Orchidaceae in Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil

Abstract

This study presents a synopsis of the Orchidaceae species in Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu), one of the largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Paraná. Orchidaceae is represented in the area by 65 species, distributed in 41 genera, the most representative being Gomesa (7 spp.) and Acianthera (6 spp.). Representatives of three subfamilies are present: Vanilloideae (2 spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) and Epidendroideae (51 spp.) which, as expected, presents the greatest richness (78% of the total). Among the species found, five are considered endemic to Brazil, 23 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (36%) and one is endemic to Paraná. Thirty-one new records were found for the area. The areas of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) had 29 exclusive species, the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) had 20, while 16 species occur in both phytophysiognomies. A new occurrence was recorded for MOF. Regarding habit, exclusively epiphytic was the most representative (39 spp.), followed by exclusively terricolous (15 spp.), two vines and one mycoheterotrophic species. Among the families already inventoried in ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae is among the richest and the findings of the present study reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora.

Key words:
Atlantic forest; mixed ombrophilous forest; orchids; semideciduous seasonal forest.

Resumo

Este estudo apresenta a sinopse de Orchidaceae no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu), um dos maiores remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica no estado do Paraná. Orchidaceae é representada na área por 65 espécies, distribuídas em 41 gêneros, sendo os mais representativos Gomesa (sete spp.) e Acianthera (seis spp.). Representantes de três subfamílias estão presentes: Vanilloideae (duas spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) e Epidendroideae (51 spp.) que, como esperado, apresenta maior riqueza (78% do total). Entre as espécies encontradas, cinco são consideradas endêmicas do Brasil, 23 são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica (36%) e uma é endêmica do Paraná. Foram encontrados 31 novos registros para a área. As áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) tiveram 29 espécies exclusivas, as de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) tiveram 20, enquanto 16 espécies ocorreram em ambas fitofisionomias. Nova ocorrência foi registrada para FOM. Com relação ao hábito, espécies exclusivamente epífitas foram as mais representativas (39 spp.), seguidas de exclusivamente terrícolas (15 spp.), duas trepadeiras e uma micoheterotrófica. Entre as famílias já inventariadas no ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae está entre as mais ricas e os achados no presente estudo reforçam a importância de estudos florísticos para catalogação da flora local.

Palavras-chave:
Floresta Atlântica; floresta ombrófila mista; orquídeas; floresta estacional semidecidual

Introduction

Orchidaceae is the largest family in terms of number of species among the monocots, belonging to the order Asparagales (APG IV 2016), and consists of approximately 28,000 species, distributed in 736 genera (Christenhusz & Bing 2016). It is currently subdivided into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, Vanilloideae and Epidendroideae. These subfamilies are distinguished primarily by synapomorphies related to the pollinaria and anthers (Chase et al. 2015).

The family is composed of perennial herbs, occupying a diversity of habitats and ecological niches, such as aquatic, rupicolous, mycoheterotrophic, climbing, terricolous species, but most species are epiphytic (Dressler 1993). Representatives of the family are morphologically characterized by having fasciculated roots that, in some species, are fleshy and intumescent. Many species have reserve organs, called pseudobulbs, which are dilated, generally vertical, stem segments. Stems can be generated monopodially where the plant develops from a single apical bud or sympodially where the bud is changed year to year. In sympodial species the stem is divided into rhizomes, which consist of the structure that develops parallel to the substrate, from which the secondary, usually thickened, stem is generated. In monopodial species the main stem always predominates (Barros et al. 2008).

The leaves are alternate, distichous or spiral, and can be succulent or membranaceous. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical, trimerous and most commonly perfect, that is, they have male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive structures. One of the petals is differentiated into the lip, being the main floral structure that attracts pollinators. The androecium and gynoecium are fused into a structure called a column or gynostemium. The pollen is most commonly compacted, forming pollinia. The fruits are capsular, usually dry, and in some genera of epiphytes can appear as fleshy capsules. The seeds are numerous, tiny, adapted for wind dissemination and the endosperm is reduced or absent (Weberling & Schwantes 1986; Chase et al. 2009; Rodrigues 2011).

Epiphytism is part of floristic diversity in humid forests, positively influencing ecological processes and maintaining the flow of energy and matter in the ecosystem (Petean 2009). It has great ecological importance in forest communities, providing food resources and specialized microenvironments for canopy fauna (Cestari 2009). In addition, epiphytic plants are considered important bioindicators of forest successional stage, because communities in secondary stages show less epiphytic diversity than communities in dynamic equilibrium (Ramalho & Pimenta 2010).

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, not occurring only in polar climates or desert regions, with the greatest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions (Dressler 1993). Brazil is one of the largest centers of diversity of this family, with 206 genera and 2,346 native species, of which 56% (1,489 species) are endemic (Flora do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). It is distributed in all Brazilian phytogeographic domains and is considered the most important family of the Atlantic Forest, being the richest family among the Angiosperms in this domain (Stehmann et al. 2009).

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world (Zachos & Rabel 2011). It had an original extension of approximately 1,360,000 km², and there are estimates that currently between 7-12% of the original cover remains, being represented by a thousands of generally small fragments (Meyers et al. 2000; Mittermeier et al. 2004; Ribeiro et al. 2009). In this phytogeographic domain, 51% (1,388 species) of the native orchid diversity of the country occurs, with 867 endemic species (Flora do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). For the state of Paraná, the presence of 588 native species is confirmed, distributed in 103 genera (Flora do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). This state originally had 83% of its territory covered by Atlantic Forest, but today this coverage has been reduced to 11.7%, consisting of mostly isolated fragments (Ribeiro et al. 2009; Oliveira et al. 2017; Rezende et al.2018).

The phytogeographic domain of the Atlantic Forest in Paraná is represented by three main vegetational formations: Dense Ombrophilous Forest in the far east, characterized by high biological diversity and abundance of phanerophytes, epiphytes and woody lianas; Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in the plateau portions of the southwestern and western regions, characterized by the frequent presence of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze; Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in the north and west with the presence of valleys and rivers, whose main characteristic is semideciduousness in the unfavorable season, and the most characteristic species is Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg (Roderjan et al. 2002; Campanili & Prochnow 2006; Kaehler et al. 2014).

One of the largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state is Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu), which plays an important ecological role as it shelters rich biodiversity, including rare and threatened species of fauna and flora. Within ParNa Iguaçu the main phytophysiognomy is Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and, in the extreme north, Mixed Ombrophilous Forest occurs, while regions with Alluvial Pioneer formations are also found (ICMBIO 2018). ParNa Iguaçu is connected to other relevant areas such as the Iguazú National Park - Argentina, located in the north of the province of Misiones, which has an extension of approximately 670 km². Together, the two parks protect an area of approximately 2,500 km² (APN 2017).

The flora of ParNa Iguaçu is known by means of a checklist of phanerogams related to the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Trochez et al. 2017), and inventories, floras and synopses for lycophytes and ferns (Lautert et al. 2015), Acanthaceae (Hammes et al. 2021), Rubiaceae (Rauber et al. 2021a) and Fabaceae (Rauber et al. 2021b). Also, in ParNa Iguaçu, more comprehensive studies have been conducted focusing on epiphytes (Cervi & Borgo 2007), floristics and phytosociology (Gris & Temponi 2017; Souza et al. 2017), as well as others focused on the conservation of ParNa Iguaçu (Prasniewski et al. 2022). For the Iguazú National Park in Argentina, the flora of Orchidaceae has been elaborated, which documented 85 species (Johnson 2001), and there have been several studies on the tree species (Dimitri et al. 1974; Placci et al. 1992, 1994; Placci & Giorgis 1993; Malmierca et al. 1994; Srur et al. 2009).

In view of the above, this main objective of this study was to provide a synopsis of the Orchidaceae in ParNa Iguaçu. Thus, we present an identification key for the species of the family, in addition to photographs of species and data on the richness of subfamilies, tribes and subtribes, on the diversity of habits and substrate types, on flowering period, and on the distribution of the species in different vegetational formations of the study area.

Material and Methods

Study area

Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu) (Fig. 1) was created in 1939 and is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for being the last large sample of the Atlantic Forest domain, covering a total area of 1,852.62 km² (ICMBIO 2018). ParNa Iguaçu is located in the west of the state of Paraná, in the southern portion of the third plateau, between the geographic coordinates 25°05’-25°41’S and 53°40’-54°38’W, at 168 m above sea level. The park covers 14 municipalities: Capanema, Capitão Leônidas Marques, Céu Azul, Foz do Iguaçu, Lindoeste, Matelândia, Medianeira, Ramilândia, Santa Lúcia, Santa Tereza do Oeste, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu, São Miguel do Iguaçu, Serranópolis do Iguaçu and Vera Cruz do Oeste (ICMBIO 2018). The predominant climate is Cfa, characterized as humid mesothermal subtropical, with hot summers and infrequent frosts, with an average annual air temperature of 20.1 °C to 22 °C. The average annual precipitation is 1,600-2,000 mm, well distributed throughout the year (IAPAR 2010). The soils are of the latosol and haplic gleisol types (IBGE 2012; Maack 2012).

The main phytophysiognomy of ParNa Iguaçu is the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and in the extreme north the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest also occurs, while regions with Alluvial Pioneer formations are also found (Fig. 2) (ICMBIO 2018). Of the 14 municipalities that comprise ParNa Iguaçu, only Céu Azul, Lindoeste and Santa Tereza do Oeste are represented by the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest physiognomy; in the others, the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest predominates (Fig. 1).

Data collection and analysis

To determine the floristic composition of Orchidaceae, collections have been made since 2012. But since 2015 field expeditions have been intensified and collections are made monthly in the municipalities of Céu Azul, Capanema, Foz do Iguaçu, Matelândia, Santa Tereza do Oeste, Lindoeste and Serranópolis do Iguaçu.

Collections were made by the random-walk method described by Filgueiras et al. (1994) and detailed by Walter & Guarino (2006). The botanical material collected was herborized according to the usual techniques (Bridson & Forman 2004), and the exsiccates were deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNOP). Species that were not fertile were collected and kept in cultivation in an institutional area (greenhouses) until flowering. In addition to the collected specimens, high-definition images present in SpeciesLink (CRIA 2022), Jabot (SiBBr 2022) and REFLORA of specimens previously collected and deposited in the herbaria of BOTU, DVPR, EFC, EVB, HCF, HUCP, HUCS, HUEM, JOI, MBM, NL-BOTANY, SHPR, SPSF, UPCB and UNOP (acronyms according to Thiers, continuously updated) were consulted.

For identification, the studies of Cogniaux (1893-1896, 1898-1902, 1904-1906), Hoehne (1940, 1942, 1944, 1953), Dunsterville & Garay (1959, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1976), Pabst & Dungs (1975, 1977), Johnson (2001), Carnevali et al. (2003), Toscano de Brito & Cribb (2005), Chiron & Neto (2005, 2006), Stancik et al. (2009), Buzatto et al. (2010), Macagnan et al. (2011), Rodrigues et al. (2015), Koehler et al. (2012), Mancinelli & Smidt (2012), Royer et al. (2014, 2017), Machnicki-Reis et al. (2015), Engels et al. (2016), Mancinelli & Esemann-Quadros (2016), Santos et al. (2019) and Santos et al. (2020) were consulted.

Terminologies for morphological structures were based on Lawrence (1973), Radford et al. (1974), Tom & Sheehan (1994) and Gonçalves & Lorenzi (2007). The geographical distribution of the species was based on Govaerts et al. (2020) and Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated). The data on the flowering period were obtained by information acquired in the field expeditions and included on the labels of the exsiccates consulted.

An identification key was prepared, based on vegetative and reproductive morphological characters observed in the samples analyzed. The verification of the spelling of the scientific names and their respective authors were verified using the Flora e Funga do Brasil and International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2019). For the conservation status of the species, the National Center for the Conservation of Flora (CNCFlora 2020) and IUCN Red List (2022) were consulted.

Figure 1
MMap of Iguaçu National Park with the trails sampled, indicating the phytophysiognomic formations. (MOF = Mixed Ombrophilous Forest; SSF = Semideciduous Seasonal Forest). Boundaries of the municipalities and the trails traveled: A-F. Céu Azul - A. Fazenda Rio Butu; B. Nascentes do Jumelo; C. Araucárias; D. cachoeira Rio Azul; E. Manoel Gomes; F. Jacutinga; G-J. Capanema - G. Matelândia; H. margens do Rio Iguaçu do lado brasileiro; I. cachoeira Rio Silva-Jardim; J. Ilha do Sol; K-R. Foz do Iguaçu - K. Poço Preto; L. represa São João; M. antiga usina; N. Escola Parque; O. Macuco Safari; P. Bananeiras; Q. Cataratas; R. Hidrante; S-T. Lindoeste - S. Borda; T. Serranópolis do Iguaçu and Capanema - antiga estrada do Colono (modified from Hammes et al. 2021).

Figure 2
a-e. Environments of the Iguaçu National Park - a. Iguazu Falls; b. Gonçalves Dias river - Céu Azul; c. Iguazu Falls; d. Poço Preto trail - Foz do Iguaçu; e. Floriano - Capanema river. Authorship: a, c (Hauanna Zubek); b, d, e (Edemilson Siqueira).

Results and Discussion

In ParNa Iguaçu Orchidaceae is represented by 65 species, distributed among 41 genera, the most representative being Gomesa (7 spp.) and Acianthera (6 spp.) (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>; Figs. 3-6). As for subfamilies, three are represented in the park: Epidendroideae (Figs. 3-6), which presents the greatest richness, with 51 species (78% of the total), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) (Figs. 5-6) and Vanilloideae (2 spp.) (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>). In Epidendroideae subfamily, as expected, most of species are distributed in the tribes Cymbidieae (23 spp.) and Epidendrae (20 spp.) (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>).

Among the species found, five are considered endemic to Brazil (Acianthera crepiniana (Cogn.) Chiron & van den Berg., Acianthera violaceomaculata (Hoehne) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Epidendrum fulgens Brongn, Pelexia macropoda (Barb.Rodr.) Schlecht. and Vanilla edwallii Hoehne), 23 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (36%) and one species is endemic to Paraná (Acianthera violaceomaculata (Hoehne) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase) (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020, continuously updated). Only Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. is not native to Brazil, being classified as a naturalized exotic species.

These results corroborate previous studies that indicate the Atlantic Forest as an ecosystem with high rates of endemism (Mittermeier et al. 2004), a statistic even more relevant when it comes to Orchidaceae (Stehmann et al. 2009). In comparison with work already conducted in ParNa Iguaçu (Cervi & Borgo 2007; Trochez et al. 2017), 31 species constitute new records for the area (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>). These findings reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora.

Regarding the vegetational formations present in ParNa Iguaçu, the areas with Mixed Ombrophilous Forest present 29 exclusive species, while in the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest 20 exclusive species are found. In addition, 16 species occur in both the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. According to information present in the Flora e Funga do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated) and in other studies (Cervi & Borgo 2007; Kersten et al. 2009; Geraldino et al. 2010; Rossetto & Vieira 2013; Trochez et al. 2017; Dettke et al. 2018) among the species found, only Bulbophyllum tripetalum Lindl. constitutes new occurrences for Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. This work confirms the occurrence of Vanilla angustipetala Schltr. in both vegetational types.

Regarding the conservation status of the Orchidaceae species occurring in ParNa Iguaçu, only 18 have been evaluated as to the degree of threat, with 15 classified as of Least Concern (LC) and three classified as Vulnerable (VU): Cyrtopodium palmifrons Rchb.f. & Warm., Grandiphyllum divaricatum (Lindl.) Docha Neto and Isabelia virginalis Barb.Rodr. [CNCFlora 2020, Red Book of the Flora do Brasil, (Martinelli & Moraes 2013) MMA Ordinance No. 148, June 7, 2022, IUCN red list]. These findings reinforce the importance of the park for conservation of rare and endangered species.

As for the substrate use of the Orchidaceae species in the park, exclusively epiphytic was the most representative with 39 species, followed by exclusively terricolous with 15 species and two vining. In addition, one mycoheterotrophic species was found and eight presented more than one habit (Fig. 7).

As for the flowering period, most species bloom in October and between December and February (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>; Fig. 8), which corresponds to spring and summer, the rainy season in the southern region. Between May and August, which is the dry season, fewer species are in bloom (Fig. 8).

Floristic studies on Orchidaceae in Paraná State have focused, almost exclusively, on specific groups (terricolous or epiphytic), with fewer works covering all life forms comprised by the family, which restricts the comparison of results. The vast majority of studies focus on areas of Dense Ombrophilous Forest, an environment typically richer for Orchidaceae compared to Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (Siqueira et al. 2014). A study conducted close to ParNa Iguaçu and representing one of the vegetational formations was that of Johnson (2001), conducted in Iguazú National Park, Argentina, which listed 85 species. In comparison with this study, it is verified that according to the Flora e Funga do Brasil, all species are also registered for Brazil, 32 species are exclusive to the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, five species are exclusive to the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, 24 species occur in both formations, and 24 species do not occur in either formation. Furthermore, in the work of Johnson (2001), two species are classified as naturalized (Eulophia Alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle and Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl.). Regarding the substrate of occurrence, 53 species are classified as epiphytes.

Some of the factors that may have contributed to the higher number of species recorded for Igauazú National Park, Argentina, is the extensive trail network. Iguazú National Park even has trails suspended within the forest canopy, a factor that contributes to the collection of epiphytic species, since more than half of the Orchidaceae species have an epiphytic habit. Another factor is the time of collection, Johnson has been collecting intensively for 20 years. Taking these factors into consideration, Johnson’s result is not so divergent when compared to this study.

For ParNa Iguaçu, few areas have been inventoried because many sites are difficult to access. In addition, many of the trails traveled suffer anthropic interference, a condition that can affect the occurrence of orchids that occupy specialized niches, as these orchids are sensitive to such interference (Suzuki 2005).

In this study, representatives of the three subfamilies that occur in the South of Brazil, Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Chase et al. 2015), were found. The richness of the tribes Cymbidieae and Epidendrae was significant (Tab. S1, available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26662531>). Results are similar to those obtained by Johnson (2001).

Regarding the most representative genera sampled, Gomesa and Acianthera have also been cited in the works already conducted in ParNa Iguaçu as the most representative in the composition of this family. Nevertheless, Trochez et al. (2017) recorded Acianthera as the genus of the greatest representativeness, and Cervi & Borgo (2007) reported the genus Oncidium as having the greatest representativeness. In other synopses of epiphytes for Paraná, the authors Geraldino et al. (2010) recorded Acianthera as the genus of greatest representativeness and Bianchi et al. (2012) recorded Gomesa and Acianthera as the genera of greatest representativeness. In the study by Johnson (2001), the genera Gomesa and Acianthera also had the highest representativeness.

Even though in ParNa Iguaçu the main phytophysiognomy is Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, in the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest a higher representation of Orchidaceae species was found, confirming the indication of Stehmann et al. (2009) that the family is more abundant and diverse in habitats with high annual rainfall without effectively dry months.

An important characteristic of the Atlantic Forest is the large number of epiphytic plants found, with orchids and bromeliads being the most abundant epiphytes in this phytogeographic domain (Kersten & Silva 2001). Orchidaceae is considered one of the most representative families in studies of vascular epiphytes developed in forest formations inserted in the Atlantic Forest domain. In a study by Kersten (2010), where he gathered 62 surveys of vascular epiphytes in the Atlantic Forest, Orchidaceae was the most representative family accounting for 45% of the native epiphytic species.

Part of the floristic diversity in tropical humid forests comes from epiphytic species that make up 10% of all vascular plants, which positively influence ecosystem processes and maintenance (Kersten 2010). Orchidaceae is considered one of the most representative families in studies of vascular epiphytes developed in forest formations embedded in the Atlantic Forest domain (Neto et al. 2004; Buzatto et al. 2007; Neto et al. 2007; Kersten 2010; Krahl et al. 2014; Heberle et al. 2012; Mancinelli & Esemann-Quadros 2016).

As for the flowering period, most of the catalogued species bloom in October and between December and February; the wettest and warmest season is the most favorable for the metabolism of most plant species, this being one of the factors for the flowering of species at this time (Nardoto et al. 2006). Similar flowering results have already been presented by other authors (Batista et al. 2005; Pansarin & Pansarin 2008; Krahl et al. 2014).

Among the Angiosperm families already listed or inventoried for ParNa Iguaçu (Cervi & Borgo 2007; Gris & Temponi 2017; Souza et al. 2017; Trochez et al. 2017; Hammes et al. 2021; Rauber et al. 2021a, b; Hentz Júnior et al. 2022), Orchidaceae is among those with the highest richness. Thus, the findings of the present study reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora, with emphasis on epiphytic species for their bioindicator potential. However, we emphasize that studies in areas not yet accessed in ParNa Iguaçu are necessary to possibly increase the richness of the family in the area.

Synopsis of species

Identification key to the Orchidaceae species of Iguaçu National Park

1. Plants vines; internodes twining 2

2. Lip ovate, apex rounded, disc verrucose 60. Vanilla angustipetala

2’. Lip lanceolate-elliptical, apex acute, disc lamellate 61. Vanilla edwallii

1’. Plants epiphytic or terricolous; internodes not twining 3

3. Stems swollen into globose, ovoid, ellipsoid or fusiform pseudobulbs 4

4. Leaves acicular 5

5. Inflorescences terminal 6

6. Lip 3-lobed 41. Leptotes unicolor

6’. Lip entire 7

7. Sepals ≤ 0.7 cm long; lip obovate 39. Isabelia virginalis

7’. Sepals ≥ 2.5 cm long; lip ovate 10. Brassavola tuberculata

5’. Inflorescences lateral 8

8. Inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers brown 43. Maxillaria paranaensis

8’. Inflorescences 2-flowered or multiflowered; flowers white 9

9. Pseudobulbs ovoid; lip with acute apex 16. Capanemia micromera

9’. Pseudobulbs fusiform; lip with rounded apex 17. Capanemia superflua

4’. Leaves flat 10

10. Pseudobulbs homoblastic 11

11. Inflorescences terminal 12

12. Plants epiphytic; flowers not resupinate 54. Polystachya concreta

12’. Plants terricolous; flowers resupinate 29. Galeandra beyrichi

11’. Inflorescences lateral 13

13. Plants terricolous; flowers pinkish-white; lip entire 62. Warrea warreana

13’. Plants epiphytes; flowers yellowish; lip 3-lobed 14

14. Lip with fimbriate margin 18. Catasetum fimbriatum

14’. Lip with entire margin 24. Cyrtopodium palmifrons

10’. Pseudobulbs heteroblastic 15

15. Inflorescences terminal 19. Cattleya cernua

15’. Inflorescences lateral 16

16. Inflorescences 1-flowered 17

17. Petals with rounded apex; lip with emarginate apex 36. Gomesa uniflora

17’. Petals with acute apex; lip with rounded apex 42. Maxillaria chrysantha

16’. Inflorescences 2-flowered or multi-flowered 18

18. Spur present 51. Oeceoclades maculata

18’. Spur absent 19

19. Pseudobulbs ≤ 1 cm long 20

20. Leaves > 4 cm wide; lip 3-lobed 59. Trichocentrum pumilum

20’. Leaves < 1 cm wide; lip entire 21

21. Petals as wide or wider than lip 65 Zygostates alleniana

21’. Petals narrower than lip 22

22. Plants reptant, rhizome between pseudobulbs ≥ 2 cm long 11. Bulbophyllum regnellii

22’. Plants cespitose, rhizome between pseudobulbs ≤ 0.5 cm long 56. Sanderella riograndensis

19’. Pseudobulbs > 1 cm long 23

23. Petals ≤ 0.4 cm long 12. Bulbophyllum tripetalum

23’. Petals ≥ 0.8 cm long 24

24. Lip entire 25

25. Sepals fused up to 3/4 of length 35. Gomesa recurva

25’. Sepals free 26

26. Lip white, margin undulate; column wings present 48. Miltonia flavescens

26’. Lip purple, margin straight; column wings absent 64. Zygopetalum maxillare

24’. Lip 3-lobed 27

27. Callus of lip velutinous 37. Grandiphyllum divaricatum

27’. Callus of lip glabrous 28

28. Lateral lobes of lip sub-orbiculate 29

29. Callus of lip with distal portion elongate and inflexed 33. Gomesa florida

29’. Callus of lip with distal portion multiparted 36. Gomesa uniflora

28’. Lateral lobes of lip oblong 30

30. Petals shorter than lip 30. Gomesa bifolia

30’. Petals as long as or longer than lip 31

31. Callus extending from base of lip to tip of terminal lobe 31. Gomesa brieniana

31’. Callus only on disc 32

32. Lateral sepals fused only at base 32. Gomesa cornigera

32’. Lateral sepals fused up to the apex 34. Gomesa lietzei

3’. Stems cylindrical or poorly developed 33

33. Plants terricolous 34

34. Spur present 35

35. Plants without leaves 63. Wullschlaegelia aphylla

35’. Plants with leaves 36

36. Lip 3-parted 38. Habenaria bractescens

36’. Lip entire or obscurely 3-lobed 37

37. Stem > 3.5-42 cm long 38

38. Lip epichile sagittate 47. Microchilus rosea

38’. Lip epichile entire 39

39. Lip without callus 46. Microchilus kuczynskii

39’. Lip with pair of calluses at apex of mesochile 45. Microchilus bidentifer

37’. Stem inconspicuous 40

40. Petals ≥ 1.2 cm long 25. Eltroplectris schlechteriana

40’. Petals ≤ 0.5 cm long 41

41. Pseudopetiole slightly shorter to longer than the leaf blade; ovary pedicel exposed 52. Pelexia macropoda

41’. Pseudopetiole much shorter than the leaf blade; ovary pedicel covered by floral bracts 44. Mesadenella cuspidata

34’. Spur absent 42

42. Inflorescences lateral 20. Corymborkis flava

42’. Inflorescences terminal 43

43. Leaves coriaceous; flowers red to yellow; lip with frimbriate margin 27. Epidendrum fulgens

43’. Leaves membranaceous; flowers whitish to greenish; lip with entire margin 44

44. Flowers not resupinate 45

45. Flowers sessile; lip cuculate 55. Prescottia stachyodes

45’. Flowers pedicelate; lip flat 21. Cranichis candida

44’. Flowers resupinate 46

46. Lateral sepals reflexed forming a mentum 57. Sarcoglottis acaulis

46’. Sepals straight not forming a mentum 47

47. Lip with two tooth-shaped auricles at base 22. Cyclopogon congestus

47’. Lip without auricles at base 23. Cyclopogon elatus

33’. Plants epiphytic 48

48. Leaves distributed along stem 49

49. Inflorescences terminal 50

50. Flowers not resupinate 28. Epidendrum rigidum

50’. Flowers resupinate 51

51. Sepals fused at base; lip entire 40. Isochilus linearis

51’. Sepals free; lip 4-lobed 26. Epidendrum densiflorum

49’. Inflorescences lateral 52

52. Plants without leaves 14. Campylocentrum grisebachi

52’. Plants with developed leaves 53

53. Leaves acicular 53. Phymatidium delicatulum

53’. Leaves flat 54

54. Inflorescences longer than leaves 15. Campylocentrum ulaei

54’. Inflorescences shorter than leaves 13. Campylocentrum densiflorum

48’. One apical leaf 55

55. Herbs reptant 56

56. Inflorescences composed of numerous racemes 8. Anathallis obovata

56’. Inflorescences simple, one raceme 57

57. Leaves ≤ 2.0 cm long; lip entire 9. Barbosella cogniauxiana

57’. Leaves ≥ 3.0 cm long; lip 3-lobed 5. Acianthera saudersiana

55’. Herbs cespitose 58

58. Leaves laterally flattened 2. Acianthera crepiniana

58’. Leaves dorso-ventrally flattened 59

59. Lateral sepals free 60

60. Inflorescences pedunculate 7. Anathalis linearifolia

60’. Inflorescences sessile 61

61. Floral bracts < 0.1 cm long; never campanulate 49. Octomeria micrantha

61’. Floral bracts > 0.2 cm long; campanulate 50. Octomeria warmingii

59’. Lateral sepals connate at base or along entire length 62

62. Lip entire 58. Specklinia marginalis

62’. Lip 3-lobed 63

63. Lateral sepals connate only at base 1. Acianthera aphthosa

63’. Lateral sepals completely connate 64

64. Sepals externally pubescent 4. Acianthera pubescens

64’. Sepals externally glabrous or minutely puberulent 65

65. Leaves > 5 cm long 3. Acianthera klotzschiana

65’. Leaves ≤ 3 cm long 6. Acianthera violaceomaculata

1. Acianthera aphthosa (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 242 (2001) ≡ Pleurothallis aphthosa Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.): 42(1838).Fig. 3a

In the study area the most similar species is Acianthera pubescens but differs by the lateral sepals connate only at the base (vs. completely connate).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Jacutinga, 13.X.2014, fl., L. Boff & L.G. Temponi 138 (UNOP!); 5.X.2012, fl., M.E. Engels et al. 731 (UNOP!); trilha Rio Azul, 12.VII.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 132 (UNOP!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 15.VIII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7450 (HCF!); Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 21.IV.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7449 (HCF!); 30.III.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 16 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (SP, MG, RJ) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the Brazilian territory, it only occurs in the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in areas of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Dense Ombrophilous Forest (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

2. Acianthera crepiniana (Cogn.) Chiron and Van den Berg, Richardiana 12:73 (2012) ≡ Pleurothallis crepiniana Cogn. Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(4): 542 (1896).

It is easily recognized among its cogeners for being the only species with laterally flattened leaves (vs. dorso-ventrally flattened).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 30.III.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez 24 (UNOP!).

The species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), it occurs in the Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, in Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

3. Acianthera klotzschiana (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 244 (2001) ≡ Pleurothallis klotzschiana Rchb.f., Linnaea22(7): 828 (1850).

Among the species of the area, it can be confused with Acianthera violaceomaculata, but differs in the length of its leaves (> 5 cm vs. ≤ 3 cm long).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 3.XI.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7037 (HCF!); 19.II.2015, fl., L. Boff 101 (UNOP!), 107 (UNOP!). Lindoeste, trilha da cachoeira, 15.IX.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7480 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it is present in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

4. Acianthera pubescens (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 245 (2001) ≡ Pleurothallis pubescens Lindl. in Hook., Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 355 (1836).

In the study area it is morphologically similar to Acianthera aphthosa, however, it can be distinguished by the lateral sepals completely connate and pubescent (vs. connate only at the base).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, BR-469, km 26, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 102 (UNOP!); 11.III.2015, fl., L. Boff & J.K. Hammes 144 (UNOP!), 123 (UNOP!); 19.II.2010, fl., C. Snak 338 (UPCB!); 18.V.2017, fl., I. Souza (EFC!); nova trilha, 25.II.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7273 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Mexico, Central America, South America - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Central-west (MT, MS), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, and in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

5. Acianthera saundersiana (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 246 (2001) ≡ Pleurothallis saundersiana Rchb.f. Gard. Chron. 1866: 74 (1866).Fig. 3b

It is easily recognized among its cogeners for being the only species with simple inflorescences (vs. compound multiflorous inflorescences).

Material examined: Matelândia, trilha do Rio Floriano, 27.III.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 8062 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA, CE, PE), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Restinga (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

Figure 3
a-i. Species of the Epidendroideae subfamily occurring in Iguaçu National Park - a. Acianthera aphthosa; b. Acianthera saundersiana; c. Anathallis linearifolia; d. Anathallis obovata; e. Aspidogyne kuczynskii; f. Bulbophyllum tripetalum; g. Capanemia superflua; h. Catasetum fimbriatum; i. Cyclopogon elatus. Authorship: a-d, f-h - Greta A. Dettke; e, i - Acervo Herbário UNOP.

6. Acianthera violaceomaculata (Hoehne) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 246 (2001) ≡ Pleurothallis violaceomaculata Hoehne Arq. Bot. Estado Sao Paulo n.s., form. maior, 2: 123 (1952).

Among the species of the area, it can be confused with Acianthera klotzschiana, but can be distinguished by the length of its leaves (≤ 3 cm vs. > 5 cm long).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 12.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 103 (UNOP!).

The species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), from the state of Paraná and the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formation Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

7. Anathallis linearifolia (Cogn.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 249 (2001) = Pleurothallis linearifolia Cogn., Fl. bras. (Martius) 3(4): 573 (1896).Fig. 3c

In the study area it is morphologically similar to Anathallis obovata, distinguishing itself by the lip with midrib covered by subglobose papillae (vs. labellum without ornamentation in the middle portion).

Material examined: Santa Tereza do Oeste, bank of the Gonçalves Dias river, 21.VIII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7872 (HCF!); 30.VII.2012, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 1169 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). A species endemic to the Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational types Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

8. Anathallis obovata (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Lindleyana 16: 250 (2001) ≡ Specklinia obovata Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 25: misc. 137 (1839).Fig. 3d

In the study area it is morphologically similar to Anathallis linearifolia, however, it can be distinguished by the lip without ornamentation in the middle portion (vs. lip with midrib covered by subglobose papillae).

Material examined: Capanema, Ilha do Sol, 26.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 108 (UNOP!), 109 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha das Cataratas, 24. V.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu, 7417 (HCF!); 10.IV.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7795 (HCF!); 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 163 (UNOP!); 13.V.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1224 (JOI).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic or rupicolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

9. Barbosella cogniauxiana (Speg. & Kraenzl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov Regni Veg. 15: 260 (1918) ≡ Restrepia cogniauxiana Speg. & Kraenzl., Orchis 2: 127 (1908).

It is easily recognized in the study area by its cespitose habit, reduced caulome, uniflorous inflorescence considerably longer than the leaves and the lateral sepals which are concrested and very open in relation to the dorsal sepal and are colorful.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Rio Gonçalves Dias, 10.IV.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7793 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, SP) and South (PR, RS, SC). In the phytogeographic domains Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Smidt 2020a).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

10. Brassavola tuberculata Hook., Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2878 (1829).Fig. 6e

It is easily recognized in the study area by its long, aciculate leaves and white flowers (> 15 cm vs. ≤ 5 cm long, brown flowers).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Hidrômetro, 28.I.2016, fl., E.L. Siqueira & G. Medeiros 1886 (HCF!); Rio Iguaçu, 16.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7027 (HCF!); trilha das Cataratas, 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 126 (UNOP!); 2.XII.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber 226 (UNOP!); 10.III.2015, fl., L. Boff 120 (UNOP!); 6.XII.2019, fl., L.H.S.M. Conceição & L.G. Temponi 213 (UNOP!); 17.I.2011, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1373 (JOI).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (RO, TO), Northeast (AL, PB, PE, RN, SE), Central-west (MS, MT, GO), Southeast (MG, SP, RJ) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Restinga and vegetation on rock outcrops (van den Berg 2020a).

Habit: Epiphytic or Rupicolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

11. Bulbophyllum regnellii Rchb.f., Linnaea 22: 835 (1850).

In the study area the most similar species is Bulbophyllum tripetalum, however, it can be differentiated by its flat sepals, entire lip and lack of callus (vs. navicular sepals, trilobed lip, callus present).

Material examined: Céu Azul, cercanias da BR-277, 3.IV.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7792 (HCF!).

The species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), with occurrences in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Smidt 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

12. Bulbophyllum tripetalum Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10: 185 (1842).Fig. 3f

In the study area the most similar species is Bulbophyllum regnellii, however, it can be differentiated by its navicular sepals, trilobed lip and callus present (vs. flat sepals, entire lip and callus absent).

Material examined: Céu Azul, road between Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 11.II.2020, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 3437 (HCF!); trilha da Jacutinga, 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 164 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Central-west (MT), Southeast (RJ, SP) and South (PR). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (Smidt 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic or Rupicolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

13. Campylocentrum densiflorum Cogn., Fl. bras. (Martius) 3(6): 511 (1906).

It is easily recognized in the study area because it has cylindrical roots with a smooth surface, an elongating stem, conduplicate leaves with rounded lobes, larger flowers at the base, smaller ones at the apex, petals yellowish-white with 3 veins.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Lagoa Azul, 2.VI.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7834 (HCF!); trilha do Rio Butu, 24.VII.2015, fl., L. Boff. et al. 131 (UNOP!); 12.XII.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber 245 (UNOP!); Foz do Iguaçu, 13.IV.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1230 (JOI); trilha da Represa, 10.IV.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7794 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa and Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophylous Forest (Rainforest), Restinga (Pessoa 2020a).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC) (Pessoa & Alves 2019)

14. Campylocentrum grisebachii Cogn. in C.F.P. von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. bras. 3(6): 522 (1906).

It is easily recognized in the study area as it belongs to the group of species that does not have apparent leaves or stems, visible only during the reproduction period, its inflorescences sprout directly from a nodule at the base of its aerial roots. The floral bracts, sepals, petals and lips are innervated.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 104 (UNOP!). Lindoeste, trilha cachoeira dos Gois, 28.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7440 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). It occurs in Brazil in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Pessoa 2020a).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Near Threatened (NT) (Pessoa & Alves 2016).

15. Campylocentrum ulaei Cogn. in C.F.P. von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. bras. 3(6): 514 (1906).

It is easily recognized in the study area for having inflorescences longer than the leaves, with short stems, distichous leaves, and racemose inflorescence with tiny, spaced flowers, white in color, with free sepals and petals, and nectary at the back of the lip.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, BR-469, km 26, 27.I.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 87 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). The species is endemic to the Atlantic Forest, occurring in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Pessoa 2020a).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC) (Pessoa & Alves 2018).

16. Capanemia micromera Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 138 (1877).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Capanemia superflua, but it differentiates itself by having ovoid pseudobulbs and a lip with an acute apex (vs. fusiform pseudobulbs; lip with rounded apex).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 15.V.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7813 (HCF!). Lindoeste, Vila Goes, 24.V.2016, fl., J.K. Hammes et al. 124 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Santos & Smidt 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

17. Capanemia superflua (Rchb.f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21: 261 (1967) ≡ Oncidium superfluum Rchb.f. Ann. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 6(5): 721 (1863). Fig. 3g

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Capanemia micromera, however, it distinguishes itself by having fusiform pseudobulbs and lip with rounded apex (vs. ovoid pseudobulbs and lip with acute apex).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Rio Gonçalves Dias, 10.XI.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7667 (HCF!); trilha Rio Azul, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 146 (UNOP!). Lindoeste, trilha Cachoeira dos Gois, 27.X.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7646 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Santos & Smidt 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

18. Catasetum fimbriatum (C.Morren) Lindl., Paxton’s Fl. Gard. 1: 124 (1850) ≡ Myanthus fimbriatus C.Morren. Ann. Soc. Roy. Agric. Gand iv. (1848) 453. t. 231.Fig. 3h

It is easily recognized in the study area by its deeply concave sacciform lip and deeply fimbriate margins.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Manoel Gomes, 4.XII.2019, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 9091 (HCF!); 11.IV.2015, fl., L. Boff & L.G. Temponi 127 (UNOP!); 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & T.M. Silva1 97 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (PA, RR), Central-west (DF, GO, MS, MT), Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. In the vegetational formations Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (Petini-Benelli 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

19. Cattleya cernua (Lindl.) van den Berg, Neodiversity 5: 13 (2010) ≡ Sophronitis cernua Lindl., Bot. Mag. 65: t. 3677 (1838).

It is easily recognized in the study area for having monophyllous pseudobulbs; these pseudobulbs are organized in a single row along the stem of the plant, which is a distinctive characteristic of this species. The leaves have an obovate shape, the flowers are pale orange in color, with a yellow lip base and two lilac column wings. Each inflorescence has 2 to 5 flowers.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Hidrômetro, 11.III.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 122 (UNOP!), 13.V.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1220 (JOI).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Central-west (DF, GO, MS, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Campo Rupestre, Cerrado (sensu lato), Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) Restinga and vegetation on rock outcrops (van den Berg C 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

20. Corymborkis flava (Sw.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 658 (1891) ≡ Serapias flava Sw., Prodr. [O. P. Swartz] 119 (1788).Fig. 6f

It is easily recognized in the study area due to its erect, unbranched, slightly lignified stem. The leaves are alternate with an elliptical and plicate blade. The inflorescence is lateral, pluriflorous, the flowers are resupinate and yellowish in color.

Material examined: Capanema, near to the old Estrada do Colono, 20.III.2014, fl., M.L. Toderke et al. 182 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 11.II.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7232 (HCF!); 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 105 (UNOP!); 28.I.2020, fl. J.G. Wink et al. 51 (UNOP!); 19.II.2020, fl., H.T.P. Vieira et al. 63 (EVB!); trilha Manuel Gomes, 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & T.M. Silva 99 (UNOP!); trilha da Cachoeira Jacutinga, 6.IV.2011, fl., L. Boff et al. 08 (UNOP!); trilha das Araucárias, 15.III.2013, fl., A.R. Escher & A.A Junior 02 (UNOP!); PIC Céu Azul, 25.VI.2019, fl., L. Biral & A.M. Pedroso 1652 (SHPR!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 25.II.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7268 (HCF!); BR-469, km 26, 27.I.2015, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 1261 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In Brazil, the species occurs in the Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (Bochorny & Smidt 2020).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

21. Cranichis candida (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn. in C.F.P. von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. bras. 3(4): 248 (1895) ≡ Cystochilum candidum Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orchid. i. 198 (1877).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Mesadenella cuspidata, differentiating itself by not having a calcar and the flowers are not resupinate (vs. having a calcar and the flowers are resupinate).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Lagoa Azul, 2.VI.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7824 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (AL, PE, SE), Central-west (DF, GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020b).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

22. Cyclopogon congestus (Vell.) Hoehne, Fl. Brasílica 8(12; 2): 209 (1945) ≡ Serapias congesta Vell., Fl. Flumin. Icon. 9: t. 54 (1831).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Cyclopogon elatus, however, it distinguishes itself by having two dentiform auricules at the base of the lip (vs. not having auricules on the lip).

Material examined: Capanema, Ilha do Sol, 26.VIII.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 64 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 20.VIII.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6790 (HCF!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 21.VIII.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 62 (UNOP!), 63 (UNOP!); trilha das Araucárias, 12.VIII.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 140 (UNOP!); trilha da Jacutinga, 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 67 (UNOP!); Foz do Iguaçu, às margens da BR-469, 14.VIII.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu 6761 (HCF!); 12.IV.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 66 (UNOP!); 27.I.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 134 (UNOP!); trilha de Visitação, 12.IV.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 67 (UNOP!); trilha do Poço Preto, 28.VII.2015, fl., T.M. Silva & C.S. Jesus 111 (UNOP!); trilha do Macuco Safari, 31.VIII.2017, fl., E.L. Siqueira 2313 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020c).

Habit: Epiphytic or Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

23. Cyclopogon elatus (Sw.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 53 (1919) ≡ Satyrium elatum Sw., Prodr. [O. P. Swartz] 119 (1788).Fig. 3i

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Cyclopogon congestus, but can be distinguished by not having auricules at the base of the lip (vs. having two dentiform auricles at the base of the lip).

Material examined: Capanema, trilha Silva Jardim, 4.IV.2019, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 401 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha da Represa, 27.VII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7860 (HCF!); trilha do Poço Preto, 17.VIII.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 137 (UNOP!). Serranópolis do Iguaçu, estrada do Colono, 9.VII.2019, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 412 (UNOP!), 413 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA, PE), Central-west (DF), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Meneguzzo 2020c).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

24. Cyrtopodium palmifrons Rchb.f. & Warm. in H.G. Reichenbach, Otia Bot. Hamburg.: 88 (1881).Fig. 4a

It is easily recognized in the study area by its elongated pseudobulbs which can reach 80 cm long.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 10.X.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 8557 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, RS, SC). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formations Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Batista & Bianchetti 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Vulnerable (VU).

25. Eltroplectris schlechteriana (Porto & Brade) Pabst, Bradea 1: 469 (1974) ≡ Centrogenium schlechterianum Porto & Brade, Anais Reunião Sul-Amer. Bot. 3: 32, t. 2, f. 2 (1940).Fig. 4b

It is easily recognized in the study area because it has concrested lateral sepals forming the mentum. The flowers are white in color.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 22.IV.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7411 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, SP) and South (PR). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formation Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Guimarães 2020a).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

26. Epidendrum densiflorum Hook., Bot. Mag. 66: t. 3791 (1840).Fig. 4c

Among the species in the study area, it can be confused with Epidendrum rigidum, but can be differentiated by its longer stem, ranging from 6 to 90 cm in length. The leaves are larger and the inflorescence is a panicle and can have from 6 to 80 flowers per inflorescence. The sepals are light green to whitish, and the labellum is cream-colored, fleshy, flat, trilobed to tetralobed (vs. smaller stem and leaves, raceme inflorescence, green and entire labellum).

Material examined: Capanema, trilha das taquaras, margeando a cachoeira, 18.X.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 128 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, trilha da Jacutinga, 7.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 150 (UNOP!); 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 56 (UNOP!); 5.X.2012, fl., M.E. Engels et al. 733 (UNOP!); 2.V.2013, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 1253 (UNOP!); 19.VI.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6575 (HCF!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha das Cataratas, 26.II.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7277 (HCF!); 10.XII.2014, fl., L. Boff & D.A. Schinemann 83 (UNOP!); 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 133 (UNOP!); 15.VIII.1971, fl, B.E Irgang (JF); 13.V.2010, fl, W.S. Mancinelli 1221 (JOI!); trilha Macuco Safari 18.IV.2019, fl, G.B. Lima et al. 152 (EVB). São Miguel do Iguaçu, Linha Martins, 19.VI.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 40 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (TO), Northeast (BA), Central-west (GO, MS, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Campinarana, Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Igapó Forest, Terra Firme Forest, Lowland Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and vegetation on rock outcrops (Pessoa 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

Figure 4
a-i. Species of the Epidendroideae subfamily occurring in Iguaçu National Park - a. Cyrtopodium palmifrons; b. Eltroplectris schlechteriana; c. Epidendrum densiflorum; d. Epidendrum fulgens; e. Gomesa bifolia; f. Gomesa lietzei; g. Gomesa recurva; h. Gomesa uniflora; i. Grandiphyllum divaricatum. Authorship: a, c, e-i - Greta A. Dettke; b - Edemilson Siqueira; d - Shirley M. Silva.

27. Epidendrum fulgens Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. 196, T. 43 (1834).Fig. 4d

It is easily recognized in the study area by its red to yellow flowers and lip with a fimbriated margin. It is a cultivated plant in the studied area.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha de educação ambiental, 7.XI.2019, fl., M.A. Catañeda et al. 4148 (EVB!).

Species endemic to Brazil (WCSP), with occurrences in the Southeast (RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formation Restinga (Pessoa 2020b). Observation: most probably introduced.

Habit: Rupicolous or Terricolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC) (Cintra et al. 2023).

28. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.: 29 (1760).

Among the species in the study area, it can be confused with Epidendrum densiflorum, but can be differentiated by the size of the stem, which is shorter, ranging from 3.5 to 16 cm in length. The leaves are smaller, the inflorescence is a raceme and has from 3 to 9 flowers per inflorescence. The sepals and petals are green, and the labellum is green, fleshy, flat, and entire (vs. larger stem and leaves, panicle inflorescence, cream-colored and trilobed to tetralobed labellum).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, próximo as Cataratas do Iguaçu, 10.I.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7734 (HCF!); ao lado do Hotel das Cataratas, 11.III.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 121 (UNOP!); 13.V.2010, fl, W.S. Mancinelli 1222 (JOI!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, RR, TO), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, MA, PB, PE, SE), Central-west (GO, MS, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Campinarana, Campo Rupestre, Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Igapó Forest, Terra Firme Forest, Floodplain Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Restinga and vegetation on rock outcrops (Pessoa 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic or rupicolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

29. Galeandra beyrichii Rchb.f., Linnaea 22: 854 (1850).

It is easily recognized in the study area by its slightly greenish, resupinate flowers, entire, campanulate lip which is white with vinaceous stripes.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha nascentes do Rio Floriano, 31.I.2020, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 9099 (HCF!); trilha do Riu Butu, 12.XII.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 253 (UNOP).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Central-west (DF, GO, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Monteiro 2020).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

30. Gomesa bifolia (Sims) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 104: 396 (2009) ≡ Oncidium bifolium Sims, Bot. Mag. 36: t. 1491 (1812).Fig. 4e

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa brieniana, however, it distinguishes itself by its petals shorter than the lip (vs. petals longer than the lip).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 28.II.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 8057 (HCF!). Matelândia, estrada de terra entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 25.II.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 8056 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

31. Gomesa brieniana (Rchb.f.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 104: 396 (2009) ≡ Oncidium brienianum Rchb.f. Gard. Chron. n.s., 15: 40 (1881).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa bifolia, however, it distinguishes itself by the petals longer than the lip (vs. petals shorter than the lip).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Manoel Gomes, 10.III.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7278 (HCF!); 17.II.2017, 7750 (HCF!); trilha do Rio Azul, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 145 (UNOP!); 16.III.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 126 (UNOP!); trilha do Rio Butu, 26.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & C.V. Buturi 113 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it only occurs in the State of Paraná, species endemic to the Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

32. Gomesa cornigera (Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 104: 396 (2009) ≡ Oncidium cornigerum Lindl. Bot de Edwards. Reg. 18: t. 1542 (1832).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa lietzei, however, it distinguishes itself by its lip with erect-flat lateral lobes in the plane of the disc (vs. lip with lateral lobes turned down).

Material examined: Capanema, Ilha do sol, 26.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 112 (UNOP!), 114 (UNOP!); trilha do Cavalo, 18.V.2015, fl., L. Boff 148 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 12.X.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7583 (HCF!); trilha da Cachoeira Jacutinga, 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 62 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Macuco Safari, 29.I.2016, fl., E.L. Siqueira 1895 (HCF!); trilha das Cataratas, 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 137 (UNOP!); BR-469, km 26, 27.I.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 89, 91, 94 (UNOP!); 20.II.2015, fl., Boff et al. 115 (UNOP!); trilha do Poço Preto, 10.XII.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 92 (UNOP!); 19.II.2010, fl., C. Snak 332, 333 (UPCB!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

33. Gomesa florida (Vell.) Meneguzzo, Phytotaxa 450: 58 (2020) ≡ Epidendrum floridum Vell., Fl. Flumin. Icon. 9: t. 22 (1831).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa uniflora, however, it distinguishes itself by the callus of the lip with distal portion elongated and inflexed (vs. callus of the lip with distal portion multiparted).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do afluente do Rio Gonçalves Dias, 1.X.2020. fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 9159 (HCF!); trilha da cachoeira Jacutinga, 5.X.2012, fl., M.E. Engels et al. 730 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

34. Gomesa lietzei (Regel) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 104: 397 (2009) ≡ Oncidium lietzei, Regel Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada vii. (1880) 387.Fig. 4f

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa cornigera, but it differentiates itself by the lip with lateral lobes turned down (vs. lip with lateral lobes erect-flat in the plane of the disc).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 11.IV.2016, fl., C.C. de Araújo et al. 01 (HCF!); 16.III.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 125 (UNOP!); estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 12.X.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7584 (HCF!); trilha Manuel Gomes, 26.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & M.T. Silva 111 (UNOP!); trilha da Jacutinga, 13.X.2014, fl., L. Boff & L.G. Temponi 90 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, BR-469, km 31, 11.III.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 124 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil it occurs in the Central-west (MS), Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

35. Gomesa recurva R.Br., Bot. Mag. 42: t. 1748 (1815).Fig. 4g

It is easily recognized in the study area by its resupinate, greenish, membranous flowers, genuflexed labellum, obtuse to rounded apex with two lateral wings and two clavicular central calluses, orange stigma.

Material examined: Céu Azul, information post and controle-PIC, 11.I.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7737 (HCF!); trilha Manuel Gomes, 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & M.T. Silva 110 (UNOP!); trilha Rio Butu, 6.I.2015, fl., L. Boff & V.C. Buturi 93 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

36. Gomesa uniflora (Booth ex Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 104: 398 (2009) ≡ Oncidium uniflorum Booth ex Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 29: t. 43 (1843).Fig. 4h

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Gomesa florida, however, it can be distinguished by the presence on the lip of a callus with distal portion multiparted (vs. callus of lip with distal portion elongated and inflexed).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 31.I.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7745 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and vegetation on rock outcrops (Meneguzzo 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

37. Grandiphyllum divaricatum (Lindl.) Docha Neto, Colet. Orquídeas Brazil. 3: 75 (2006) ≡ Oncidium divaricatum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1050 (1827).Fig. 4i

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with species of the genus Gomesa, however, it distinguishes itself by the velutinous callus of the lip (vs. glabrous callus of the lip).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 28.XII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7730 (HCF!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 13.X.2014, fl., L. Boff & L.G. Temponi 81 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formations Campo Rupestre, Riparian or Gallery Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and vegetation on rock outcrops (Meneguzzo 2020e).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Vulnerable (VU).

38. Habenaria bractescens Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 308 (1835).Fig. 5a

It is characterized in the study area by the presence of long, separate stigmas with involute edges, and its 3-parted lip.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, próximo às Cataratas do Iguaçu, 8.II.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 8047 (HCF!); 20.II.1963, fl., G. Hatschbach 9900 (MBM!); 6.XII.2019, fl., L.H.S.M Conceição & L.G. Temponi 212 (UNOP!); rafting do Macuco Safari, 8.III.2018, fl. E.L. Siqueira 2460 (HCF!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Central-west (GO, MS, MT) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Campo Limpo and Campo Rupestre (BFG 2015).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

39. Isabelia virginalis Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 76 (1877).

It is easily recognized in the study area by its reptant pseudobulbs covered by brownish-colored, reticulate sheaths.

Material examined: Céu Azul, estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 19.V.2017, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 2163 (HCF!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & M.T. Silva 98 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (van den Berg 2020c).

Habit: Epiphytic or rupicolous.

Threat category: Vulnerable (VU).

Figure 5
a-i. Species of the subfamilies Orchidoideae (a, f) and Epidendroideae (b-e; g-i) occurring in Iguaçu National Park - a. Habenaria bractescens; b. Isochilus linearis; c. Leptotes unicolor; d. Maxillaria chrysantha; e. Maxillaria paranaensis; f. Mesadenella cuspidata; g. Miltonia flavescens; h. Oeceoclades maculata; i. Phymatidium delicatulum. Authorship: a, g - Acervo Herbário UNOP; b-f, h-i - Greta A. Dettke.

40. Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R.Br. in W.T.Aiton, Hortus Kew. 5: 209 (1813) ≡ Epidendrum lineare Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 29 (1760).Fig. 5b

It is easily recognized in the study area for having narrow and membranaceous leaves, flowers tubular, pink-violet in color.

Material examined: Céu Azul, estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 21.VI.2017, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 2221 (HCF!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha das Cataratas, 21.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7439 (HCF!); 13.V.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1228 (JOI!); 10.XII.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 85 (UNOP!); 2.XII.2001, fl, M.T. Martinez et al. 128 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (TO), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, SE), Central-west (DF, GO, MS), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). It occurs in the phytogeographic domains Caatinga, Cerrado and Mata Atlantica. In the vegetational formations Caatinga (sensu stricto), Campo Rupestre, Cerrado (sensu lato), Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and vegetation on rock outcrops (van den Berg 2020d).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

41. Leptotes unicolor Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 74 (1877).Fig. 5c

It is easily recognized in the study area by its green, succulent, acicular leaves, quite tumbled flowers and whole pale pink.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Rio Floriano, 10.V.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7416 (HCF!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha da Represa, 15.V.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7814 (HCF!). Lindoeste, trilha da Cachoeira dos Gois, 2.VI.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7437 (HCF!); Vila Goes, em torno do Parque, 5.V.2016, fl., J.K. Hammes et al. 125 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (van den Berg 2020e).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

42. Maxillaria chrysantha Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 115 (1877).Fig. 5d

It is easily recognized in the study area due to its ovoid, striated, green pseudobulbs with two apical leaves; lateral, racemose inflorescences; yellowish, fleshy resupinate flowers, oblong-elliptical sepals, free, curved forward, lanceolate petals, acute apex, entire margin, fleshy three-lobed lip, pale yellow with violet spots on the lateral lobes.

Material examined: Céu Azul, estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 28.VII.2016, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 2025 (HCF!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 18.IX.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7874 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, RJ) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formations Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo et al. 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

43. Maxillaria paranaensis Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 2: 205 (1882).Fig. 5e

It is easily recognized in the study area by its acicular leaves and brownish-colored flowers.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Jacutinga, 5.X.2012, fl., M.E. Engels et al. 732 (UNOP!). Santa Tereza do Oeste, as margens do Rio Gonçalves Dias, 21.VIII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7873 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo et al. 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

44. Mesadenella cuspidata (Lindl.) Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9(225: 1): 238 (1978) ≡ Spiranthes cuspidata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 471 (1840).Fig. 5f

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Cranichis candida, however, it distinguishes itself by having a calcar and has resupinate flowers (vs. not having a calcar and the flowers not resupinate).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Manoel Gomes, 25.III.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7310 (HCF!); trilha do Rio Azul, 15.III.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7772 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Guyana, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (PA), Northeast (BA, CE, PE), Central-west (DF, GO, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in the vegetational formations Campo Limpo, Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Guimarães 2020b).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

45. Microchilus bidentifer (Schltr.) E.C. Smidt & M.W. Chase, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 197(3): 337 (2021) ≡ Aspidogyne bidentifera (Schltr.) Garay, Bradea 2: 203 (1977).

In the study area it presents similarities to Microchilus kuczynskii, being distinguished by its lobed lip with a pair of calluses at the apex of the mesochile (vs. lip entire without calluses).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Monitoramento, 20.IX.2018, fl., E.L. Siqueira & H.C.L. Geraldino 2804 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it is present in the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020a).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

46. Microchilus kuczynskii (Porsch) E.C. Smidt & M.W. Chase, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 197(3): 340 (2021). ≡ Aspidogyne kuczynskii (Porsch) Garay, Bradea 2: 203 (1977).Fig. 3e

In the study area it is morphologically similar to Microchilus bidentifer, however, it distinguishes itself by its entire lip (vs. lobed lip).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 11.XII.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7150 (HCF!); 11.I.2017, 7739 (HCF!); 13.XII.2018, fl., C.R Rauber 254 (UNOP!); trilha da Cachoeira Jacutinga, 7.XII.2011, fl., L.G. Temponi & M.T. Martinez 1076 (UNOP!); 8.XI.2013, fl., M.E. Engels 527 (UPCB); trilha Manoel Gomes, 2.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink 23 (UNOP!); 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & M.T. Martinez 133 (UNOP!); 28.XI.2017, fl., L. Biral 1242 (SHPR). Foz do Iguaçu, 3.I.2012, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1447 (JOI).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020a).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

47. Microchilus rosea (Lindl.) E.C. Smidt & M.W. Chase, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 197(3): 340 (2021) ≡ Aspidogyne rosea (Lindl.) Meneguzzo, Orquidário 26: 90 (2012).

It is easily distinguished from its congeners by being the only species with elliptical leaves and its sagittate epichile (vs. leaves ovate, epichile obovate).

Material examined: Capanema, próximo à antiga estrada do Colono, 20.II.2014, fl., M.L. Toderke et al. 191 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, trilha das Araucárias, 31.VII.2012, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 1178 (UNOP!); trilha da Jacutinga, 30.III.2014, fl., M.E. Engels 2373 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AC), Northeast (BA), Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon and Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Upland Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo 2020a).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

48. Miltonia flavescens (Lindl.) Lindl., Sert. Orchid.: t. 48 (1841) ≡ Cyrtochilum flavescens Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1627 (1833).Fig. 5g

The species can be recognized by its elongated cartaceous leaves, pseudobulb flattened, in addition to the light-yellow petals and sepals and white labellum with brown streaks in the disc region.

Material examined: Capanema, trilha das Taquaras, 18.III.2015, L. Boff et al. 129 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, estrada de chão entre Céu Azul and Serranópolis, 1.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6924 (HCF!); trilha de Educação Ambiental, 7.XI.2019, fl., V.M. Oliveira et al. 07 (EVB!); trilha da Jacutinga, fl., 5.X.2012, fl., M.E. Engels et al. 729 (UNOP!); trilha do Rio Azul, 11.X.2011, fl., J.A Lombardi et al. 8699 (UNOP!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 13.X.2014, fl., L. Boff & L.G. Temponi 71 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha das Bananeiras, 5.XI.2016, fl., L.C.P. Lima 779 (EVB!); BR-469, 12.IX.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 147 (UNOP!); Casa de Hóspedes, 15.X.1986, fl., G. Hatschbach et al. 50648 (MBM!); trilha do Poço Preto, 11.X.2010, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 884 (UNOP!); trilha do Macuco Safari, 1.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 120 (UNOP!); trilha da Represa, 16.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7007 (HCF!). Matelândia, trilha do Rio Floriano, 30.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7088 (HCF!). São Miguel do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, 15.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu 6996 (HCF!). Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 13.X.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7612 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA, PE), Central-west (MS), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). It occurs in the phytogeographic domains Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Campo Rupestre, Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (van den Berg 2020f).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

49. Octomeria micrantha Barb.Rodr., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 1: 33 (1877).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Octomeria warmingii, being differentiated by its smaller, never campanulate, floral bracts (< 0.1 cm long vs. floral bracts > 0.2 cm long, campanulate).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Jacutinga, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 106 (UNOP!); 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 64 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Restaurante, 11.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7443, (HCF!); 9.II.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7748 (HCF!); próximo às Cataratas, 9.II.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7747 (HCF!); trilha da Represa, 9.II.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7749 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

50. Octomeria warmingii Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburg.: 94 (1881).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Octomeria micrantha, however, it distinguishes itself by its larger, campanulate floral bracts (floral bracts > 0.2 cm long vs. < 0.1 cm long, never campanulate).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, próximo ao Restaurante, 11.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7443 (HCF!); próximo às Cataratas, 11.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7444 (UNOP!); IV.1957, fl, G. Hatschbach 4122 (MBM). Matelândia, trilha do Rio Benjamin Constant, 11.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7441 (HCF!).

The species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), with occurrence in the Central-west (MS), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

51. Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 237 (1833) ≡ Angraecum maculatum Lindl., Coll. Bot. (Lindley) t. 15 (1821).Fig. 5h

This species is easily recognized by its green leaves with dark green spots, purplish-cream flowers, having a calcar and the labellum is white with pink spots.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Manoel Gomes, 19.I.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7746 (HCF!); 5.II.2015, fl., L. Boff & T.M. Silva 142 (UNOP!); trilha Rio Azul, 10.II.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 116 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha da Represa São João, 10.III.2015, fl., L. Boff & A.R. Escher 117 (UNOP!); 27.I.2010, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 711 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Africa and the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AM, PA, RR, RO, TO), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE), Central-west (DF, GO, MS, MT), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, in the vegetational formations anthropic areas, Campinarana, Cerrado (sensu lato), Riparian or Gallery Forest, Terra Firme Forest, Floodplain Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Restinga (Machnicki-Reis & Smidt 2020).

Origin: Naturalized, native to Africa.

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

52. Pelexia macropoda (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37(2): 409 (1920) ≡ Spiranthes macropoda Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orchid. i. 186.

It is easily recognized in the study area by its flowers which have a long and narrow column with a thin, flexible, triangular-shaped rostrum, prominent nectary and conically shaped calcar.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, 25.VIII.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1284 (UPCB).

This species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), and the Atlantic Forest. It occurs in the Southeast (ES, MG, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the vegetational formation Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Meneguzzo 2020f).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

53. Phymatidium delicatulum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 310 (1833) = Phymatidium paranaense A.Samp., Plant. Nov. vel min. cog. 59, t. 2. (1916).Fig. 5i

Among the species of the study area, it is similar to Zygostates alleniana, however, it can be differentiated by its acicular leaves and trilobed lip (vs. lanceolate leaves and entire lip).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Lagoa Azul, 2.X.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7876 (HCF!); trilha do Riu Butu, 12.X.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 243 (UNOP!); Lindoeste, trilha da Cachoeira, 27.X.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7647 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA, PE), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations anthropic areas, Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Restinga (Royer, Smidt & Brito 2020).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

54. Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.Sweet, Orquideologia 9: 206 (1974) ≡ Epidendrum concretum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 30 (1760).Fig. 6a

It is easily recognized in the study area by its light green petals and sepals and mealy disc of the lip.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, trilha da Represa, 21.V.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6350 (HCF!); trilha do Poço Preto, 30.X.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 74 (UNOP!); trilha das Cataratas, 17.I.2019, fl., V.M.N. Benati et al. 45 (UNOP!); trilha das Cataratas, 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 129 (UNOP!); 13.V.2010, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1231 (JOI!). Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, trilha das Bananeiras, 10.III.2015, fl., L. Boff & J.K. Hammes 119 (UNOP!); BR-469, km 26, 27.I.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 88 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AP, RO), Central-west (GO, MT) and South (PR). It occurs in the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal, in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Igapó Forest, Terra Firme Forest, Floodplain Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, Restinga and vegetation on rock outcrops (Meneguzzo 2020g).

Habit: Epiphytic or Rupicolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

55. Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1915 (1836) ≡ Cranichis stachyodes Sw., Prodr. [O. P. Swartz] 120 (1788).Fig. 6b

It is easily recognized in the study area by its sessile flowers and cucullate lip.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 28.VII.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7447 (HCF!); trilha das Araucárias, 12.VIII.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 141 (UNOP!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AM, PA), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, PB, PE), Central-west (DF, GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa. In the vegetational formations Campo Limpo, Riparian or Gallery Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, Restinga and vegetation on rock outcrops (Meneguzzo 2020h).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

56. Sanderella riograndensis Dutra exPabst, Sellowia 10: 137 (1959).

It is easily recognized in the study area by its miniscule pseudobulbs which are monofoliate, short and tetragonal, dark green, occasionally speckled brown, and its small, whitish flowersspeckled with violet.

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, 13.V.20210, fl., W.S. Mancinelli 1218 (JOI!).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the South (SC, RS), with a new record for the State of Paraná. Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, it occurs in the vegetational formation Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Meneguzzo 2020i).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

Figure 6
a-i. Species of the subfamilies Epidendroideae (a,d,e,f,g-i), Orchidoideae (b-c) occurring in Iguaçu National Park - a. Polystachya concreta; b. Prescottia stachyodes; c. Sarcoglottis acaulis; d. Trichocentrum pumilum; e. Brassavola tuberculata ; f. Corymborkis flava; g. Warrea warreana; h. Zygopetalum maxillare; i. Zygostates alleniana. Authorship: a-d, g-i - Greta A. Dettke; e-f - Acervo Herbário UNOP.

57. Sarcoglottis acaulis (Sm.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 53 (1919) ≡ Neottia acaulis Sm., Exot. Bot. ii. 91.Fig. 6c

It is easily recognized in the study area because it has an elongated, hairy, and fleshy rhizome; cylindrical, hairy stem covered with sheaths; alternating-spiral, oblong-lanceolate, green leaves, variegated with white; racemose, multiflorate inflorescences; terete peduncle; green and white flowers, with a slightly three-lobed, ligulate-anchoform, hairy, white, and green lip.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Manoel Gomes, 2.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 26 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha das Bananeiras, 2.XII.2020, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 3478 (HCF!).

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AP, PA, RO, TO), Northeast (AL, BA, CE, PB, RN, SE), Central-west (GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, RS). In the vegetational formations Campo Limpo, Campo Rupestre, Riparian or Gallery Forest, Terra Firme Forest, Deciduous Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Restinga (Meneguzzo 2020j).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

58. Specklinia marginalis (Rchb.f.) F.Barros, Hoehnea 10: 110 (1983 publ. 1984) ≡ Pleurothallis marginalis Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 224 (1855).

The species can be recognized by the narrowly elliptical leaves with the base attenuated, inflorescence larger than the leaf blade and the light green petals and sepals.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Butu, 25.VI.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 137 (UNOP); trilha Nascentes do Rio Floriano, 10.VIII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu 7869 (HCF).

The species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (PA), Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, RS, SC). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

Figure 7
Distribution of substrate types of the Orchidaceae family in Iguaçu National Park, PR. E = epiphytic; Te = terrestrial; E/R = epiphytic/rupicolous; E/T = epiphytic/terrestrial; M = Mycoheterotrophic.

59. Trichocentrum pumilum (Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams, Lindleyana 16: 138 (2001) ≡ Oncidium pumilum Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11: t. 920 (1825).Fig. 6d

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with species of the genus Gomesa, however, it distinguishes itself by the shape of its lip which has a base concrescent with the column, the pseudobulb is reduced, apically unifoliate, and the leaf is fleshy (vs. base of the lip not concrescent with the column, elongated pseudobulbs, multifoliate).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha da Educação Ambiental, 30.XI.2018, fl., V.M.N. Benatti & C.R. Rauber 39 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha da Represa, 26.XI.2015, fl., E.L. Siqueira & M.P. Chagas 1848 (HCF!); trilha do Rio São João, 9.XI.2000, fl., A.C. Cervi 8101 (UPCB); BR-469, 27.I.2015, fl., L. Boff et al. 149 (UNOP!); trilha do Poço Preto, 30.X.2014, fl., L. Boff et al.76 (UNOP!); trilha das Cataratas, 2.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 138 (UNOP!); trilha do Macuco Safari, 01.XII.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 117 (UNOP!). Matelândia, 13.XI.2015, fl., E.L. Siqueira 1805 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil it occurs in the Northeast (BA, SE), Central-west (DF, GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, RS, SC). In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Evergreen Seasonal Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest), Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Restinga (Meneguzzo 2020k).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

60. Vanilla angustipetala Schltr., Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan, Secç. Bot. 1(4): 19 (1922).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Vanilla edwallii, however, it distinguishes itself by its ovate lip with a rounded apex, warty on central disc (vs. lanceolate-elliptical lip with an acute apex, lamellate lip).

Material examined: Capanema, trilha Silva Jardim, 4.IV.2019, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 398 (UNOP!). Céu Azul, trilha das Araucárias, 31.VII.2012, fr., L.G. Temponi et al. 1172 (UNOP!); trilha do Rio Butu, 12.XII.2018, fl, C.R. Rauber et al. 237 (UNOP!); trilha da Jacutinga, 19.VI.2015, fl, M.G. Caxambu 6580 (HCF!); trilha Manoel Gomes, 10.XI.2018, fl, G.B. Mano & L.C.P. Lima 59 (EVB). Foz do Iguaçu, trilha do Poço Preto, 21.IV.2016, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7410 (HCF!); BR-469, 10.XII.2014, fl, L. Boff et al. 82 (UNOP!); trilha do Macuco Safari, 18.IV.2019, G.B. Mano et al. 143 (EVB!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, SP) and with a new record for the State of Paraná in the South region. Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Vining.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE)

61. Vanilla edwallii Hoehne, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 1: 61 (1941).

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Vanilla angustipetala, however, it distinguishes itself by its lanceolate-elliptical lip with an acute apex and lamellate lip (vs. ovate lip with rounded apex, lip warty on central disc).

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 11.XII.2015, fl, M.G. Caxambu 7151 (HCF!); 19.II.2020, fr, H.T.P. Vieira et al. 54 (EVB); 15.VI.2018, fl, L. Biral et al 1334; trilha Manoel Gomes, 5.II.2015, fr, L. Boff & T. M. Silva 95, 96 (UNOP!); trilha da Jacutinga, 19.VI.2015, fr., M.G. Caxambu 6580 (HCF!).

The species is endemic to Brazil (WCSP), it occurs in the Central-west (DF, GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (BFG 2015).

Habit: Vining.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

62. Warrea warreana (Lodd. ex Lindl.) C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 17: 55 (1955) ≡ Maxillaria warreana Lodd. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 148 (Warreae sp. ?) (1832).Fig. 6g

It is easily recognized in the study area by its erect inflorescence which can reach 1 m long, white, lightly pinkish flowers, lip in two tones of purple, and waxy, rounded and ribbed callus.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Nascentes do Rio Floriano, 11.XII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7973 (HCF!).

The species is distributed in Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the North (AC, AM, AP, PA, RR, TO), Northeast (AL, BA, MA, PB, PE, PI, SE), Central-west (GO, MT, MS) Southeast (MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Occurs in the Atlantic Forest. It occurs in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Meneguzzo & Hall 2020a).

Habit: Terricolous.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

63. Wullschlaegelia aphylla (Sw.) Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 131 (1863) ≡ Cranichis aphylla Sw., Prodr. [O. P. Swartz] 120 (1788).

It is easily recognized in the study area for having neither leaves nor photosynthetic pigments, pale-colored inflorescence and diminutive, white flowers.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha do Rio Azul, 11.XII.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7152 (HCF!); trilha Rio Gonçalves Dias, 25.I.2018, fl., E.L. Siqueira 2435 (HCF!). Santa Tereza do Oeste, trilha Jumelo, 30.I.2019, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 301 (UNOP!).

Figure 8
Number of Orchidaceae species flowering in each month of the year in the Iguaçu National Park.

The species is widely distributed in the Neotropical region (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA, PE), Central-west (DF, GO), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). In the phytogeographic domains of the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. In the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest and Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) (Smidt 2020c).

Habit: Mycoheterotrophic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

64. Zygopetalum maxillare G.Lodd., Bot. Cab. 18: t. 1776 (1832).Fig. 6h

It is easily recognized in the study area by having petals and sepals of a light green color with brown spots and the lip with an elevated portion at the base with a crenulate margin.

Material examined: Céu Azul, trilha Rio Azul, 11.I.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7740 (HCF!); L. Boff et al. 100 (UNOP!); trilha da Cachoeira Jacutinga, 6.IX.2011, fl., M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 153 (UNOP!); 7.XI.2011, fl, M.T. Martinez & L.G. Temponi 152; trilha do Rio Butu, 27.IV.2015, fl., L. Boff & J.K. Hammes 152 (UNOP!). Foz do Iguaçu, parcelas na Linha Martins, 21.XII.2012, fl., L.G. Temponi & D. Gris 906 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast (BA), Southeast (ES, MG, RJ, SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations Riparian or Gallery Forest, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Meneguzzo & Hall 2020b).

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Least Concern (LC).

65. Zygostates alleniana Kraenzl., Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 55 (1898).Fig. 6i

Among the species of the study area, it can be confused with Phymatidium delicatum, however, it distinguishes itself by its lanceolate leaves and entire lip (vs. subtriangular leaves and trilobed lip).

Material examined: Foz do Iguaçu, primeira trilha ao lado direito da entrada da UC, 2.X.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu & E.L. Siqueira 7875 (HCF!); BR-469, km 23, 12.IX.2014, fl., L. Boff et al. 65, 80 (UNOP!); trilha da Represa São João, 12.X.2009, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 694 (UNOP!); trilha da Represa São João, 12.X.2009, fl., M.T. Martinez et al. 80 (UNOP!).

The species is distributed in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina (WCSP). In Brazil, it occurs in the Southeast (SP) and South (PR, SC, RS). Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, the species occurs in the vegetational formations anthropic areas, Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, Ombrophilous Forest (Rainforest) and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Smidt & Brito 2020)

Habit: Epiphytic.

Threat category: Not evaluated (NE).

Acknowledgements

To the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, for the infrastructure provided. To the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão campus, for supporting the field work. And to ICMBio and the team of Iguaçu National Park, for the authorization to collect and support for our field work. EMP acknowledges the productivity grant from CNPq (303556/2022-6).

Data availability statement

In accordance with Open Science communication practices, the authors inform that all data used in this manuscript is publicly available.

References

• Ackerman JD & Chase MW (2001) Notes on the Caribbean orchid flora, IV. More combinations in Trichocentrum and Cyrtochilum Lindleyana 16: 225.
• APG IV - Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-20.
• APN - Administración de Parques Nacionales (2017) Plan de Gestión Parque Nacional Iguazú, Buenos Aires. Available at <Available at https://sib.gob.ar/archivos/ANEXO_I_PGIguazu.pdf >. Access on 15 March 2023.
  » https://sib.gob.ar/archivos/ANEXO_I_PGIguazu.pdf
• Barros F (1984) Flora fanerogâmica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (São Paulo, Brasil). 198 - Orchidaceae. Hoehnea 10: 74-124.
• Barros F, Pinheiro F & Lourenço RA (2008) Orquídeas: algo mais que belas flores. In: Barbieri RL & Stumpf ERTP (eds.) Origem e evolução de plantas cultivada. Ed. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, Brasília. Pp. 621-649.
• Batista JAN, Bianchetti LB & Pellizzaro KF (2004) Orchidaceae da Reserva Ecológica do Guará, DF, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasilica 19: 221-232.
• Batista JAN & Bianchetti LB (2020) Cyrtopodium in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11452 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11452
• BFG - The Brazil Flora Group (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of seed plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1085-1113.
• Bianchi JS, Bento CM & Kersten RA (2012) Epiphytics vasculares de uma área de ecótono entre as Florestas Ombrófilas Densa e Mista, no Parque Estadual do Marumbi, PR. Estudo de Biologia 34: 37-44.
• Bochorny T & Smidt EC (2020) Corymborkis in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB37455 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB37455
• Bridson D & Forman L (2004) The Herbarium Handbook. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 214p.
• Buzatto CR, Freitas EM, Silva APM & Lima LFP (2007) Levantamento florístico das Orchidaceae ocorrentes na Fazenda São Maximiano, Município de Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 5: 19-25.
• Buzatto CR, Singer RB & Van Den Berg C (2010) O gênero Capanemia Barb. Rodr. (Oncidiinae: Orchidaceae) na Região Sul do Brasil. 8: 309-323.
• Campanili M & Prochnow M (2006) Mata Atlântica - uma rede pela floresta. Rede de Ongs da Mata Atlântica, Brasília. 332p.
• Carnevali G, Ramírez-Morillo IM, Romero-Gonzalez GA, Vargas CA & Foldats E (2003) Orchidaceae. In: Berry PE, Yatskievych K & Holst BK (eds.) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana: Myrtaceae - Pedaliaceae, Missouri Botanical Garden Press 7: 200-619.
• Cervi AC & Borgo M (2007) Epífitos vasculares no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Paraná (Brasil). Levantamento preliminar. Fontqueria 55: 415-422.
• Cestari C (2009) Epiphyte plants use by birds in Brazil. Oecologia Australis 13: 689-712.
• Chase MW, Williams NH, Faria AD, Neubig KM, Amaral MCE & Whitten MW (2009) Floral convergence in Oncidiinae (Cymbidieae; Orchidaceae): an expanded concept of Gomesa and a new genus Nohawilliamsia. Annals of Botany 104: 387-402.
• Chase MW, Cameron KM, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Salazar G, Van Den Berg C & Schuiteman A (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 151-174.
• Chiron GR & Neto VPC (2005) Révision du genre Baptistonia-1. Richardiana 5: 113-128.
• Chiron GR & Neto VPC (2006) Revision of the genus Baptistonia (Orchidaceae) 3: the “Baptistonia brieniana” complex. Selbyana 27: 34-43.
• Chiron GR & van den Berg C (2012) Révision taxonomique du genre Acianthera (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae). Richardiana 12: 59-77.
• Christenhusz MJM & Byng JW (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261: 201-217.
• Cintra MC, Lemes P, Alvarado ST & Pessoa EM (2023) Filling the gap to avoid extinction: conservation status of Brazilian species of Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae). Journal for Nature Conservation 71: 126328.
• CNCFlora - Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (2016) Lista vermelha da flora brasileira. Available at <Available at http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal >. Access on 10 July 2021.
  » http://cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal
• Cogniaux A (1893-1896) Orchidaceae. In: CFP Von Martius, AG Eichler & I Urban (eds.) Flora brasiliensis. Typographia Regia, Monachii. Vol. 3, pars 4, pp. 1-672.
• Cogniaux A (1898-1902) Orchidaceae. In: CFP Von Martius, AG Eichler & I Urban (eds.) Flora brasiliensis. Typographia Regia, Monachii . Vol. 3, pars 5, pp. 1-663.
• Cogniaux A (1904-1906) Orchidaceae. In: CFP Von Martius, AG Eichler & I Urban (eds.) Flora brasiliensis. Typographia Regia, Monachii . Vol. 3, pars 6, pp. 1-604.
• CRIA - Centro de Referência e Informação Ambiental (2022) Specieslink - simple search. Available at <Available at https://specieslink.net/ >. Access on 13 February 2023.
  » https://specieslink.net/
• Dettke GA, Crespão LMP, Siquerolo LV, Siqueira EL & Caxambu MG (2018) Floristic composition of the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in Southern Brazil: Reserva Biológica das Perobas, state of Paraná. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 40: e35753.
• Dimitri MJ (1974) La flora arbórea del Parque Nacional Iguazú. Buenos Aires. Anales de Parques Nacionales 12: 1-179.
• Docha Neto A, Baptista DH & Campacci MA (2006) Coletânea de orquídeas brasileiras 3. Brasil Orquídeas, São Paulo. 95p.
• Dressler RL (1993) Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, Portland. 314p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1959) Venezuelan orchids illustrated. Vol. 1. Andre Deutsch, London. 447p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1961) Venezuelan orchids illustrated . Vol. 2. Andre Deutsch, London . 360p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1965) Venezuelan orchids illustrated . Vol. 3. Andre Deutsch, London . 348p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1966) Venezuelan orchids illustrated . Vol. 4. Andre Deutsch, London . 463p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1972) Venezuelan orchids illustrated . Vol. 5. Andre Deutsch, London . 334p.
• Dunsterville GCK & Garay LA (1976) Venezuelan orchids illustrated . Vol. 6. Andre Deutsch, London . 344p.
• Engels ME, Barros F & Smidt EC (2016) A subtribo Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Rodriguésia 67: 917-952.
• Filgueiras TS, Nogueira PE & Brochado ALGF (1994) Caminhamento: um método expedito para levantamentos florísticos qualitativos. Cadernos de Geociências 12: 39-43.
• Flora do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated) Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ >. Access on 27 September 2021.
  » http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/
• Garay LA (1967) Studies in American Orchids VI. Botanical Museum Leaflets 21: 249-264.
• Garay LA (1974) Orquideas colombianas nuevas o críticas, Decena XII. Orquideología 9: 133-141.
• Garay LA (1977) Systematics of the Physurinae (Orchidaceae) in the New World. Bradea 2: 191-208.
• Garay LA (1978) Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, Neottioideae). In: Harling G & Sparre B (eds.) Flora of Ecuador. Statens, Stockholm. Pp. 1-305.
• Geraldino HCL, Caxambu MG & Souza DC (2010) Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade de Epiphytics vasculares em uma área de ecótono em Campo Mourão, PR, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasilica 24: 469-482.
• Gonçalves EG & Lorenzi H (2007) Morfologia vegetal: organografia e dicionário ilustrado de morfologia de plantas vasculares. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, Nova Odessa. 416p.
• Govaerts R, Bernet P, Kratochvil K, Gerlach G, Carr G, Alrich P, Pridgeon AM, Pfahl J, Campacci MA, Holland Baptista D, Tigges H, Shaw J, Cribb PJ, George A, Kreuz K & Wood J (2020) World checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Available at <Available at http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/monocots >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/monocots
• Gris D & Temponi LG (2017) Similaridade Florística entre trechos de Semideciduous Seasonal Forest do Corredor de Biodiversidade Santa Maria - PR. Ciência Florestal 27: 1069-1081.
• Guimarães LRS (2020a) Eltroplectris in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB37522>. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB37522
• Guimarães LRS (2020b) Mesadenella in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11840 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11840
• Hammes JK, Silva MG, Kameyama C & Temponi LG (2021) Flora of Acanthaceae of Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil. Rodriguésia 72: 1-15.
• Heberle W, Freitas EM & Jasper A (2012) A família Orchidaceae no Jardim Botânico de Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisas Botânica 3: 189-199.
• Hentz Júnior EJ, Lohmann LG, Caxambu MG, Temponi LG & Lima LCP (2022) Floristic inventory of the Iguaçu and Iguazú National Parks (Brazil and Argentina): Bignoniaceae. Phytotaxa 570: 2-27.
• Hoehne FC (1940) Orchidaceas. In: Hoehne FC (ed.) Flora Brasilica. Vol. 12. Secretaria da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo. Pp. 1-254.
• Hoehne FC (1941) Vanilla edwallii Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 61, t. 81.
• Hoehne FC (1942) Orchidaceas. In: Hoehne FC (ed.). Vol. 12. Secretaria da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo . Pp. 1-218.
• Hoehne FC (1944) Orchidaceas. In: Hoehne FC (ed.) Flora Brasilica. Vol. 12. Secretaria da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo . Pp. 1-389.
• Hoehne FC (1945) Flora Brasílica Fasc. 8, Vol. 12, 2. Graphicars-F. Lanzara, São Paulo. 389p.
• Hoehne FC (1952) Espécies e variedades novas de orchidaceas do Brasil. Arquivos de Botânicas do Estado do São Paulo 2: 121-136.
• Hoehne FC (1953) Orchidaceas. In: Hoehne FC (ed.) Flora Brasilica . Vol. 12. Secretaria da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo . Pp. 1-397.
• IAPAR - Instituto Agronômico do Paraná. Cartas climáticas do Paraná (2010) Available at <Available at http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=863 >. Access on 29 September 2021.
  » http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=863
• IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2012) Manuais técnicos em geociências: manual técnico da vegetação brasileira. 2^a ed. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. 270p.
• ICMBIO - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2018) Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. ICMBio, Brasília. 57p.
• IPNI - The International Plant Names Index (2019) Available at <Available at http://www.ipni.org >. Access on 29 August 2021.
  » http://www.ipni.org
• IUCN (2022) A Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN. Versão 2022-1. Available at <Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org >. Access on 29 August 2021.
  » https://www.iucnredlist.org
• Johnson AE (2001) Las Orquídeas Del Parque Nacional Iguazú. Literature of Latin America, Buenos Aires. 282p.
• Kaehler M, Goldenberg R, Evangelista PHL, Ribas O dos S, Vieira AOSV & Hatschbach GG (2014) Plantas vasculares do Paraná. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Departamento de Botânica, Curitiba. 198p.
• Kersten RA (2010) Epiphytics vasculares - histórico, participação taxonômica e aspectos relevantes, com destaque na Mata Atlântica. Hoehnea 37: 9-38.
• Kersten RA & Silva SM (2001) Composição florística e distribuição espacial de epiphytics vasculares em floresta da planície litorânea da Ilha do Mel, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 24: 213-226.
• Kersten RA, Kuniyoshi YS & Roderjan CV (2009) Comunidade Epiphytic em duas formações florestais do Rio São Jerônimo, Bacia do Rio Iguaçu, municípios de Guarapuava e Pinhão, Paraná. Iheringia, Série Botânica 64: 33-43.
• Koehler S, Singer RB & Amaral MCE (2012) Taxonomic revision of the neotropical genus Christensonella (Maxillariinae, Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 449-472.
• Krahl AH, Cogo AJD & Valsko JJ (2014) Orchidaceae em um fragmento de Floresta Semidecídua de encosta na região sul do estado do Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 247-268.
• Lautert M, Temponi LG, Viveros RS & Salino A (2015) Lycophytes and ferns composition of Atlantic Forest conservation units in western Paraná with comparisons to other areas in southern Brazil. Acta Botânica Brasilica 29: 499-508.
• Lawrence GHM (1973) Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Press, New York. 823p.
• Maack R (2012) Geografia física do estado do Paraná. 4^a ed. Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa. 526p.
• Macagnan TA, Smidt RC & Azevedo CO (2011) A subtribo Cranichidinae Lindl. (Orchidaceae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 34: 447-461.
• Machnicki-Reis M, Engels ME, Petini-Benelli A & Smidt EC (2015) O gênero Catasetum Rich. ex Kunth (Orchidaceae, Catasetinae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Hoehnea 42: 185-194.
• Machnicki-Reis M & Smidt EC (2020) Oeceoclades in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11942 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11942
• Malmierca L, Herrera J, Schiaffino K, Giorgis P & Heinonen S (1994) Relevamiento del Área Cataratas, Parque Nacional Iguazú. Informe de avance. Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas Subtropicales y Delegación Técnica Regional Nordeste Argentino, Puerto Iguazù. 30p.
• Mancinelli WS & Esemann-Quadros K (2016) Orchidaceae Flora of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Acta Biológica Catarinense 3: 36-48.
• Mancinelli WS & Smidt EC (2012) O gênero Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) na Região Sul do Brasil. Rodriguésia 63: 803-815.
• Martinelli G & Moraes MA (2013) Livro vermelho da flora do Brasil. Andrea Jakobsson, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. 1100p.
• Meneguzzo TEC (2012) Mudanças nomenclaturais em Goodyerinae do Novo Mundo (Orchidaceae). Orquidário 26: 86-91.
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020) New additions to Gomesa from old known names (Orchidaceae). Phytotaxa 450: 55-72.
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020a) Aspidogyne in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11139 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11139
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020b)Cranichis inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11406 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11406
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020c)Cyclopogon inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11415 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11415
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020d)Gomesa inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11608 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11608
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020e)Grandiphyllum inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11627 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11627
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020f)Pelexia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11974 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11974
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020g)Polystachya inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12070 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12070
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020h)Prescottia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12091 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12091
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020i)Sanderella inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12186 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12186
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020j)Sarcoglottis inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12188 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12188
• Meneguzzo TEC (2020k)Trichocentrum inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB25928 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB25928
• Meneguzzo TEC & Hall CF (2020a)Warrea inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12371 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12371
• Meneguzzo TEC & Hall CF (2020b)Zygopetalum inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12385 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12385
• Meneguzzo TEC, Costa IGCM, Smidt EC, Santos TF & Schmidt EDL (2020)Maxillaria inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11828 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11828
• Meyers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GA & Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 43: 853-858.
• Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermeier CG, Lamoreux J & Fonseca GAB (2004) Biodiversity hotspots revisited. Conservation International 12: 516-20.
• MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Portaria nº 148, de 7 de junho de 2022. Dispõe sobre a Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas de Extinção. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília. 8 June 2022.
• Monteiro SHN (2020)Galeandra inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated) . Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11598 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11598
• Morren C (1848) Myanthus fimbriatus Annales da Société Royale d’Agriculture et de Botanique de Gand: Journal d’Horticultura et des Sciences Accessoires 4: 453. t.231.
• Nardoto GB, Bustamante MMC, Pinto AS & Klink CA (2006) Nutrient use efficiency at ecosystem and species level in savanna areas of Brazil and impacts of fire. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 191-201.
• Neto LM, Almeida VR & Forzza RC (2004) A família Orchidaceae na Reserva Biológica da Represa do Grama - Descoberto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 55: 137-156.
• Neto LM, Alves RJV, Barros F & Forzza RC (2007) Orchidaceae do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, MG, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasilica 21: 687-696.
• Oliveira U, Soares-Filho BS, Paglia AP, Brescovit AD, Carvalho CJB, Silva DP, Rezende DT, Leite FSF, Batista JAN, Barbosa JPPP, Stehmann JR, Ascher JS, Vasconcelos MF, Marco P, Lowenberg-Neto P, Ferro VG & Santos AJ (2017) Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas. Scientific Report 7: 9141.
• Pabst GFJ (1959) Contribuição para o conhecimento das orquídeas de Santa Catarina e sua dispersão geográfica V. Sellowia 10: 125-140.
• Pabst GFJ (1974) Additamenta ad Orchideologiam brasiliensem - XVI. Bradea 1: 465-471.
• Pabst GFJ & Dungs F (1975) Orchidaceae Brasilienses, v.1. Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim. 408p.
• Pabst GFJ & Dungs F (1977) Orchidaceae Brasilienses, v.2. Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim . 418p.
• Pansarin ER & Pansarin LM (2008) A família Orchidaceae na serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brasil. Rodriguésia 59: 99-111.
• Pessoa EM (2020a) Campylocentrum in Flora do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB11267 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB11267
• Pessoa EM (2020b) Epidendrum in Flora do Brasil 2020 (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB11518 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB11518
• Pessoa E & Alves M (2016) Taxonomical revision of Campylocentrum sect. Dendrophylopsis Cogn. (Orchidaceae-Vandae-Angraecinae). Phytotaxa 286: 131-152.
• Pessoa E & Alves M (2018) Taxonomic revision of Campylocentrum sect. Campylocentrum Cogn. (Orchidaceae-Vandae-Angraecinae) in Brazil. Phytotaxa 362: 1-20.
• Pessoa E & Alves M (2019) Taxonomic revision of Campylocentrum sect. Laevigatum E.M. Pessoa & M.W. Chase (Orchidaceae-Vandeae-Angraecinae). Systematic Botany 44: 115-132.
• Petean MP (2009) As Epiphytics vasculares em uma área de Dense Ombrophilous Forest em Antonina, PR. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. 84p.
• Petini-Benelli A (2020)Catasetum inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11318 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11318
• Placci LG & Giorgis PA (1993) Estructura y diversidad de la selva del Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina. Actas VII Jornadas Técnicas de Ecosistemas Forestales Nativos: uso, manejo y conservación. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Eldorado. Pp. 253-267.
• Placci LG, Arditi SI, Giorgis PA & Wüthrich AA (1992) Estructura del palmital e importancia de Euterpe edulis como especie clave en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina. Yvyraretá 3: 93-108.
• Placci LG, Arditi SI & Ciotek LE (1994) Productividad de hojas, flowers y frutos en el Parque Nacional Iguazú. 5: 49-56.
• Porto PC & Brade AC (1938) Anais da Primeira Reunião Sul-americana de Botânica: 12 a 19 de outubro de 1938 (Rio de Janeiro). Ministério da Agricultura. Vol. 3. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 32.
• Prasniewski VM, Szinwelski N, Bertrand AS, Martello F, Brocardo CR, Cuhna J, Sperber CF, Viana R, Santos BG, Fearnside PM & Sobral-Souza T (2022) Brazil’s Iguaçu National Park threatened by illegal activities: predicting consequences of proposed downgrading and road construction. Environmental Research Letters 17: 024024.
• Pridgeon AM & Chase MW (2001) A phylogenetic reclassification of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 16: 235-271.
• Radford AE, Dickison WC, Massey JR & Bell CR (1974) Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row, New York. 891p.
• Ramalho AMZ & Pimenta HCD (2010) Valoração econômica do dano ambiental ocasionado pela extração ilegal da orquídea Cattleya granulosa no Parque Natural Dom Nivaldo Monte, Natal/RN. Holos 26: 62-82.
• Rauber CR, Lima LCP, Caxambu MG & Temponi LG (2021a) Synopsis of Leguminosae from Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil. Phytotaxa : 501: 245-280.
• Rauber CR, Toderke ML, Zini AS, Lima LCP, Caxambu MG, Salas RM, Cabral EL & Temponi LG (2021b) Synopsis of Rubiaceae of Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil. Rodriguésia 72: 1-25.
• Reflora - Herbário Virtual (2022) Available at <Available at https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ >. Access on 13 February 2022.
  » https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/
• Rezende CL, Scarano FR, Assad ED, Joly CA, Metzger JP, Strassburg BBN, Tabarelli M, Fonseca GA & Mittermeier RA (2023) From hotspot to hopespot: an opportunity for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 16: 208-214.
• Ribeiro MC, Metzger JP, Martensen AC, Ponzoni FJ & Hirota MM (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 142: 1141-1153.
• Roderjan CV, Galvao F, Kuniyoshi YS & Hatschbach GG (2002) As unidades fitogeográficas do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Ciência & Ambiente 24: 75-92.
• Rodrigues VT (2011) Orchidaceae Juss. Aspectos morfológicos e taxonômicos. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo. 58p.
• Rodrigues VT, Smidt EC & Barros F (2015) Revisão taxonômica de Acianthera sec. Pleurobotryae (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae). Hoehnea 42: 615-627.
• Rossetto EF & Vieira AOS (2013) Vascular flora of the Mata dos Godoy State Park, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Check List 9: 1020-1034.
• Royer CA, Brito ALV & Smidt EC (2014) O gênero Phymatidium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) no estado do Paraná, Rodriguésia 65: 251-260.
• Royer CA, Brito ALV & Smidt EC (2017) O gênero Zygostates (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Rodriguésia 68: 1431-1446.
• Royer CA, Smidt EC & Brito ALVT (2020a) Phymatidium in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11992 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11992
• Royer CA, Smidt EC & Brito ALVT (2020b) Zygostates in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12391 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12391
• Santos TF & Smidt EC (2020) Capanemia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11292 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11292
• Santos MC, Toscano de Brito ALV & Smidt EC (2019) Anathallis (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Rodriguésia 70: e02722017.
• Santos TF, Toscano de Brito ALV & Smidt EC (2020) Octomeria (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Rodriguésia 71: e00752018.
• Siqueira CE & Neto LM (2014) Orchidaceae in Santa Catarina: update, geographic distribution, and conservation. 10: 1452-1478.
• Sistema da Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira - SiBBr (2023) Available at <Available at https://collectory.sibbr.gov.br/collectory >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://collectory.sibbr.gov.br/collectory
• Souza RF, Machado AS, Galvão F & Figueiredo Filho A (2017) Fitossociologia da vegetação arbórea do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. Ciência Florestal 27: 853-869.
• Smidt EC (2020a) Barbosella in Flora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11179 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11179
• Smidt EC (2020b)Bulbophyllum inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11233 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11233
• Smidt EC (2020c)Wullschlaegelia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12373 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB12373
• Smidt EC, Salazar GA, Mauad AVSR, Engels ME, Viruel J, Clements M, Pérez IJ & Chase MW (2021) An Indomalesian origin in the Miocene for the diphyletic New World jewel orchids (Goodyerinae, Orchidoideae): molecular dating and biogeographic analyses document non-monophyly of the Neotropical genera. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 197: 322-349.
• Srur M, Gatti F, Benesovsky V, Herrera J, Melzew R & Camposano M (2009) Los tipos de vegetación y ambientes del Parque Nacional Iguazú y su distribución en el paisaje. In: Carpinetti B et al (eds.) Parque Nacional Iguazú, Conservación y desarrollo en la Bosque Atlántico de Argentina: Administración de Parques Nacionales. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pp. 99-118.
• Stancik JF, Goldenberg R & Barros F (2009) O gênero Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasilica 23: 864-880.
• Stehmann JR, Forzza RC, Salino A, Sobral M, Costa DP & Kamino LHY (2009) Plantas da Floresta Atlântica. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro. 516p.
• Suzuki RM (2005) S.O.S. Orquídeas: a coleta indiscriminada já leva espécies à extinção. Revista Terra da Gente 15: 29-35.
• Tom SJ & Sheehan M (1994) An illustrated survey of Orchid genera. Timber Press, Portland. 420p.
• Toscano-de-Brito AL & Cribb P (2005) Orchidaceae da Chapada Diamantina. Nova Fronteira, São Paulo. 400p.
• Trochez LFC, Tasistro IB, Duarte CF, Almeida J, Ferreira LD, Vendruscolo GS & Lima LCP (2017) Apresentação checklist das fanerógamas do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu-PR, Brasil. Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos Avançados 1: 71-102.
• van den Berg C (2010) New combinations in the genusCattleyaLindl. (Orchidaceae). II. Correction and combinations for hybrid taxa. Neodiversity 5: 13-17.
• van den Berg C (2020a)Brassavola inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11230 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11230
• van den Berg C (2020b)Cattleya inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB582439 >. Access on 1 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB582439
• van den Berg C (2020c)Isabelia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11763 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11763
• van den Berg C (2020d)Isochilus inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11765 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11765
• van den Berg C (2020e)Leptotes inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11791 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11791
• van den Berg C (2020f)Miltonia inFlora e Funga do Brasil (continuously updated). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . Available at <Available at https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11855 >. Access on 2 November 2023.
  » https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB11855
• Walter BM & Guarino ESG (2006) Comparação do método de parcelas com o “levantamento rápido” para amostragem da vegetação arbórea do Cerrado sentido restrito, Acta Botânica Brasilica 20: 285-297.
• Weberling F & Schwantes HO (1986) Sistemática das angiospermas. Taxonomia Vegetal, São Paulo. Pp. 129-131.
• Zachos FE & Habel JC (2011) Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas. Springer, Heidelberg, New York. 546p

Edited by

Area Editor:

Dr. Luiz Menini Neto

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Sept 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  31 Aug 2023
• Accepted
  02 Apr 2024