Food (in) Security and Nutritional Dietary Quality In Brazil

Sousa, Priscila de Oliveira; Moreira, Caroline; Rodrigues, Paulo Rogério Melo; Muraro, Ana Paula; Ferreira, Marcia Gonçalves; Gorgulho, Bartira Mendes

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202437e220091

Brasil

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Original - Dietetics • Rev. Nutr. 37 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202437e220091 linkcopy

Food (in) Security and Nutritional Dietary Quality In Brazil

Insegurança alimentar e nutricional e qualidade da dieta no Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective Verify association between the perception of food insecurity and the diet quality of the Brazilian population, applying The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised.

Methods Cross-sectional study using data from the Householder Budget Survey collected in 2017/18 with two 24-hour recalls. A multinomial regression model was used with Odds Ratio and a 95% confidence interval, with the final model being the insertion of variables according to the theoretical model of hierarchy adopted.

Results A total of 57,920 households were analyzed, and of these, 39.22% lived with some degree of Food Insecurity. There was a significant difference between female heads of the household, mixed race and black race, households with adults and children and living in rural regions as the three levels of AI [Food insecure] (p=<0.001), with a greater chance of food insecurity in these households. The average Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised for the 46,152 individuals was 54.23 points for those who were not food insecure, and 54.11 points for those who experienced severe food insecurity.

Conclusion It is concluded that there is an association between the perception of food insecurity and the nutritional quality of the diet of the Brazilian population, which can lead to malnutrition and obesity.

Keywords: Adult; Diet; Food security

Variables	Total	Food security	Mild food insecurity	Moderate food insecurity	Severe food insecurity
Variables	%
Population	100	63.31	24.00	8.14	4.55
Householder sex^a
Male	58.15	61.35	54.35	50.09	48.11
Female	41.85	38.65	45.65	49.91	51.89
Householder self-reported skin color ^a
White	44.07	51.49	34.16	26.39	24.69
Brown and black	54.52	46.92	64.85	72.39	73.89
Yellow, and indigenous	1.41	1.59	0.99	1.22	1,42
Householder education ^a
Until 8 years	43.32	37.96	47.75	58.76	67.02
9 years or more	56.68	62.04	52.25	41.24	32.98
Per capita family income (IQ) ^b
Q1	12.35	5.84	18.37	30.48	38.65
Q2	15.00	10.49	21.79	25.06	23.80
Q3	17.50	15.47	23.11	18.17	14.96
Q4	24.48	26.71	22.47	18.17	15.65
Q5	30.67	41.49	14.26	8.22	6.94
Family composition
Only adults	39.79	42.14	32.90	39.05	44.82
Adults and kids	35.85	30.38	47.89	40.95	39.23
Elderly with or without adults and children	24.36	27.48	19.21	19.99	15.95
Residence condition
Own paid	72.58	74.68	68.93	69.67	67.86
Others	27.42	25.32	31.07	30.33	32.14
Rural or Urban area
Urban	86.23	88.35	84.41	79.44	78.48
Rural	13.77	11.65	15.59	20.56	21.52
Main form of water supply
General network	84.90	87.40	82.65	76.79	76.37
Others	15.10	12.60	17.35	23.21	23.63
Cooking gas (piped or bottle)
Yes	97.62	98.04	97.91	96.01	92.98
Not	2.38	1.96	2.09	3.99	7.02

Variable (reference category)^a	Mild food insecurity (%)			Moderate food insecurity (%)			Severe food insecurity (%)
Variable (reference category)^a	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI
Householder sex^b (Male)
Female	1.33	<0.001***	1.25-1.41	1.58	<0.001***	1.46-1.71	1.71	<0.001***	1.54-1.90
Householder self-reported skin color^b (white)
Brown and black	2.08	<0.001***	1.95-2.22	3.01	<0.001***	2.72-3.33	3.28	<0.001***	2.88-3.74
Yellow, and indigenous	0.93	0.618	0.71-1.23	1.49	0.03	1.03-2.16	1.86	0.002	1.25-2.77
Householder education (Until 8 years)
9 years or more	0.67	<0.001***	0.63-0.71	0.43	<0.001***	0.39-0.47	<0.001***	0.30	2.69-3.37
Per capita family income (IQ)^c
Q2	0.66	<0.001***	0.60-0.73	0.46	<0.001***	0.40-0.52	0.34	<0.001***	0.30-0.40
Q3	0.47	<0.001***	0.43-0.52	0.23	<0.001***	0.20-0.26	0.15	<0.001***	0.12-0.17
Q4	0.27	<0.001***	0.24-0.29	0.13	<0.001***	0.11-0.15	0.09	<0.001***	0.08-0.10
Q5	0.11	<0.001***	0.09-0.12	0.04	<0.001***	0.03-0.05	0.03	<0.001***	0.02-0.04
Family composition (Only adults)
Adults and kids	2.02	<0.001***	1.89-2.15	1.45	<0.001***	1.32-1.59	1.21	<0.001***	1.09-1.36
Elderly with or without adults and children	0.89	0.006	0.82-0.96	0.78	<0.001***	0.69-0.88	0.54	<0.001***	0.47-0.63
Residence condition (Others)
Own paid	0.75	< 0.001***	0.70-0.80	0.78	< 0.001***	0.71-0.86	0.71	< 0.001***	0.64-0.80
Residence matter (urban)
Rural	1.39	< 0.001***	1.29-1.50	1.96	< 0.001***	1.73-2.23	2.07	< 0.001***	1.81-2.38
Main form of water supply (Others)
General network	0.68	< 0.001***	0.63-0.74	0.47	< 0.001***	0.42-0.53	0.46	< 0.001***	0.40-0.53
Cooking gas / piped or bottle (not)
Yes	0.93	0.495	0.76-1.13	0.47	< 0.001***	0.38-0.59	0.26	< 0.001***	0.21-0.32

Variable (reference category) ^a	Mild food insecurity (%)			Moderate food insecurity (%)			Severe food insecurity (%)
Variable (reference category) ^a	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI
General features
Householder sex^b (Male)
Female	1.44	<0.001***	1.35-1.53	1.79	<0.001***	1.65-1.94	2.03	<0.001***	1.82-2.26
Householder self-reported skin color^b (white)
Brown and black	1.85	<0.001***	1.73-1.97	2.54	<0.001***	2.30-2.80	2.61	<0.001***	2.29-2.97
Yellow, and indigenous	0.93	0.587	0.71-1.21	1.53	0.019	1.07-2.20	1.92	0.001	1.29-2.86
Householder education (Until 8 years)
9 years or more	0.61	<0.001***	0.57-0.65	0.42	<0.001***	0.38-0.47	0.28	<0.001***	0.25-0.31
Family composition
Family composition (Only adults)
Adults and kids	1.98	<0.001***	1.86-2.11	1.41	<0.001***	1.28-1.55	1.19	<0.01	1.06-1.38
Elderly with or without adults and children	0.79	<0.001***	0.73-0.86	0.61	<0.001***	0.55-0.70	0.39	<0.001***	0.33-0.45
Residence condition
Main form of water supply (Others)
General network	0.83	<0.001***	075-0.91	0.65	<0.001***	0.56-0.75	068	<0.01*	0.58-0.81
Cooking gas / piped or bottle (not)
Yes	1.08	0.408	0.89-1.31	0.63	<0.001***	0.52-0.78	0.36	<0.001***	0.29-0.46
Residence matter (urban)
Rural	1.04	0.462	0.94-1.15	1.11	0.199	0.94-1.31	1.06	0.511	0.86-1.28
Residence
Residence (Others)
Own paid	0.81	<0.001***	0.76-0.87	0.80	<0.001***	0.72-0.88	0.73	<0.001***	0.65-0.83

EBIA^a	Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised [13]
EBIA^a	β	p-value	95% CI
Mild food insecurity	0.13	0.318	-0.12-0.38
Moderate food insecurity	0.44	0.017*	0.08-0.81
Severe food insecurity	-0.99	0.668	-0.55-0.35

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[TFN1] Note: ^aPerson identified by the participants as the reference in the household; ^bPer capita Income Quintiles.