Myrtaceae flowering strategies in a gallery forest, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil

Fonseca, Rosineide Braz Santos; Nunes, Elaine Maiara Bonfim; Costa, Jamerson Souza da; Menezes, Isiara Silva; Miranda, Lia d’Afonsêca Pedreira de; Borba, Eduardo Leite; Funch, Ligia Silveira

doi:10.1590/2175-7860202475042

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Original Papers • Rodriguésia 75 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202475042 copy

Myrtaceae flowering strategies in a gallery forest, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil

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Abstract

Tropical plants exhibit virtually all known phenological responses, which can range from near-continuous to brief events, and from complete synchrony to complete asynchrony. This wide variety of phenological patterns is related to high tropical biodiversity and complex interactions with diverse abiotic and biotic factors, such as plant-pollinator interactions. Changes in these factors will therefore influence plant phenology, and differences in those phenological responses can impact reproductive success and plant fitness. We report here interspecific variations in the reproductive ecology (flowering phenology, floral biology, reproductive systems, and pollination) of 10 Myrtaceae species in a gallery forest in northeastern, Brazil. We evaluated flowering patterns and strategies, considering the frequency and duration of each phenophase from monthly observations, using the semi-quantitative Fournier scale. We also analyzed floral biology, recorded floral visitors, conducted pollination experiments (autonomous self-pollination, hand self-pollination, hand cross-pollination, and natural/open pollination), and calculated sefl-incompatibility (SII) and autogamy (AI) indices. Most species exhibited synchronous and annual flowering lasting between 1 and 5 months, with a “pulsed bang” strategy (i.e., mass flowering concentrated within just a few days, with intervals). These patterns were repeated among congeneric species, except in Myrcia, in which half of the species accompanied were classified as having a “pulsed bang” and the other half a “big bang” strategy. The flowering strategies appeared to be associated with distinct patterns of inflorescence development, bud production, flowering duration, and the timing of flowering in individual plants. Bee species were considered pollinators. Most species studied were self-incompatible and allogamous. In general, the species produced large quantities of flowers during short temporal intervals, favoring crosses between individuals having precise synchrony.

Key words:
flowering phenology; interspecific variation; montane forest; reproductive biology.

Species	Population level			Individual level (%)
Species	Frequency	Duration	Strategy	Frequency	Duration	Strategy
Blepharocalyx salicifolius	A	I	P	90A, 10SA	70B, 20I	100P
Eugenia gracillima	A	E	P	90A, 10SA	50BI, 30I, 10IE, 10E	40BP, 60P
Eugenia punicifolia	A	I	P	70A, 30SA	30B, 30BI, 40I	60B, 20BP, 10P
Myrcia amazonica	A	B	P	40A, 60SA	100B	100B
Myrcia blanchetiana	A	B	B	90A, 10SA	100B	100B
Myrcia neoregeliana	A	B	B	100A	100B	100B
Myrcia sylvatica	A	I	P	100A	100I	100P
Myrciaria floribunda	A	E	P	100A	10BI, 60I, 30IE	10BP, 90P
Myrciaria glanduliflora	A	B	P	90A, 10SA	100B	90B, 10BP
Psidium brownianum	A	I	S	100A	80B, 20I	100S

Species	Statistic parameters
Species	N	Mean angle	Mean date	Mean vector length (r)	Rayleigh test (p)	W (p)
Blepharocalyx salicifolius	30	344.23°	14 dez	0.81	< 0.01	1.49 (0.48)
Blepharocalyx salicifolius	23	351.69	21 dez	0.86	< 0.01	1.49 (0.48)
Eugenia gracillima	39	72.39°	14 mar	0.76	< 0.01	1.93 (0.38)
Eugenia gracillima	35	72.26°	14 mar	0.62	< 0.01	1.93 (0.38)
Eugenia punicifolia	30	89.14°	31 mar	0.82	< 0.01	5.65 (0.06)
Eugenia punicifolia	20	114.68°	25 abr	0.86	< 0.01	5.65 (0.06)
Myrcia amazonica	34	282.23°	12 out	0.86	< 0.01	0.15 (0.93)
Myrcia amazonica	11	272.84°	02 out	0.92	< 0.01	0.15 (0.93)
Myrcia blanchetiana	30	287.74°	18 out	0.72	< 0.01	0.58 (0.75)
Myrcia blanchetiana	8	296.10°	27 out	0.92	< 0.01	0.58 (0.75)
Myrcia neoregeliana	10	330.00°	30 nov	1.00	< 0.01	0.00 (1.00)
Myrcia neoregeliana	2	330.00°	30 nov	1.00*	> 0.05	0.00 (1.00)
Myrcia sylvatica	27	294.65°	25 out	0.78	< 0.01	5.61 (0.06)
Myrcia sylvatica	17	335.41°	05 dez	0.79	< 0.01	5.61 (0.06)
Myrciaria floribunda	54	51.57°	21 fev	0.52	< 0.01	2.80 (0.25)
Myrciaria floribunda	44	60.69°	01 mar	0.68	< 0.01	2.80 (0.25)
Myrciaria glanduliflora	34	3.37°	04 jan	0.68	< 0.01	2.00 (0.37)
Myrciaria glanduliflora	1	30.00°	31 jan	1.00*	> 0.05	2.00 (0.37)
Psidium brownianum	23	342.18°	12 dez	0.85	< 0.01	0.61 (0.74)
Psidium brownianum	17	352.26°	22 dez	0.93	< 0.01	0.61 (0.74)

Species	Photoperiod		Rainfall
Species	β	z or F value	β	z or F value
Blepharocalyx salicifolius	9.964	95.12***	0.0006949	0.037
Eugenia gracillima	-0.3226	0.18	0.014171	25.60***
Eugenia punicifolia	-1.8339	5.77*	0.005217	2.43
Myrcia amazonica	2.707	7.24*	-0.002709	0.37
Myrcia blanchetiana	2.844	9.09**	-0.0006439	0.03
Myrcia neoregeliana	409.3	0.01***	0.0007845	0.30
Myrcia sylvatica	4.130	17.93***	-0.004662	1.19
Myrciaria floribunda	0.2777	0.13	0.006941	3.95
Myrciaria glanduliflora	3.440	6.86*	0.009136	5.32*
Psidium brownianum	13.041	33.98***	-0.002517	0.25

Species	Observations			Visitors
Species	Total hours (days)	Schedules	Effective visiting hours*	Species	Frequency (%)	Pollinator category
Blepharocalyx salicifolius	15:30 (3)	5:30-5:45 and 8:15-8:30	11:30	Apis mellifera	4.0 (33.8)	E
				Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	3.1 (26.5)	E
				Partamona sp. - Trigona spinipes	4.5 (38.2)	E
				Xylocopa grisescens	0.2 (1.5)	O
				Syrphidae	0.2 (1.5)	O
Eugenia punicifolia	13:00 (2)	5:00-5:15 and 6:15-6:30	6:00 (for 1 m²)	Apis mellifera	2.7 (10.1)	E
				Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	16.7 (63.3)	E
				Partamona sp. - Trigona spinipes	3.0 (11.4)	E
				Xylocopa grisescens	0.7 (2.5)	O
				Megalopta sp.	3.3 (12.7)	E
Myrcia neoregeliana	13:45 (3)	5:00-5:15 and 7:30-7:45	9:30 (5:00 for 0.5 m²)	Apis mellifera	10.2 (47.1)	E
				Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	1.8 (8.3)	E
				Partamona sp. - Trigona spinipes	8.8 (40.8)	E
				Xylocopa grisescens	0.6 (2.9)	O
				Epicharis sp.	0.2 (1.0)	O
Myrcia sylvatica	10:00 (2)	5:00-5:15 and 7:15-7:30	5:00 (2:30 for 1 m²)	Apis mellifera	7.4 (30.1)	E
				Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	6.6 (26.8)	E
				Partamona sp. - Trigona spinipes	8.8 (35.8)	E
				Xylocopa grisescens	0.6 (2.4)	O
				Pseudaugochlora sp.	1.2 (4.9)	E
Psidium brownianum	30:00 (3)	6:00-6:15 and 9:45-10:00	18:00	Apis mellifera	2.8 (18.4)	E
				Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	2.5 (16.5)	E
				Partamona sp. - Trigona spinipes	9.8 (65.1)	E

Species / Treatment	Fruit / Flower	Fruit-set (%)	SII	AI
Blepharocalyx salicifolius			0.167	0.127
Autonomous self	2(1) / 79(2)	2.5
Hand self-	1(1) / 30(1)	3.3
Hand cross-	7(1) / 35(1)	20.0
Natural (open)	0 / 33(1)	0.0
Eugenia punicifolia			0	0
Autonomous self-	0 / 37(2)	0.0
Hand self-	0 / 28(2)	0.0
Hand cross-	11(1) / 29(1)	37.9
Natural (open)	0 / 50(1)	0.0
Myrcia neoregeliana			0.074	0.17
Autonomous self-	6(1) / 85(2)	7.1
Hand self-	2(1) / 65(2)	3.1
Hand cross-	22(1) / 53(3)	41.5
Natural (open)	0 / 64(2)	0.0
Myrcia sylvatica			0.314	0
Autonomous self-	0 / 78(2)	0.0
Hand self-	2(2) / 52(2)	3.8
Hand cross-	6(2) / 49(2)	12.2
Natural (open)	2(1) / 62(1)	3.2
Psidium brownianum			0.067	0.067
Autonomous self-	1(1) / 20(3)	5.0
Hand self-	1(1) / 20(3)	5.0
Hand cross-	15(3) / 20(3)	75.0
Natural (open)	8(3) / 30(5)	26.7

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[1] ^* Author for correspondence:
jamersonjsc@yahoo.com.br