20.2	0.81
Sociodemographic
Age (years)
<16	48.8	54.4	0.06
≥16	51.2	45.6	0.06
Marital status
Single	90	87.3	0.15
Married	10	12.7	0.15
Occupation
Does not have a job	71.3	88.6	0.00
Has a job	28.7	11.4	0.00
Mother's education
<08 years education	33.7	41.2	0.01
≥08 years education	63.3	58.8	0.01
Monthly family income (minimum)
<02 minimum wages	63.8	76.7	0.00
≥02 minimum wages	36.2	23.6	0.00
Lifestyle
Screen Time (TV)
≥02 hours/day	30.1	34.7	0.10
<02 hours/day	69.9	65.3	0.10
Screen time (computer/video game)
≥02 hours/day	32	23.9	0.00
<02 hours/day	68	66.1	0.00
Monthly family income (minimum)
<02 minimum wages	56.1	53.9	0.46
≥02 minimum wages	43.9	46.1	0.46
Vegetable consumption
<05 days/week	66.3	56.9	0.00
≥05 days/week	33.7	43.1	0.00
Consumption of alcoholic beverages
Yes	28.2	20.6	0.00
No	71.8	79.4	0.00
Tobacco consumption
Yes	8.7	3.8	0.00
No	91.3	96.2	0.00
Level of physical activity
Insufficient (<300min./week)	73	87.6	0.00
Sufficient (≥300min./week)	27	12.4	0.00

n	UEM			Male			Female
	SS	SW	SD	O	E	O/E	O	E	O/E
	SS	SW	SD	%	%	95%CI	%	%	95%CI
0	-	-	-	62.9	51.1	1.22(1.23-1.24)	54.4	44.1	1.24(1.19-1.28)
1	+	-	-	4	11.9	0.34(0.06-0.71)	6.2	13	0.48(0.13-0.82)
1	-	+	-	5.9	14	0.42(0.04-0.81)	9.8	17.1	0.57(0.25-0.90)
1	-	-	+	8.8	12.9	0.68(0.29-1.07)	8	11.6	0.69(0.34-1.04)
2	+	+	-	6.1	3.3	1.87(1.48-2.26)	7.3	5	1.45(1.10-1.80)
2	+	-	+	2.1	3	0.70(0.31-1.08)	2.2	3.4	0.64(0.31-0.97)
2	-	+	+	2.7	3.5	0.76(0.37-1.16)	3.9	4.5	0.87(0.52-1.22)
3	+	+	+	6.5	0.8	7.88(7.87-7.90)	6.5	1.3	4.91(4.87-4.95)

Variables	Gross Prevalence Ratio		Adjusted Prevalence Ratio
Variables	95%CI	p	95%CI	p
Sociodemographic
Age (years)
<16	1.92(0.94-3.93)	0.07*	1.76(0.86-3.61)	0.12
≥16	1		1
Marital status
Single	0.46(0.2-1.07)	0.07*	0.51(0.23-1.11)	0.09
Married	1		1
Occupation
Does not have a job	0.99(0.47-2.1)	0.99	-	-
Has a job	1		-
Mother's education
<08 years education	0.95(0.46-1.97)	0.89	-	-
≥08 years education	1		-
Monthly family income (minimum)
<02 minimum wages	0.48(0.24-0.95)	0.04	0.51(0.23-1.11)	0.1
≥02 minimum wages	1		1
Lifestyle
Screen Time (TV)
≥02 hours/day	1.98(0.99-3.95)	0.05*	1.98(1.01-3.9)	0.05
<02 hours/day	1		1
Screen time (computer/video game)
≥02 hours/day	1.34(0.67-2.7)	0.4	-	-
<02 hours/day	1		-
Fruit consumption
<05 days/week	1.23(0.61-2.48)	0.55	-	-
≥05 days/week	1		-
Vegetable consumption		0.96	-	-
<05 days/week	1.01(0.48-2.2)		-
≥05 days/week	1
Alcohol consumption
Yes	1.56(0.79-3.12)	0.21	-	-
No	1		-
Tobacco consumption
Yes	2(0.81-4.95)	0.13*	2.02(0.88-4.64)	0.1
No	1		1
Level of physical activity
Insufficient (<300 min./week)	0.93(0.44-1.96)	0.84	-	-
Sufficient (≥300min./week)	1		-

Variables	Gross Prevalence Ratio		Adjusted Prevalence Ratio
Variables	95%CI	p	95%CI	p
Sociodemographic
Age (years)
<16	1.2(0.67-2.15)	0.53	-	-
≥16	1		-
Marital status
Single	0.93(0.4-2.12)	0.86	-	-
Married	1		-
Occupation
Does not have a job	1.77(0.56-5.56)	0.33	-	-
Has a job	1		-
Mother's education
<08 years education	0.88(0.49-1.61)	0.71	-	-
≥08 years education	1		-
Monthly family income (minimum)
<02 minimum wages	1.04(0.53-206)	0.90	-	-
≥02 minimum wages	1		-
Lifestyle
Screen Time (TV)
≥02 hours/day	3.28(1.81-5.94)	0.00	3.01(1.64-5.52)	0.00
<02 hours/day	1		1
Screen time (computer/video game)
≥02 hours/day	3.02(1.7-5.34)	0.00	2.47(1.4-4.35)	0.00
<02 hours/day	1		1
Fruit consumption
<05 days/week	0.74(0.41-1.32)	0.31	-	-
≥05 days/week	1		-
Vegetable consumption
<05 days/week	1.16(0.64-2.09)	0.62	-	-
≥05 days/week	1		-
Alcohol consumption
Yes	1.6(0.86-2.97)	0.14*	1.4(0.76-2.6)	0.28
No	1		1
Tobacco consumption
Yes	0.58(0.08-4.04)	0.58	-	-
No	1		-
Level of physical activity
Insufficient (<300 min./week)	0.75(0.35-1.64)	0.47	-	-
Sufficient (≥300min./week)	1		-

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[1] Correspondence to:
HLR MUNARO. E-mail: <hlrmunaro@uesb.edu.br>.