Dynamics of the woody vegetation of two areas of Cerrado <i>sensu stricto</i> located on different substrates

Gomes, Letícia; Maracahipes, Leandro; Reis, Simone Matias; Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes; Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur; Lenza, Eddie

doi:10.1590/2175-7860201667401

Letícia Gomes ⁵5 Author for correspondence: leticiagomesbio@gmail.com

Universidade de Brasília, Prog. Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Lab. Ecossistemas, Av. L3 Norte s.n., 70.919-907, Brasília, DF, Brazil.

Leandro Maracahipes

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Prog. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Lab. Ecologia e Funcionamento de Comunidades, Av. Esperança s.n., 74.001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.

Simone Matias Reis

Rede BIONORTE UNEMAT/UFAM, Prog. Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Rod. BR 158 s.n., 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

Beatriz Schwantes Marimon

Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Prog. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Lab. Ecologia Vegetal, Rod. BR 158 s.n., 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

Ben Hur Marimon-Junior

Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Prog. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Lab. Ecologia Vegetal, Rod. BR 158 s.n., 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

Eddie Lenza

Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Prog. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Lab. Ecologia Vegetal, Rod. BR 158 s.n., 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.

5 Author for correspondence: leticiagomesbio@gmail.com

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Arrangement of the DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) ordination axes of the woody vegetation plots sampled in the cerrado típico in 2009 (▼) and 2012 (∆) and the cerrado rupestre in 2009 (●) and 2012 (○) in Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

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Figure 2
Structural parameters and dynamics of the woody vegetation in 2009 and 2012 in the cerrado típico of the Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil - a. average annual rate of loss of basal area (horizontal stripes) and mean annual individual mortality rate (-●-); b. average annual rate of gain in basal area (vertical stripes) and mean annual recruitment rate of individuals (--●--); c. dynamic parameters in density; d. dynamic parameters in basal area (■ = egress; ■ = dead; = ingress; □ = recruit; -○- = change).

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Figure 3
Structural parameters and dynamics of the woody vegetation in 2009 and 2012 in the cerrado rupestre of the Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. a. average annual rate of loss of basal area (horizontal stripes) and mean annual mortality rate of individuals (-●-); b. average annual rate of gain in basal area (vertical stripes) and mean annual recruitment rate of individuals (--●--); c. dynamic parameters in density; d. dynamic parameters in basal area (■ = egress; ■ = dead; = ingress; □ = recruit; -○- = change).

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Table 1
Parameters used to compare the post-fire dynamics between the cerrado típico (CT) and cerrado rupestre (CR) in of the Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. t = time elapsed between surveys; N₀ = initial number of individuals; N_t = final number of individuals; N_m = number of dead individuals; N_r = number of recruits; AB₀ = initial basal area; AB_t = final basal area; AB_m = basal area of dead individuals; AB_r = basal area of recruits; ABd = decrease in basal area; ABg = increase in basal area; Ln = natural logarithm. Adapted with permission from Gomes et al. (2014).

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Table 2
Families, species, and density of woody individuals recorded in the cerrado típico (CT) and cerrado rupestre (CR) in Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The species are ordered by the density found in the CR in 2009. * = species that increased by at least 50% between censuses in the number of individuals.

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Table 3
Comparison of structural parameters and species composition of the woody vegetation recorded in the cerrado típico (CT) and cerrado rupestre (CR) in Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. t_par = paired t test; t = t test; and * = significant difference (p ≤0.05).

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Table 4
Structural parameters and dynamic of the woody vegetation in the cerrado típico (CT) and cerrado rupestre (CR) in Bacaba Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. t = t test; R_s= Spearman’s correlation; * = significant difference; and ** = significant correlation (p ≤0.05).

Dynamics parameters	Equation	Author
Number of Individuals (N)
Average annual mortality rate (% year^-1)	Mo = {1-[(N₀-N_m)/N₀]^1/t}×100	*Sheil et al. (1995Sheil, D.; Burslem, D.F.R.P. & Alder, D. 1995. The interpretation and misinterpretation of mortality rate measures. Journal of Ecology 83: 331-333.; 2000)*Sheil, D.; Jennings, S. & Savill, P. 2000. Long-term permanent plot observations of vegetation dynamics in Budongo, a Ugandan rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 765-800.
Average annual recruitment rate (% year^-1)	Re = [1-(1-N_r/N_t)^1/t]×100	*Sheil et al. (1995Oliveira-Filho, A.T. 1994. Estudos ecológicos da vegetação como subsídios para programas de revegetação com espécies nativas: uma proposta metodológica. Cerne 1: 64-72.; 2000)*Sheil, D.; Jennings, S. & Savill, P. 2000. Long-term permanent plot observations of vegetation dynamics in Budongo, a Ugandan rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 765-800.
Reposition time (turnover) (years)	Rep_N = ((T_{1/2 N}+T_2N)/2)	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.
Half-life time (years)	T_{1/2 N} = Ln_(1/2)/Ln([(N₀-Nm)/N₀]^1/t)	*Lieberman et al.* (1985)**Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1985. Mortality patterns and stand turnover rates in a Wet Tropical forest in a Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 73: 915-924.
Doubling time (years)	T_{2 N} = Ln₍₂₎/Ln([(N₀+N_r)/N₀]^1/t)	*Lieberman et al.* (1985)**Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1985. Mortality patterns and stand turnover rates in a Wet Tropical forest in a Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 73: 915-924.
Stability time (years)	E_N = (T_{1/2 N}-T_{2 N})	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.
Net change rate (% year^-1)	Ch_N = [(N_t/N₀)^1/t-1]×100	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.
Basal Area (AB)
Average annual loss rate (% year^-1)	Pe = {1-[(AB₀-AB_m-AB_d)/AB₀]^1/t}×100	*Guimarães et al. (2008)*Guimarães, J.C.C.; Van Den Berg, E.; Castro, G.C.; Machado, E.L.M. & Oliveira-Filho, A.T. 2008. Dinâmica do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de uma floresta de galeria aluvial no planalto de Poços de Caldas, MG, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 31: 621-632.
Average annual rate of gain rate (% year^-1)	G = {1-[1-(AB_r+AB_g)/AB_t]^1/t}×100	*Guimarães et al. (2008)*Guimarães, J.C.C.; Van Den Berg, E.; Castro, G.C.; Machado, E.L.M. & Oliveira-Filho, A.T. 2008. Dinâmica do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de uma floresta de galeria aluvial no planalto de Poços de Caldas, MG, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 31: 621-632.
Reposition time (turnover) (years)	Rep _AB = (T_{1/2 AB}+T_{2 AB})/2	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.
Half-life time (years)	T_{1/2 AB} = Ln_(1/2)/Ln([(AB₀-AB_m/AB₀)]^1/t)	*Lieberman et al. (1985)*Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1985. Mortality patterns and stand turnover rates in a Wet Tropical forest in a Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 73: 915-924.
Doubling time (years)	T_{2 AB} = Ln₍₂₎/Ln([(AB₀+AB_r)/AB₀]^1/t)	*Lieberman et al. (1985)*Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1985. Mortality patterns and stand turnover rates in a Wet Tropical forest in a Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 73: 915-924.
Stability time (years)	E_AB = (T_{1/2 AB}-T_{2 AB})	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.
Net change rate (% year^-1)	Ch_AB = [(AB_t/AB₀)^1/t-1]×100	Korning & Balslev (1994)Korning, J. & Balslev, H. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 77-86.

Species	Family	CT		CR
Species	Family	2009	2012	2009	2012
Qualea parviflora Mart.	Vochysiaceae	220	298	275	313
Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Erythroxylaceae	60	150*	240	270
Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess.	Clusiaceae	45	121*	148	403*
Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke	Fabaceae	15	36	126	231
Anacardium occidentale L.	Anacardiaceae	37	47	91	97
Heteropterys byrsonimifolia A.Juss.	Malpighiaceae	24	105*	84	141
Eugenia aurata O.Berg	Myrtaceae	30	30	77	75
Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc.	Arecaceae	69	137	76	95
Pseudobombax longiflorum (Mart. & Zucc.) A.Robyns	Malvaceae	24	45	75	148
Dalbergia miscolobium Benth.	Fabaceae	2	4	59	87
Tachigali aurea Tul.	Fabaceae	22	31	59	63
Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil.	Dilleniaceae	127	145	56	51
Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil.	Lythraceae	13	75	45	66
Dipteryx alata Vogel	Fabaceae	15	30	44	50
Leptolobium dasycarpum Vogel	Fabaceae	4	7	41	43
Qualea multiflora Mart.	Vochysiaceae	26	39	41	55
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne	Fabaceae	8	13	40	55
Myrcia lanuginosa O.Berg	Myrtaceae	94	327*	36	62
Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil.	Sapindaceae	8	11	35	33
Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart.	Erythroxylaceae	12	16	32	45
Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart.	Apocynaceae	2	2	29	25
Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth.	Fabaceae	1	2	28	38
Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart.	Apocynaceae	61	70	27	25
Arrabidaea cinnamomea (A. DC.) Sandwith	Bignoniaceae	-	-	24	27
Vellozia squamata Pohl	Velloziaceae	4	4	22	31
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.	Rubiaceae	10	23	21	28
Mezilaurus crassiramea (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez	Lauraceae	1	1	18	17
Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth	Malpighiaceae	42	51	17	15
Plathymenia reticulata Benth.	Fabaceae	6	10	17	26
Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns	Malvaceae	17	41	16	22
Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Vochysiaceae	22	27	16	21
Byrsonima pachyphylla A.Juss.	Malpighiaceae	81	106	15	14
Cordiera sessilis (Vell.) Kuntze	Rubiaceae	-	-	15	16
Guapira graciliflora (Mart. ex Schmidt) Lundell	Nyctaginaceae	3	12	15	13
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f.	Opiliaceae	1	3	14	16
Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl.	Ochnaceae	24	42	13	9
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth	Fabaceae	7	10	12	11
Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.	Clusiaceae	6	9	12	21
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Moore	Bignoniaceae	10	13	12	12
Mouriri elliptica Mart.	Melastomataceae	13	15	11	10
Salvertia convallariodora A.St.-Hil.	Vochysiaceae	41	46	9	10
Eugenia glazioviana Kiaersk.	Myrtaceae	-	-	8	7
Andira cujabensis Benth.	Fabaceae	3	5	7	7
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott	Anacardiaceae	12	30	7	8
Eugenia gemmiflora O.Berg	Myrtaceae	3	3	6	9
Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam.) Pers.	Bignoniaceae	-	-	6	6
Mimosa laticifera Rizzini & A.Mattos	Fabaceae	11	44	6	13
Neea theifera Oerst.	Nyctaginaceae	-	-	6	6
Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni	Sapotaceae	-	-	6	6
Curatella americana L.	Dilleniaceae	35	33	5	5
Luetzelburgia praecox (Harms) Harms	Fabaceae	7	7	5	5
Rourea induta Planch.	Connaraceae	1	7	5	7
Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart.	Arecaceae	8	49	5	20
Diplopterys pubipetala (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson & C. Davis	Malpighiaceae	2	4	4	5
Connarus suberosus Planch.	Connaraceae	6	17	4	4
Erythroxylum engleri O.E.Schulz	Erythroxylaceae	4	14	4	5
Himatanthus obovatus (Müll.Arg.) Woodson	Apocynaceae	-	34	4	11
Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC.	Myrtaceae	-	-	4	3
Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.	Sapotaceae	23	32	4	4
Annona coriacea Mart.	Annonaceae	13	25	3	5
Antonia ovata Pohl	Loganiaceae	-	5	3	3
Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler	Combretaceae	-	-	3	3
Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill.	Ochnaceae	40	50	3	4
Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze	Rubiaceae	-	-	2	1
Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart.	Bignoniaceae	2	2	2	2
Emmotum nitens (Benth.) Miers	Emmotaceae	2	6	2	2
Heisteria ovata Benth.	Olacaceae	1	1	2	2
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand	Burseraceae	1	7	2	2
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul	Moraceae	6	20	1	1
Casearia sylvestris Sw.	Salicaceae	2	4	1	3
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Fabaceae	-	-	1	1
Dimorphandra mollis Benth.	Fabaceae	2	17	1	6
Ferdinandusa elliptica (Pohl) Pohl	Rubiaceae	-	-	1	1
Hancornia speciosa Gomes	Apocynaceae	-	1	1	2
Peritassa campestris (Cambess.) A.C.Sm.	Celastraceae	-	1	1	-
Plenckia populnea Reissek	Celastraceae	7	10	1	2
Strychnos pseudoquina A.St.-Hil.	Loganiaceae	5	5	1	1
Aspidosperma multiflorum A.DC.	Apocynaceae	1	2	-	-
Callisthene fasciculata Mart.	Vochysiaceae	6	10	-	-
Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Caryocaraceae	3	9	-	-
Couepia grandiflora (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth.	Chrysobalanaceae	27	41	-	1
Diospyros hispida A.DC.	Ebenaceae	2	38	-	-
Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) J.F.Macbr.	Fabaceae	-	1	-	-
Eremanthus brasiliensis (Gardner) MacLeish	Asteraceae	1	-	-	-
Erythroxylum daphnites Mart.	Erythroxylaceae	1	1	-	-
Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.	Myrtaceae	2	2	-	-
Eugenia sp.	Myrtaceae	1	1	-	-
Euplassa inaequalis (Pohl) Engl.	Proteaceae	-	2	-	-
Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell	Nyctaginaceae	2	2	-	-
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos	Bignoniaceae	2	4	-	-
Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl.	Chrysobalanaceae	14	20	-	-
Luehea sp.	Malvaceae	-	1	-	-
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel	Fabaceae	1	14	-	1
Myrcia camapuanensis N.Silveira	Myrtaceae	6	5	-	-
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.	Myrtaceae	13	13	-	-
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.	Myrtaceae	4	3	-	-
Peltogyne confertiflora (Mart. ex Hayne) Benth.	Fabaceae	1	1	-	-
Pseudobombax tomentosum (Mart. & Zucc.) A.Robyns	Malvaceae	3	3	-	-
Psidium sp.	Myrtaceae	1	5	-	-
Roupala montana Aubl.	Proteaceae	5	16	-	-
Salacia crassifolia (Mart. ex Schult.) G.Don	Celastraceae	1	4	-	-
Salacia elliptica (Mart. ex Schult.) G.Don	Celastraceae	1	2	-	-
Simarouba versicolor A.St.-Hil.	Simaroubaceae	5	9	-	1
Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth.	Fabaceae	1	4	-	-
Terminalia argentea Mart.	Combretaceae	2	9	-	-
Vochysia rufa Mart.	Vochysiaceae	3	5	-	-
Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart.	Annonaceae	-	1	-	-
Total		1,523	2,827	2,171	2,966

Parameters	CT 2009	CT 2012	CR 2009	CR 2012
Richness	89	96	78	81
Density	1,523	2,827	2,171	2,966
Basal area	8.70	11.52	13.00	15.17
	2009	2012	CR	CT
	CR x CT	CR x CT	2009 x 2012	2009 x 2012
Density	t = 2.84; p = 0.001*	t = 0.75; p = 0.46	t_par = -5.54; p < 0.001*	t_par = -9.11; p < 0.001*
Basal area	t = 4.42; p < 0.001*	t = 3.98; p < 0.001*	t_par = -11.27; p < 0.001*	t_par = -10.19; p < 0.001*

Dynamics parameters	CT	CR	Test	Correlation
Dynamics parameters	CT	CR	Test	CT	CR
Number of individuals
Average annual mortality rate (%year^-1)	4.92	6.20	t = 0.75; p = 0.46	R_s = -1.0; p = 0.02**	R_s = -0.78; p = 0.05-**
Average annual recruitment rate (%year^-1)	24.35	15.40	t = -2.85; p = 0.01*	R_s = -1.0; p = 0.02**	R_s = -1.0; p = 0.02**
Reposition time (turnover) (years)	9.85	10.69	t = 0.54; p = 0.59	-	-
Half-life time (years)	16.39	15.78	t = -0.60; p = 0.55	-	-
Doubling time (years)	3.31	5.60	t = 2.85; p = 0.01*	-	-
Stability time (years)	13.08	10.18	t = -2.05; p = 0.06	-	-
Net change rate (% year^-1)	25.00	11.97	t = -3.08; p = 0.01*	-	-
Basal area
Average annual loss rate (%year^-1)	3.88	2.45	t = -2.60; p = 0.02*	R_s = -0.98; p < 0.01**	R_s = -0.86; p = 0.01**
Average annual of gain rate (%year-1)	8.58	3.58	t = -4.33; p < 0.01*	R_s = -0.98; p < 0.01**	R_s = -1; p < 0.01**
Reposition time (turnover) (years)	15.72	28.24	t = 3.44; p < 0.01*	-	-
Half-life time (years)	21.98	34.92	t = 2.13; p = 0.05	-	-
Doubling time (years)	9.48	21.56	t = 4.34; p < 0.01*	-	-
Stability time (years)	12.50	13.36	t = -0.14; p = 0.89	-	-
Net change rate (% year^-1)	19.56	5.77	t = -3.01; p = 0.01*	-	-

[1] 5 Author for correspondence: leticiagomesbio@gmail.com

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Dynamics of the woody vegetation of two areas of Cerrado sensu stricto located on different substrates

Abstract