Identification of wood from Brazilian historical heritage sites: a case study of two buildings in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

Abstract

Wood is a raw material that has played a key role in civil construction over time. Identifying which species were used in buildings considered Brazilian historical heritage sites will contribute to conservation, as well as the comparison of the use of wood at different times. From this perspective, the present study aimed to identify and characterize the wood used in the construction of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” historic buildings located in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, aiming to contribute to the preservation of Brazilian historical heritage. To do so, the organoleptic and anatomical properties were evaluated by macro- and microscopic analysis, and a quali-quantitative study was conducted. Eight distinct genera were identified, namely, Vochysia sp., Cedrela sp., Handroanthus sp., Physocalymma sp., Myracroduon sp., Dipteryx sp., Calophyllum sp. and Cordia sp. In addition to identification, we sought to identify the phytogeographic domain of such genera to understand the historical context of the use of these woods. It is suggested that any replacement of deteriorated parts be with others of the same wood species identified herein to preserve the identity of these historic buildings.

Key words: architectural heritage; conservation; sative species; wood anatomy.

Resumo

A madeira é uma matéria-prima que desempenha um papel fundamental na construção civil ao longo do tempo. Identificar quais eram as espécies utilizadas em edificações consideradas patrimônio histórico brasileiro permite contribuir com a conservação, bem como comparar o uso de madeiras em diferentes épocas. Sob essa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar a madeira utilizada na construção dos edifícios históricos “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” e “Gráfica Pepe”, localizados em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, com o intuito de contribuir para a preservação do patrimônio histórico brasileiro. Para tal, foram avaliadas as propriedades organolépticas e anatômicas, por análises macro e microscópicas, realizando um estudo quali-quantitativo. Foram identificados oito gêneros distintos, sendo eles: Vochysia sp., Cedrela sp., Handroanthus sp., Physocalymma sp., Myracroduon sp., Dipteryx sp., Calophyllum sp. e Cordia sp. Além da identificação, buscou-se apontar o domínio fitogeográfico de tais gêneros para entender o contexto histórico da utilização dessas madeiras. Sugere-se que a substituição das peças deterioradas seja por outras das mesmas espécies madeireiras aqui identificadas, a fim de preservar a identidade dessas edificações históricas.

Palavras-chave: patrimônio arquitetônico; conservação; espécies nativas; anatomia da madeira.

Introduction

The use of natural resources is intrinsically linked to the social development and survival of humans due to their need to build shelters (Melo Júnior 2012). Wood stands out among the elements of traditional use for civil construction as a material widely used by humans for millennia due to its properties and versatility. For example, there was the exploitation of countless tropical forest essences in the colonization of Brazil, and by combining the technical knowledge of the colonizers with the practices of the indigenous people, wood stood out as a noble material in the country’s traditional architecture (Gonzaga 2006).

Thus, a representative portion of the Brazilian historical and cultural heritage is found in wooden pieces (Andreacci & Melo Júnior 2011). However, wood is one of the building components that is most sensitive to biotic and abiotic deterioration and constitutes a fact that raises concerns for specialists in the conservation of historical heritage (Carvalho et al. 2019). Therefore, interventions are often necessary in these buildings, aiming at their conservation.

According to Decree Law No. 25 of 11/30/1937 (Brazil 1937), for any intervention in a property listed as historical heritage, whether painting, repair or restoration, the Institute of the National Historic and Artistic Heritage (Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional - IPHAN) must be in agreement. From this perspective, identifying the wood used in historic buildings contributes to both the conservation of parts in use, as well as to their adequate replacement when necessary, which may be the same wood or others with similar physical and mechanical properties (Boschetti et al. 2014).

Species identification through anatomical characteristics is the simplest and most accurate method indicated for the correct nomenclature of woods (Alves et al. 2013), which enables attaining information at the genus or species level. There are studies that have used the anatomy of wood to identify species used in the construction of historic buildings (Andreacci & Melo Júnior 2011; Boschetti et al. 2014; Melo Júnior & Boeger 2015; Melo Júnior 2012, 2017; Melo Júnior et al. 2021); however, there are no reports of this type of study for the Brazilian Midwest region. This work contributes to tracing the history of the timber trade of native species in Brazil to develop a study on wood used in historic constructions located in the municipality of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, particularly regarding the wood used in the Cuiabá region for civil construction in the 19^th century.

The Historic Center of Cuiabá is the historic identity of the city, and aiming at its preservation, it was listed by the Consultative Council of the National Historic and Artistic Heritage on August 19, 1988. It should be noted that the listing of this region keeps the urban colonial era layout intact, preserving the history of the city’s formation through the local architectural complex (Silva 2019). The preserved area comprises 13.1 ha with approximately 400 buildings built in the 18^th, 19^th and 20^th centuries. Among these, the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” stand out.

“Casa de Dona Bém Bém” is a building located in the central region of the capital of Mato Grosso that was built in approximately 1850 (Mendonça 1978). The building is approximately 285 m² and stands out as a traditional space of Cuiaba culture, composing a significant part of popular memory, and is listed by State Ordinance No. 13/98 D.O.U. 06/08/98 and Federal Ordinance No. 10/92 D.O.U. 11/06/92 as a historical heritage site (Torres et al. 2019).

Another building that is part of the Historic Center of the city is the mansion, known as the first printing house in Cuiabá, “Gráfica Pepe”, which has been present in the city for more than a century. The mansion, with 600 m² of built area and 195 m² of uncovered area, was a landmark in local commerce during its years of activity, which ended in the early 1980s (Ferreira 2019). This building is considered an important part of the city’s history and its urban space, as well as its architecture, and contributes to its historical-cultural identity (Amaral & Garcia 2021).

Therefore, this work aimed to identify and characterize the wood used in the construction of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” historic buildings located in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, aiming to contribute to the preservation of Brazilian historical heritage.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The study area is located in the municipality of Cuiabá, the capital city of Mato Grosso state, where wood samples were collected from two buildings located in the historic center of the city (Fig. 1). The “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” has geographical coordinates of 15°35’37.1”S and 56°05’41.7”W, and the “Grafica Pepe” is located at 15°35’44.3”S and 56°05’36.4”W. A total of 12 wood samples were collected, which were composed of the roof, doors and window frames of the properties. A hand saw and a bow saw were used to collect samples, with the bow saw for the more sensitive and damaged structures and the handsaw for those of larger dimensions. These samples corresponded to parts considered less damaged within the available wooden structures, and their dimensions varied according to the deterioration condition of the pieces.

Anatomical characterization of woods

The experiment was conducted at the Wood Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry Engineering (Laboratório de Tecnologia da Madeira da Faculdade de Engenharia Florestal - FENF), Cuiabá Campus of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). The organoleptic characteristics of the wood samples, such as grain, texture, smell and brightness in the radial plane, were initially evaluated (COPANT 1973; Latorraca et al. 2018). Then, the methodology established by Lepage (1986) was used to determine the deterioration index of the woods through visual diagnosis, establishing grades from 0 to 4 (in which 0 is healthy without visible attack and 4 is an evident attack with evident fraying). The basic density of the woods was determined according to NBR 11941 (2003) in duplicate. Density classification for tropical woods was carried out in accordance with that established by Melo et al. (1990). Two specimens per sample with dimensions of approximately 2 × 2 × 2 cm (transverse × radial × tangential) were taken for macro- and microscopic anatomical analyses.

The species were previously identified based on macroscopic characteristics, using parameters such as grains, texture, characteristic smell, and shines as organoleptic features. The specimens intended for macroscopic anatomical analysis were polished using a sharp razor, removing traces of paint from civil use of these samples and uniforming the surface. Then, the transverse plane of each specimen was photographed using a Leica MZ6 stereomicroscope coupled to a lucida camera, capture system, scanner and vectorization of images with high resolution with the aid of the Adobe Illustrator program.

Figure 1
Map depicting the location of the study area in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso - a. photograph of the "Casa de Dona Bém Bém"; b. photograph of the "Gráfica Pepe".

A 10x magnification lens was used to describe the following features: distinction of growth layers, pores (visibility, porosity, grouping, arrangement and content), radial parenchyma (visibility in the transverse plane; contrast in the radial plane; and stratification in the tangential plane), and axial parenchyma (visibility and disposition), according to COPANT (1973) and Latorraca et al. (2018). These characteristics were used to identify the woods by the dichotomous identification key for Mato Grosso woods proposed by Camargos & Gonçalez (2001) and the InsideWood and Wood Database databases. The samples of this study were compared and deposited in the Xylotheque of the Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária de Mato Grosso (INDEA/MT), located in Cuiabá, MT, to confirm their identifications under the registration number for each specimen listed (Tab. 1).

Next, maceration and microtomy techniques were used for microscopic analysis (Fig. 2). Maceration was performed according to the procedures of NBR 15066 (ABNT 2004) using glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a 1:1 ratio as the macerating solution. After preparing the temporary slides, the length, width, lumen diameter and fiber wall thickness were quantified. These parameters were classified according to COPANT (1973).

For the microtomy, the specimens were submerged in a solution of water, glycerin and 70% ethyl alcohol in equal proportions and then cooked in a benchtop autoclave at a temperature of 120 °C until softening. Sections in the radial, tangential and transverse planes (with a thickness of approximately 25 µm) were obtained using a vertical slide microtome. Then, they were discoloured with 70% sodium hypochlorite, stained with safranin, dehydrated in an alcohol series of 30, 50, 70, 95, and 99.99% and placed in solutions of 50% and 100% butyl acetate for five minutes at each stage. The assembly was made on glass slides and then glued with Entellan^®. Slides without discoloration or artificial staining steps were also prepared.

Quantitative analyses were performed on permanent slides (frequency/mm² - pf and tangential diameter - pØ) of the rays (width - rw, height - rh and frequency/mm - rf) and on temporary slides (macerated), while measurements of the fibers were made according to length - fl, diameter - fØ and cell wall thickness - Fcwt. These parameters were classified according to COPANT (1973). The microscopic qualitative anatomical characteristics were described using 4x and 10x magnification lenses, and the pores (grouping, distribution, disposition and content), axial parenchyma (disposition) and rays (class, stratification and format) were evaluated according to COPANT (1973) and IAWA (1989). Microphotographs of the transverse, tangential and radial planes were obtained using a ZEISS Primo Star trinocular microscope, optical zoom lens and image capture system. In addition, the Zen 3.1^® software program was used to measure the anatomical elements (fibers, pores and radial parenchyma).

Results

With the aid of species macroscopy (Figs. 3-4), it was possible to establish the genera to which the species belonged. Woods from eight different genera were identified in the collected pieces, namely, Vochysia. Aubl., Cedrela P. Browne, Handroanthus Mattos, Physocalymma Pohl, Myracrodruon M. Allemão, Dipteryx Schreb., Calophyllum L. and Cordia L.

Table 1
Registration numbers of the samples deposited in the Xylotheque of INDEA/MT.

Samples	Registration number
Handroanthus	185/C1
Vochysia	176/B1
Cedrela	181/B4
Physocalymma	541/A7
Astronium	215/A9
Dipteryx	539/E3
Calophyllum	222/B3
Cordia	1033/B6

Figure 2
a-b. Schematic representation of the microscopic analyses, including maceration and microtomy techniques - a. preparation of temporary slides; b. preparation of permanent slides.

The quantitative characteristics of the fibers, basic density and deterioration index (Tab. 2), pores and radial parenchyma (rays) (Tab. 3) were described, followed by micrographs of the anatomical planes and anatomical descriptions.

Cedrela sp. (Cedro).

The wood used in window and door frames in the evaluated buildings was identified through macroscopic identification as Cedrela sp., Meliaceae, popularly known as pink cedar (cedro rosa). The wood presented straight grains, a medium texture, a characteristic smell and shines as organoleptic characteristics (Fig. 3a). Cedrela sp. wood showed a low deterioration rate (Tab. 1), even though it is considered light wood. The high amount of extractives toxic to xylophages present in wood of this genus (Ruvalcaba et al. 2017; Reis et al. 2019) and the use of xylophages out of contact with the soil probably contributed to the conservation of the pieces.

It was possible to observe distinct growth layers in the Cedrela sp. wood demarcated by marginal terminal parenchyma bands and semiporous rings (Fig. 3a). Its fibers were classified as libriform, short, narrow to medium, with thin walls (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens, predominantly being aliform paratracheally, with the occurrence of vasicentric and marginal bands (Fig. 5a). Its rays were visible without the aid of a 10x lens, with contrast in the radial plane, with a heterogeneous format, mostly triseriate but also with the occurrence of bi and multiseriate (Fig. 5b-c). There were few rays per mm, classified as thin and extremely low (Tab. 3), and not storied rays. The pores were visible without the aid of a 10x lens and were semiporous and predominantly solitary (89.61%), with the occurrence of twinned pores (10.39%) and the presence of pores partially obstructed by tyloses with reddish content (Fig. 5a). The pore diameter was classified as medium, with a frequency of very few to few (Tab. 3). The presence of gum deposits in heartwood vessels was verified.

Handroanthus sp. (Ipê).

Among the samples collected from the roof rafters of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” building, it was possible to macroscopically identify the genera Handroanthus sp. and Bignoniaceae, which are popularly known as ipes (ipê) (Fig. 3b). The wood had straight grains, a fine texture, an odor and no shines due to its organoleptic characteristics (Fig. 3b). The deterioration of Handroanthus sp. was low (Tab. 2), mainly because it is a wood that has high natural durability and density (Tab. 2) (San et al. 2016).

Figure 3
a-d. Macroscopy of transverse sections of the four woods found in the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and the “Grafica Pepe” - a. Cedrela sp.; b. Handroanthus sp.; c. Physocalymma scaberrimum; d. Vochysia sp. Bars = 1 mm.

Figure 4
a-d. Macroscopy of transverse sections of the four woods found in the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and the “Grafica Pepe” - a. Myracrodruon urundeuva; b. Dipteryx sp.; c. Calophyllum brasiliense; d. Cordia sp. Bars = 1 mm.

Table 2
Mean values and standard deviations of the quantitative anatomical parameters of the fibers, basic density and deterioration rate of the wood used in the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” historic buildings.

Identification	Fiber			Basic density (g/cm³)	DI (index)
	Cf (mm)	Øf (µm)	EPf (µm)
Vochysia sp.	1.36 (0.17)	23.61 (2.51)	13.96 (2.19)	0.545	2
Cedrela sp.	1.34 (0.20)	22.15 (4.74)	11.05 (2.15)	0.461	1
Handroanthus sp.	1.05 (0.52)	10.59 (2.79)	9.34 (2.31)	0.875	1
Physocalymma scaberrimum	0.75 (0.19)	15.00 (3.07)	11.44 (2.22)	0,680	2
Myracrodruon urundeuva	0.85 (0.18)	10.73 (2.43)	9.17 (2.11)	0.920	3
Dipteryx sp.	1.00 (0.09)	11.46 (2.70)	10.34 (2.56)	0.750	3
Calophyllum brasiliense	1.15 (0.17)	20.18 (1.36)	10.32 (0.95)	0.455	1
Cordia sp.	1.45 (0.18)	17.18 (3.83)	11.55 (1.48)	0.660	3

Little distinct growth layers were also observed in the wood identified as Handroanthus sp. demarcated by a narrow fibrous band with darker coloration. Its fibers were classified (Tab. 2) as libriform, short, narrow or very thick-walled fibers. The axial parenchyma (Fig. 5d) was visible with the aid of a 10x lens, and in the tangential plane, they appear as storied axial parenchyma (Fig. 5e). The rays (Fig. 5e-f) were visible with the aid of a 10x lens, not contrasted in the radial plane, with few pores/mm (Tab. 3), homogeneous, biseriate, very thin, extremely low and storied rays. The pores (Fig. 5d) were visible without the aid of a 10x lens and were small, infrequent (Tab. 3) and had diffuse porosity. The pore arrangement was oblique, and the grouping was solitary, with the occurrence of multiple pores (84.54%), grouping in clusters of 2 to 3 pores (15.46%) and the absence of obstructions.

Table 3
Mean values and standard deviations of the quantitative anatomical parameters of the pores and rays of the wood used in the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” historic buildings located in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.

Identification	Pores (Vases)		Rays
	Øp (µm)	Fp (pores.mm-2)	Fr (ray.mm-1)	Hr (µm)	Wr (µm)
Vochysia sp.	271.83 (79.23)	2.49 (0.41)	6.83 (0.41)	573.81*(188.08)	72.47*(21.23)
				242.30**(75.49)	17.80**(3.26)
Cedrela sp.	173.62 (77.06)	3.25 (0.79)	5.75 (0.77)	309.02 (80.88)	38.80 (8.62)
Handroanthus sp.	93.15 (15.53)	17.47 (3.54)	8.6 (0.89)	129.14 (15.72)	19.54 (3.97)
Physocalymma scaberrimum	86.19 (87.06)	7.36 (1.57)	16.7 (2.00)	265.386 (88.39)	16.46 (5.09)
Myracrodruon urundeuva	111.41 (122.70)	5.03 (1.24)	10.6 (1.34)	286.07 (124.02)	23.59 (6.17)
Dipteryx sp.	38.11 (9.53)	76.39 (15.75)	23.8 (1.92)	81.80 (9.63)	9.23 (3.14)
Calophyllum brasiliense	73.41 (75.69)	32.82 (2.01)	11.2 (0.84)	216.87 (76.94)	18.15 (4.69)
Cordia sp.	133.77 (68.02)	6.72 (0.94)	10.2 (0.84)	235.90 (69.08)	29.77 (6.65)

• ^(...)
  Standard deviation; Ø_p = pore diameter; F_p = pore frequency/mm²; F_r = ray frequency/mm; H_r = ray height; W_r = ray width; * = height of multiseriate rays; ** = height of uniseriate rays in the same wood.

Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl (Cega-machado).

The samples from the roof rafters of “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” were macroscopically identified as Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl, Lythraceae (Fig. 3c), popularly known as cega-machado or aricá. The wood had interlocked grains, a medium texture, and a smell with little shine due to its organoleptic characteristics. P. scaberrimum wood exhibited a moderate density and moderate degree of deterioration (Tab. 2). The wood pieces used on roofs are exposed to weather, which facilitates their deterioration (Lima & Almeida 2014).

Figure 5
a-f. Microscopy images of Cedrela sp. and Handroanthus sp., with transverse, tangential and radial sections of the woods - Cedrela sp. at a 4x magnification objective corresponding scale at 500 µm - a. transverse; b. tangential; c.radial directions. Handroanthus sp. at a 10x magnification objective corresponding scale at 100 µm - d. transverse; e. tangential; f. radial directions.

Physocalymma scaberrimum wood showed indistinct growth layers. The fibers were classified as libriform, very short, narrow and had thick walls (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens and showed irregular lines (Fig. 6a). The rays were visible with the aid of the 10x lens, with little contrast in the radial plane (Fig. 6b-c). Their form was homogeneous, with uni- and biseriate rays, very thin, extremely low, numerous (Tab. 3), and not storied rays. The pores were visible without the aid of a 10x lens and were small, infrequent, with diffuse porosity and solitary grouping (78.13%), with the occurrence of multiples grouped in clusters of 2 to 3 pores in a radial chain (21.88%) (Fig. 6a). Some pores were clogged with a brownish substance.

Vochysia sp. (Cambará).

The genus Vochysia sp., Vochysiaceae, was identified through macroscopic identification (Fig. 3d) as another wood used in the roof of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” building but from an unspecified part. The species of this genus are popularly known as quaruba or cambará. The organoleptic characteristics included interlocking grain, medium texture, absence of smell and shining. The average density and deterioration index of Vochysia sp. wood were 2 (Tab. 2). The deterioration can be explained by the exposure of the piece used on the roof to bad weather (Mauri & Oliveira 2011). This wood is suitable for light use (internal and structural), such as in slats and secondary parts of structures (Logsdon et al. 2007; Nahuz et al. 2013).

In addition, distinct growth layers were detected in the Vochysia sp. wood, as well as fibers classified as libriform, short, narrow and with thick walls (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens, with a predominantly aliform paratracheal arrangement in linear extension and the occurrence of unilateral parenchyma (Fig. 6d). The rays (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of the 10x lens, non-contrasting in the radial plane, heterogeneous, with the presence of multiseriate (narrow and very low) and uniseriate rays (very thin and extremely low), and not storied rays (Fig. 6e-f). The frequency was classified as few rays per mm. The pores (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of a 10x lens, with a diameter classified as large, diffuse porosity, and very infrequent. Most were solitary (90.48%), with the occurrence of twinned pores (9.52%) in a radial chain and the presence of some partially obstructed pores with common tyloses (Fig. 6a).

Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Aroeira).

For the samples collected in the door frame of the “Gráfica Pepe” building, it was possible to identify the species M. urundeuva and Anacardiaceae through macroscopic identification, known as aroeira (Fig. 4a). The wood had straight grains, a medium texture, no smell and little shine due to its organoleptic characteristics. M. urundeuva wood had a high density and average deterioration rate (Tab. 2). Despite being considered a heavy wood with high natural durability (Vieira et al. 2011) due to being exposed to adverse situations for a long period in the “Gráfica Pepe” building, the sample suffered greater deterioration, even compromising its anatomical structure.

Indistinct growth layers with very short, narrow and very thick libriform fibers were observed in the M. urundeuva wood (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was not visible with the aid of a 10x lens and was sparse (Fig. 7a). The rays (Tab. 3) were barely visible with the aid of the 10x lens and poorly contrasted in the radial plane, with a homogeneous shape, predominantly uniseriate, along with the occurrence of biseriate rays (Fig. 7b-c). There were few rays per mm, and they were classified as very thin, extremely low or not storied rays. The pores (Tab. 3) were visible with the aid of a 10x lens and presented a medium diameter, infrequent, diffuse porosity, diagonal arrangement and solitary type grouping (75.16%) with the occurrence of twinned pores (24.84%), and most of the pores were obstructed by common tyloses (Fig. 7a). After evaluating the special elements present in Myracrodruon wood, radial intercellular canals were found in the ray region (Fig. 8a). In the parenchyma, the presence of mineral inclusions with prismatic crystals was observed in the axial and radial parenchyma (Fig. 8c-d), and the pores were obstructed with common tyloses (Fig. 8b).

Dipteryx sp. (Cumaru).

Dipteryx sp., Fabaceae, popularly known as Cumbaru, was macroscopically identified in the door frame of the “Gráfica Pepe” building (Fig. 4b). The wood showed interlocked grains, a medium texture, a smell and a lack of shade. Dipteryx sp. is considered heavy and has high natural durability due to its density and deterioration (Tab. 2) (Romanini et al. 2014), but it showed greater deterioration due to being exposed to weather in the “Gráfica Pepe” building.

Dipteryx sp. showed distinct growth layers demarcated by the presence of darker fibrous zones. The fibers were classified as libriform, very short, narrow or very thick-walled (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens, presenting lozenge-aliform and short-length lozenge-aliform paratracheal forms (Fig. 7d). The rays (Tab. 2) were visible without the aid of the 10x lens, not contrasted in the radial plane, with a homogeneous shape, biseriate, and a significant presence of uniseriate rays. The rays were also numerous, storied, extremely thin and extremely low (Fig. 7e-f). In the parenchyma, the presence of mineral inclusions with prismatic crystals was observed in the axial and radial parenchyma (Fig. 8f). The pores (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of a 10x lens and were small and very numerous, the porosity was diffuse, the grouping was predominantly solitary (75.28%), and the occurrence of multiples grouped in clusters of 2 to 3 pores (24.72%) in radial chains (Fig. 7a) and the presence of gum deposits in heartwood vessels and common tyloses were verified.

Figure 6
a-f. Microscopy images of Physocalymma scaberrimum and Vochysia sp., with transverse, tangential and radial sections of the woods - Physocalymma scaberrimum - a. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to a 500 µm scale; b. tangential, at 10x magnification objective corresponding to a 100 µm; c. radial scale. Vochysia sp. - d. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to a 500 µm; e. tangential; f. radial scale.

Figure 7
a-f. Microscopy images of Myracrodruon urundeuva and Dipteryx sp., with transverse, tangential and radial sections of the woods - Myracrodruon urundeuva- a. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to 500 µm; b. tangential; c. radial planes, at 10x magnification objective corresponding to 100 µm. Dipteryx sp. - d. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to 500 µm; e. tangential; f. radial planes.

Figure 8
a-f. Microscopy of the special elements observed in the species - Myracrodruon urundeuva at 10x magnification objective on a tangential plane, showing the presence of radial intercellular canals in the central region of the ray (a), indicated with an arrow; the transverse plane of M. urundeuva at a 10x magnification objective image showing the pores obstructed with common tyloses (b), indicated with an arrow; images of M. urundeuva at 40x magnification, showing the presence of mineral inclusions with prismatic crystals in the parenchyma on the radial (c), and tangential planes (d), indicated with arrows; Calophyllum brasiliense at 40x magnification objective on a tangential plane, showing the presence of scalariform perforation plates (e), indicated with an arrow; Dipteryx sp. at 40x magnification on a radial plane, showing the presence of prismatic crystals in the parenchyma (f), indicated with an arrow.

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Guanandi).

The species Calophyllum brasiliense, Calophyllaceae, popularly known as Guanandi, was identified through macroscopic identification of samples collected from roof rafters of the “Gráfica Pepe” building (Fig. 4c). The wood presented a spiral grain, fine texture, no smell and no shines due to its organoleptic characteristics. C. brasiliense is considered a light wood and has high natural durability for deterioration and density (Tab. 2) (Navarro 2007), which explains its low deterioration rate (Tab. 2).

Calophyllum brasiliense showed indistinct growth layers, with libriform, short, narrow fibers and very thick walls (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens in irregular bands (Fig. 9a). The rays (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of the 10x lens, not contrasted in the radial plane, with a heterogeneous and uniseriate shape, very thin, extremely low, few rays per mm and no storied rays (Fig. 9b-c). The pores (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of a 10x lens, small and numerous, with diffuse porosity and no defined arrangement, with solitary pores (Fig. 9a). It was also noted that some pores were clogged with a yellowish substance due to the presence of gum deposits in heartwood vessels, and common tyloses were detected. In this species, scalariform perforation plates were observed (Fig. 8e).

Cordia sp. (Freijó).

Cordia sp., Boraginaceae, popularly known as manjack (freijó), was identified on the roof rafters of the “Gráfica Pepe” building. The organoleptic characteristics included straight grains, a medium texture, a smell and a lack of shade (Fig. 4d). Cordia sp. wood has a low density and natural durability (Wille et al. 2017), which is consistent with the observed deterioration index (Tab. 3).

The growth layers of Cordia sp. were indistinct, and the fibers were libriform, short, narrow and very thick-walled (Tab. 2). The axial parenchyma was visible without the aid of a 10x lens, with scarce paratracheal parenchyma and occurrence of vasicentric parenchyma (Fig. 9d). The rays (Tab. 3) were visible with the aid of the 10x lens, not contrasted in the radial plane, with a heterogeneous shape, multiseriate, very thin, extremely low and not storied rays (Fig. 9e-f). The pores (Tab. 3) were visible without the aid of a 10x lens and exhibited medium size, low frequency, diffuse porosity, and solitary grouping (75.73%) with the occurrence of twinned pores (24.27%) (Fig. 9a). Some pores were clogged by a brownish substance.

Discussion

Overview of the wood characteristics

The architecture of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and “Gráfica Pepe” buildings studied follows the pattern of São Paulo in the 18^th century, with particularities in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, and resembles buildings in the city of Vila Boa, Goiás (Freire 1997). The local construction system is an expression resulting from Portuguese knowledge and culture, with alterations from São Paulo that were adapted for the region (Torres et al. 2019). According to these authors, local needs, climate, available raw material and sociocultural factors strongly influence the construction of indigenous communities during that period.

The macro- and microscopic anatomical characteristics of Cedrela sp. are similar to those described by Coradin et al. (2010) and Latorraca et al. (2018) for Cedrela sp. and by Brandes et al. (2020) for Cedrela odorata and Cedrela fissilis. With the information obtained, it is not possible to say exactly which species was observed because the wood characteristics of Cedrela odorata and Cedrela fissilis are similar, with both species allocated in close positions in the genus clade, and differentiating between these species occurs by the morphological characteristics of the leaves and fruit size (Flores 2020; Finch et al. 2020); however, this information was absent in the identification of wood samples.

These two species are currently on the list of endangered species due to overexploitation, with C. fissilis and C. odorata being vulnerable (Brazil 2022). This is mainly due to the organoleptic properties, such as the characteristic smell, aesthetic characteristics and good workability of C. odorata and C. fissilis (Marochi 2007).

The macro- and microscopic characteristics of wood samples identified as Handroanthus sp. are similar to those presented in the works of Rodrigues & Melo Júnior (2015), in a work on Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos and Amado et al. (2015) and Trevizor (2011) characterized Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose. The phytogeographic domain of this genus covers five Brazilian biomes, and the natural occurrence of this genus in the state of Mato Grosso is limited to five species (BFG 2015). They are Handroanthus barbatus (E.Mey.) Mattos, Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos, and Handroanthus serratifolius. Notably, Handroanthus sp. is currently among the 30 most commercialized native species in the state of Mato Grosso (Zaque et al. 2019b), which indicates the continued use of this wood.

In studying the anatomical characteristics of Lythraceae, Baas & Zweypfenning (1979) reported anatomical characteristics that agreed with those found in the sample identified as P. scaberrimum; however, the authors found a sparse axial parenchyma structure, which differed from that found in the evaluated samples. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the authors point out the presence of predominantly uniseriate homogeneous rays as the main characteristic of genus and axial parenchyma in less clearly defined tangential bands for P. scaberrimum, which were confirmed in the samples of this study considering the classification of axial parenchyma observed in irregular lines. Its phytogeographic domain is the Amazon and the Cerrado, being present in the Cerrado lato sensu and in the semideciduous seasonal forest. It is only possible to confirm that the wood refers to the P. scaberrimum species among others of the genus, as this is the only representative in Brazil (Cavalcanti & Graham 2001). Bonnet & Curcio (2016) verified that P. scaberrimum wood has still been used in the structures of houses and roofs built by many people in rural areas, demonstrating that it is still used. A striking feature of the trees of this species is their straight and cylindrical trunks (Maranho & Paiva 2012), and wood is used in its round form in structures, a fact that was possible to observe in the samples collected.

Figure 9
a-f. Microscopy images of Calophyllum brasiliense and Cordia sp., with transverse, tangential and radial sections of the woods - Calophyllum brasiliense - a. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to a scale of 500 µm; b. tangential, at a 10x magnification objective corresponding to a scale of 100 µm; c. radial planes. Cordia sp. - d. transverse, at a 4x magnification objective corresponding to a scale of 500 µm; e. tangential; f. radial planes.

The anatomical description of Vochysia sp. wood is generally in agreement with the works of Leon (2005), Mauri & Oliveira (2011) and Reis et al. (2014), who anatomically characterized twenty-one, three and seven species of this genus, respectively. However, no determinant anatomical characteristics were found to identify the species used in the construction of the “Casa de Bém Bém”. There are 17 species of Vochysia in the state of Mato Grosso, and in addition, the geographic distribution of this genus covers regions of tropical, subtropical and savanna forests in the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes (BFG 2018).

Regarding the current production of sawn wood, the Vochysia genus stands out as one of the ten most representative in relation to the volume sold by Mato Grosso from 2007 to 2014 (Zaque et al. 2019a), which demonstrates the current importance of using this wood.

The macro- and microscopic characteristics of M. urundeuva are in accordance with what was found by Andreacci & Melo Júnior (2011). However, the authors verified the presence of distinct growth layers and heterogeneous rays, which differs from what was found in the present work. The anatomical characteristics found for the species by Mainieri & Pereira (1965) also corroborated those found in this work. Kribs (1968) described the presence of abundant tyloses obstructing vessels in the heartwood region, scarce paratracheal parenchyma and thick-walled fibers as striking characteristics of the genus, which were confirmed herein.

The Myracrodruon urundeuva species has been heavily exploited due to its high natural durability, high density and mechanical resistance for use in making fence posts and rural buildings. Due to predatory exploitation, it is currently on the official 1992 list of endangered Brazilian species by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA) and in the 2008 Normative Instruction of the Ministry of the Environment (Coradin et al. 2018). It is native to Brazil but not endemic, with a phytogeographic distribution in the Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forests, occurring in the Ciliary or Gallery Forest, Anthropized Area, Caatinga (stricto sensu) and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest formations (Coradin et al. 2018).

The anatomical characteristics of Dipteryx sp. are in accordance with those described by Mainieri & Chimelo (1989) and in the work by Nisgoski et al. (2012). Its phytogeographic domain covers the Amazon, Caatinga and Cerrado. There are records of the natural occurrence of two species, Dipteryx alata Vogel and Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f. in the state of Mato Grosso, which mostly differ due to their morphological characteristics, mainly regarding their leaf structures (Carvalho et al. 2023).

Dipteryx sp. is an important species currently commercialized by Mato Grosso. It was among the ten most commercialized woods in the state from 2004 to 2016, as indicated by the works of Ribeiro et al. (2016) and Zaque et al. (2019b).

Calophyllum brasiliense showed similar anatomical characteristics, such as grains, growth layers, axial parenchyma, rays, porosity, pore arrangement and the presence of tyloses, to those found by Mainieri & Chimelo (1989). The macro- and microscopic characteristics are also in agreement with those presented by Muñiz et al. (2012) and Paula (1974). According to a study by Ribeiro et al. (2016), C. brasiliense was among the 40 most commercialized species in the state of Mato Grosso between 2004 and 2010, surpassing 5.400 m³ of commercialized wood, and is therefore considered a relevant species in the timber market.

The macro- and microscopic description of the wood identified as Cordia sp. resembles that found by Mainieri & Chimelo (1989). Another study with similar results was conducted by Nobre et al. (2019), who compared three species of the Cordia genus. In this cited work, the authors indicated the axial parenchyma as the main characteristic to identify the genus. Cordia is a genus native to Brazil, with phytogeographic distributions in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa and Pantanal and is present in the vegetation of Riparian Forest, Caatinga (stricto sensu), Cerrado (lato sensu), Várzea Forest, Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Seasonal Deciduous Forest, Ombrophylous Forest, Mixed Ombrophylous Forest and Restinga (BFG 2018). There are 17 species of the Cordia genus in the state of Mato Grosso (BFG 2018). According to Ribeiro et al. (2016), Cordia sp. was among the ten most commercialized woods by Mato Grosso in the period from 2004 to 2010.

Species and their usage relationships

The Vochysia sp., P. scaberrimum and Handroanthus sp. woods were used in the construction of the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” in component parts of the roof structure. These are considered medium to heavy woods according to their density (Tab. 1); therefore, their use for structural purposes was adequate. Vochysia sp. is indicated for light internal and structural uses, such as slats and secondary parts of structures (Logsdon & Finger 2007; Nahuz et al. 2013). On the other hand, P. scaberrimum is culturally used in the Midwest Region for making roofs round in shape (Nogueira & Demartini 2002). Handroanthus sp. wood has a high density and is intended for heavy external uses, such as main roof structures (Campos Filho & Sartorelli 2015; Jesus et al. 2015). Wood with adequate mechanical properties was used in the construction of the roofs based on experience and popular knowledge, indicating a set of influences from the Bandeirantes and local indigenous communities.

Cedrela sp. was used in door frames in the “Casa de Dona Bém Bém” and in window frames in both historical constructions evaluated. This use was considered appropriate because it is a light wood (Tab. 2) and does not require high mechanical resistance. It should be noted that this wood is not recommended for use in civil construction for structural purposes, but for light use in frames (Fernandes et al. 2018).

Myracrodruon urundeuva and Dipteryx sp. woods were used in door frames of the “Gráfica Pepe” building. However, they are recommended for heavy structural purposes because they are high-density woods with superior physical-mechanical properties (Campos Filho & Sartorelli 2015). The application of these woods for light use does not affect the final use, but leads to low information dissemination about the technological properties of the woods associated with their most indicated uses. These woods may have been used because they were available at the time of construction, as high-density woods were abundant. Another hypothesis raised, yet unconfirmed, is the use of the material for social status, incorporating high-value and high-quality pieces where not necessary, to express wealth and power and being linked to a luxurious property.

The roof rafters of the “Gráfica Pepe” building were made with wood from C. brasiliense and Cordia sp., which are considered light woods and indicated in civil construction for light uses, namely, decorative, window frames and internal structures (Mainieri & Chimelo 1989). The use of medium- to high-density woods is recommended for rafters because of their physical-mechanical properties (Gonzaga 2006). Thus, allocating these species to a piece that plays an important support role on the roof and is exposed to adverse situations such as temperature and humidity variations, intense solar radiation and rainy periods is considered extensive and reinforces the low dissemination of technical knowledge regarding the physical properties and mechanics of wood and the lack of information about the species used in the context of building construction in the 19^th century and even earlier periods.

Considering the formation of cities, identifying the wood used in historic buildings plays an important role in documenting the historical formation of Brazil (Cabral 2008). The city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, was initially occupied by pioneers from São Paulo in search of gold, in addition to native indigenous people and groups of African origin who formed part of the region’s identity (Siqueira 2009). The municipality developed due to its strategic location for expanding occupation expeditions at the time, and there was abundant transport and water supply in this location (Siqueira 2009).

Identifying the species allows us to assume that the wood used was available in regions close to the buildings considering the limitations of land transport at the time, in addition to the availability of wood in the recently occupied region approximately 1718 through the expedition of Antônio Pires de Campos (Siqueira 2009). This fact is evidenced by the phytogeographic distribution of the identified species, as all species occur naturally in the state of Mato Grosso, especially in the Cerrado biome, where the city of Cuiabá and the buildings are located. Of the identified woods, Vochysia sp., Cedrela sp., Handroanthus sp., Calophyllum brasiliense and Cordia sp. cover the Atlantic Forest in their phytogeographic domain, which is the biome in which São Paulo is located, and the home state of the Bandeirantes who were assigned to an exploratory expedition in the state of Mato Grosso. From this perspective, it is possible to relate the empirical knowledge of the time that these were the species for which the Bandeirantes, Indigenous peoples and African groups, who strongly influenced the occupation of the Cuiabá region, had information about their uses and properties.

Based on the results obtained, it was possible to identify the forest essences used in two buildings listed as historical heritage sites in Cuiabá, the capital city of Mato Grosso state: Vochysia sp. (Cambará), Cedrela sp. (Cedro), Handroanthus sp. (Ipê), and Physocalymma scaberrimum (Cega-machado) in “Casa de Dona Bém Bém”; and Cedrela sp. (Cedro), Myracrodruon urundeuva (Aroeira), Dipteryx sp. (Cumaru), Calophyllum brasiliense (Guanandi), and Cordia sp. (Freijó) in “Gráfica Pepe”.

It is also possible to study the anatomical properties of these woods from tropical species, contributing to the formation of a database of the species used in civil construction during the 19^th century.

It is important to point out that the evident deterioration of some woods can compromise the structure of buildings, and therefore, restoration actions are necessary. It is suggested that the pieces be replaced by other pieces of the same woods identified herein or species native to the region with similar characteristics to preserve the identity of these buildings, which compose the Brazilian historical heritage.

Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), for the scholarship provided through the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica/PIBIC/PROPeq/UFMT; to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); to the Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária de Mato Grosso (INDEA/MT), for their contributions to species identification; to the Programa de Educação Tutorial (PET/SESU/MEC); to the Laboratório de Tecnologia da Madeira da UFMT, where the research was conducted; to the Laboratório de Scarabaeoidologia, for providing Leica equipment; and to the anonymous reviewers, for their valuable contributions.

Data availability statement

In accordance with Open Science communication practices, the authors inform that all data are available within the manuscript

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Edited by

• Area Editor:
  Dr. João Paulo Basso-Alves

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Dec 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  23 May 2024
• Accepted
  16 July 2024