Reliability and validity of the abbreviated version of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire in Turkish adults

Kaya, Seda; Açik, Murat; Coşkun, Ayfer Beyaz; Yilmaz, Feray Çağiran

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202437e230084

Brasil

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ORIGINAL | Epidemiology and Statistics • Rev Nutr 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202437e230084 linkcopy

Reliability and validity of the abbreviated version of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire in Turkish adults

Confiabilidade e validade de uma versão abreviada do questionário de alimentação consciente em adultos turcos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective To adapt the abbreviated version of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire to Turkish for the Turkish adult population. Methods This cross-sectional study includes 709 participants aged between 18-65 years living in the province of Elazig. The data was collected through a voluntary face-to-face survey. The questionnaire was included their general characteristics and the Mindful Eating Questionnaire -18 and Eating Attitude Test-26. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the validity of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire -18. Statistical analyzes were conducted using the R-Project program and IBM®SPSS® version 26.0.

Results The overall content validity index was 0.93. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for the two sub-scales and reduced the abbreviated of Mindful Eating Questionnaire to 18 items. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.718 for the Mindful Eating Questionnaire-18 total factor scores and Cronbach alpha values for awareness, and disinhibition were found to be 0,843 and 0,789, respectively. The minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom=4.914 and the fit indices were at an acceptable level (RMSEA=0.074, CFI=0.934, SRMR=0.079, TLI=0.925, GFI=0.968, AGFI=0.959).

Conclusion The findings of study showed that the psychometric properties of the abbreviated Mindful Eating Questionnaire adapted into Turkish were acceptable through construct and internal consistency reliability for adults.

Keywords Adaptation; Confirmatory factor analysis; Mindful eating; Reliability; Validity

Variables		N (%) or X±SD
Sex
	Male	329 (46.4)
	Female	380 (53.6)
Education level
	Less than a primary school graduate	15 (2.1)
	Primary school graduate	95 (13.4)
	High school graduate, diploma or the equivalent	206 (29.1)
	Bachelor’s degree/Master’s/doctorate degree	393 (55.4)
Smoking status
	Yes	170 (24.0)
	No	539 (76.0)
Alcohol consumption
	Yes	53 (7.5)
	No	656 (92.5)
Physical activity status
	Inactive or insufficiently active	144 (20.3)
	Lightly active	378 (53.3)
	Moderate active	162 (22.8)
	Highly active	25 (3.5)
Chronic diseases
	Yes	630 (88.9)
	No	79 (11.1)
Medication
	Yes	59 (8.3)
	No	650 (91.7)
	Age (years)^* * X±SD.	33.038±11.646
	BMI (kg/m²)^* * X±SD.	24.549±3.955

Factor	Items	X	SD	Adjusted R	Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted	Cronbach’s Alpha
Awareness	I1	2.373	1.003	0.535	0.829	0.843
	I2	2.306	1.029	0.523	0.830
	I3	2.596	1.021	0.554	0.827
	I4	2.805	0.989	0.635	0.820
	I5	2.718	0.993	0.629	0.821
	I6	2.763	1.002	0.646	0.819
	I7	2.756	1.059	0.571	0.825
	I8	3.052	0.989	0.583	0.825
	I9	2.428	1.040	0.383	0.841
	I10	2.873	1.018	0.446	0.836
	I11	2.264	1.014	0.261	0.850
Disinhibition	I12	3.047	0.981	0.627	0.747	0.789
	I13	3.071	0.977	0.684	0.740
	I14	2.962	0.980	0.590	0.753
	I15	2.519	1.068	0.137	0.815
	I16	2.478	1.073	0.180	0.810
	I17	2.932	0.976	0.517	0.763
	I18	2.900	0.993	0.538	0.760
	I19	2.958	1.010	0.560	0.757
	I20	2.997	1.000	0.548	0.758

Factor	Items	β	SD	z statistic	p-value
Awareness	I1	1
	I2	0.990	0.050	19.637	<0.001
	I3	1.034	0.052	19.881	<0.001
	I4	1.137	0.054	21.020	<0.001
	I5	1.140	0.054	20.987	<0.001
	I6	1.160	0.055	21.023	<0.001
	I7	1.075	0.053	20.114	<0.001
	I8	0.953	0.048	19.654	<0.001
	I9	0.734	0.044	16.770	<0.001
	I10	0.804	0.045	17.843	<0.001
	I11	0.585	0.040	14.715	<0.001
Disinhibition	I12	1
	I13	1.050	0.053	19.924	<0.001
	I14	1.048	0.053	19.854	<0.001
	I17	0.890	0.048	18.635	<0.001
	I18	0.933	0.049	18.890	<0.001
	I19	0.961	0.051	18.987	<0.001
	I20	0.889	0.048	18.599	<0.001

Factor	Group	X	SD	F	p-value
Awareness	Inactive or insufciently active	29.972^a a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	6.627	3.432	0.017
	Lightly active	28.320^ab a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	7.254
	Moderate active	29.741^ab a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	6.324
	Highly active	27.040^b a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	7.038
Disinhibition	Inactive or insufciently active	25.861	6.037	1.262	0.286
	Lightly active	25.550	5.550
	Moderate active	26.549	5.116
	Highly active	26.160	4.432
MEQ-18	Inactive or insufciently active	55.833^ab a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	7.346	4.762	0.003
	Lightly active	53.870^ab a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	8.289
	Moderate active	56.290^a a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	7.848
	Highly active	53.200^b a-b There is no difference between the same letters.	6.727

Index	Perfect Fit Measure	Good fit measure	Research finding	Conclusion
CMIN/df	0-3	3-5	4,914	Good
RMSEA	0.00≤ RMSEA ≤0.05	0.05< RMSEA ≤0.08	0.074	Good
CFI	0.95≤ CFI ≤1.00	0.90≤ CFI <0.95	0.934	Good
GFI	0.95≤ GFI ≤1.00	0.90≤ GFI <0.95	0.968	Perfect
AGFI	0.95≤ AGFI ≤1.00	0.90≤ AGFI <0.95	0.959	Perfect
SRMR	0.00≤ SRMR ≤0.05	0.05< SRMR ≤ 0.10	0.079	Good
TLI	0.95≤ TLI ≤1.00	0.90≤ TLI <0.95	0.925	Good
NFI	0.95≤ NFI ≤1.00	0.90≤ NFI <0.95	0.935	Good

		SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. EAT-26	13.395	11.503	1	-0.310^*	-0.070	-0.317*	-0.033
2. Awareness	28.935	6.954		1	-0.190*	0.736*	0.049
3. Disinhibition	25.863	5.527			1	0.524*	-0.118*
4. MEQ-18	54.798	8.019				1	-0.039
5. BMI	24.549	3.955					1

Expert panel (N=10)
Item	Relevant	Not Relevant	I-CVI^a a Item Content Validity Index;	Interpretation	S-CVI^b b Scale Content Validity Index.
Awareness					.93
1. Before I eat I take a moment to appreciate colors and smells of food.	10	0	1	Appropriate
2. I notice when the food I eat affects my emotional state.	10	0	1	Appropriate
3. I taste every bite of food I eat.	7	3	.70	Appropriate
4. When eating a pleasant meal, I notice if it makes me feel relaxed.	9	1	.90	Appropriate
5. I appreciate the way my food looks on my plate.	10	0	1	Appropriate
6. I notice subtle flavors in the foods I eat.	10	0	1	Appropriate
7. I recognize when I am eating and not hungry.	7	3	.70	Appropriate
8. I notice when foods and drinks are too sweet.	10	0	1	Appropriate
9. I recognize when food advertisements make me want to eat.	8	2	.80	Appropriate
10. When I eat a big meal, I notice if it makes me feel heavy or sluggish.	10	0	1
11. I notice when I am eating from a dish of candy just because it is there.	10	0	1
Disinhibition
12. If there is good food at a party, I will continue eating even after I am full.	10	0	1	Appropriate
13. If there are leftovers that I like, I take a second helping even though I am full.	10	0	1	Appropriate
14. When I eat at all you can eat buffets, I tend to overeat.	7	3	.70
17. When I am eating one of my favorite foods, I do not recognize when I have had enough.	9	1	.90
18. At a party with a lot of good food, I notice when it makes me want to eat more than I should.	10	0	1	Appropriate
19. If it does not cost much more, I get the larger size food or drink regardless of how hungry I feel.	10	0	1
20. I snack without noticing that I am eating.	10	0	1	Appropriate

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[1] Note:

[TFN01] ^*
X±SD.

[3] X: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index.