Rosa, Lurdes Zanchetta da; Almeida, Carlos Gabriel Moreira de; Hüther, Cristina Moll; Pereira, Antonio Batista; Kuhn, Sofia Aumond; Cogo, Mauricio Ricardo de Melo; Laindorf, Bruna Lúcia; Souza, Velci Queiroz de

Lurdes Zanchetta da Rosa ¹⁰ 10 Author for correspondence: zanzanchetta@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Lab. Botânica, Área de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Sistemática, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-9670

Carlos Gabriel Moreira de Almeida

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Inst. Cérebro, Lab. Neurotoxinas, Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4528-4233

Cristina Moll Hüther

Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Depto. Engenharia Agrícola e Meio Ambiente, Lab. Interação Planta-Ambiente, São Domingos , Niterói, RJ, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-5966

Antonio Batista Pereira

Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Lab. Botânica, Área de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Sistemática, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-4594

Sofia Aumond Kuhn

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Inst. Biociências, Depto. Botânica, Campus do Vale, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-4054

Mauricio Ricardo de Melo Cogo

Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Lab. Botânica, Área de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Sistemática, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-7212

Bruna Lúcia Laindorf

Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Lab. Botânica, Área de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Sistemática, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-2567

Velci Queiroz de Souza

Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Lab. Botânica, Área de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Sistemática, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-6015

¹⁰ Author for correspondence:
zanzanchetta@gmail.com

Area Editor:

Dr. Paulo Guimarães

Characteristic	×Butyagrus nabonnandii	Syagrus romanzoffiana	Butia odorata
Habit	Solitary	Solitary	Solitary
Stem shape	Cylindrical and upright	Cylindrical and upright	Cylindrical and upright
Leaf sheath persistence in the stem	Semipersistent, some basal portions scatter throughout the stem	Caducous, leaving ringed scars throughout the stem	Persistent throughout most of the stem
Leaf type and arrangement in the rachis	Pinnate, slightly arched, shiny dark green; pinnae (sub)opposite, somewhat straight	Pinnate, slightly arched, giving the leaf a feathery appearance, shiny dark green; the pinnae are inserted in divergent planes on the rachis	Pinnate; not feathery; grayish-green; pinnae inserted approximately in the same planes forming a “V” on the rachis
Leaf arrangement on the stem	Contemporary, arranged in a crown at the top of the stem	Contemporary, arranged in a crown at the top of the stem	Contemporary, spirally arranged in a crown at the top of the stem
Pseudopetiole margins	Fibrous, with flexible fibers and slightly dented near the base, becoming smooth near the apex	Fibrous, with soft fibers near the base, becoming smooth near the apex	Fibrous near the base, becoming thick or finely dentate near the apex
Pinnae grouping	The first four pinnae are grouped at the base of the rachis	The first four pinnae are grouped at the base of the rachis	The first four pinnae are grouped at the base of the rachis
Ramenta (persistent scales)	Present on the abaxial surface in the basal portion of the pinnae; brown, scale-like	Absent	Present on the abaxial surface in the basal portion of the pinnae; brown, scale-like
Pinnae tips	Slightly acuminate, with asymmetrical apex	Slightly acuminate, with asymmetrical apex	Acuminate, with symmetrical apex
Peduncular bract texture, notch, and shape	Canoe-shaped, woody, glabrous, with outer longitudinal grooves (varying from shallow to deeply grooved), ending in a beak-shaped expanded tip	Canoe-shaped, woody, glabrous with outer longitudinal grooves (varying from shallow to deeply grooved), ending in a beak-shaped expanded tip	Canoe-shaped, woody, glabrous, smooth, ending in an expanded tip shaped like a small beak.
Inflorescence type and color	Panicle, yellow-orange	Panicle, pastel yellow	Panicle, varying from pastel yellow to pinkish red
Flowers	Staminate and pistillate, organized in triads from the base up to the middle of the rachillae; usually only with staminate flowers at the terminal portion of the rachillae	Staminate and pistillate, organized in triads from the base up to the middle of the rachillae; usually only with staminate flowers at the terminal portion of the rachillae	Staminate and pistillate, organized in triads from the base up to the middle of the rachillae; usually only with staminate flowers at the terminal portion of the rachillae
Fruits	In infructescence; ovoid to globose, yellow with or without brownish streaks at the apex; fleshy drupe with sweet, fibrous, and slightly mucilaginous mesocarp; containing a pyrene	In infructescence; ovoid to slightly globose, yellow; fleshy drupe with sweet, fibrous, and mucilaginous mesocarp; containing a pyrene	In infructescence; globose, ranging from yellow, orange, orange-reddish to purple; a fleshy succulent drupe, usually sweet; containing a pyrene
Form, texture, and position of pores in pyrene	Ovoid; stony/woody; with three pores, arranged symmetrically to slightly asymmetrically in the basal region; sometimes with three protrusions in the apical region	Ovoid; stony/woody; with three symmetrically arranged pores in the basal region; with traces of three apical protrusions	Globose and smooth. Stony/woody, with three pores in the equatorial region
Shape and number of endocarp cavities	Regular, symmetrical or vestigial, unilocular	Irregular, asymmetrical, and unilocular	Regular, symmetrical, uni to trilocular
Seed presence and shape	Present or absent, cordiform	Present, gibbous to uncinate	Present, cordiform
Seed infestation	Larvae of Coleopteran insects	Larvae of Coleopteran insects	Larvae of Coleopteran insects
Germination	Present, late, and heterogeneous among the populations studied	Present, late, and uniform	Present, late, and uniform
Phenology	Flowering and fruiting year around, with greater productivity from October to March	Flowering and fruiting year around, with greater productivity from October to March	Flowering and fruiting from October to March

Stem biometrics	×B. nabonnandii	S. romanzoffiana	B. odorata
Stem Height (m)	2.52 ± 1.22	6.34 ± 1.51	3.45 ± 0.56
DBH (m)	0.51 ± 0.07	0.41 ± 0.04	0.58 ± 0.03
Plant Height	3.91 ± 1.31	7.37 ± 1.31	4.25 ± 1.39
Leaf Biometrics	×B. nabonnandii	S. romanzoffiana	B. odorata
Total length of leaves (m)	4.45 ± 0.40	4.90 ± 0.65	2.65 ± 0.38
Petiole length (m)	1.27 ± 0.21	1.31 ± 0.35	0.92 ± 0.23
Sheath Length (cm)	72.81 ± 2.57	41.27 ± 4.65	37.23 ± 3.21
Median portion of sheath (cm)	26.93 ± 4.73	47.32 ±5.11	15 ± 2.78
Rachis length (m)	3.05 ± 0.43	3.87 ± 0.51	1.88 ± 0.32
Median rachis’ midrib circumference (cm)	3.52 ± 1.07	4.01 ± 1.37	1.75 ± 1.11
Total number of pinnae	259 ± 29.28	443.2 ± 12.09	131 ± 13.45
Median pinna length (cm)	82.5 ± 10.11	90.4 ± 14.79	61 ± 8.79
Median pinna width (cm)	2.66 ± 0.47	3.89 ± 0.51	3.19 ± 0.53
Biometry of the Peduncular Bract	×B. nabonnandii	S. romanzoffiana	B. odorata
Length (m)	1,81 ± 0.10	2.11 ± 0.21	1.12 ± 0.13
Apex (cm)	13.38 ± 5.08	8.39 ± 3.14	13.23 ± 4.35
Outer perimeter (cm)	24.72 ± 7.06	33.08 ± 7.74	22.54 ± 5.36

Inflorescence Biometrics	×B. nabonnandii	S. romanzoffiana	B. odorata
Total length (cm)	156.5 ± 5.56	168.5 ± 11.79	114.3 ± 6.43
No. of basal rachillae	49.5 ± 20.43	41.23 ± 9.47	18.32 ± 4.76
No. of median rachillae	87.75 ± 8.65	116.4 ± 18.79	125.6 ± 27.4
No. of apical rachillae	81.3 ± 26.52	78.1 ± 21.03	19.4 ± 7.38
Total number of rachillae	219.5 ± 29.14	234.2 ± 21.04	162.4 ± 21.3
Length of basal rachillae (cm)	58.75 ± 7.45	63.21 ± 6.51	56.32 ± 5.34
Length of median rachillae (cm)	47.5 ± 10.84	45.12 ± 5.32	43.21 ± 9.89
Length of apical rachillae (cm)	28.5 ± 17.13	35.17 ± 4.76	20.1 ± 11.38
No. of female flowers	16,245 ± 6,960	17,610 ± 1,239	3,097 ± 1,151
No. of male flowers	51,584 ± 18,485	58,210 ± 1,439	22,128 ± 9,147
Female flower length (mm)	6.82 ± 0.73	5.13 ± 0.95	5.43 ± 0.54
Female flower width (mm)	5.65 ± 0.66	5.43 ± 0.54	4.98 ± 0.35
Male flower length (mm)	10.31 ± 0.75	11.09 ± 0.35	9.69 ± 0.58
Male flower width (mm)	13.13 ± 4.73	12.43 ± 0.27	11.32 ± 3.88
No. of stamens	6	6	6
No. of male petals	3	3	3
No. of female petals	3	3	3

Fruit, pyrene and seed biometrics	×B. nabonnandii	S. romanzoffiana	B. odorata
Equatorial and polar fruit length (mm)	23.1 ± 5.63 × 24.1 ± 3.7	18.4 ± 2.42 × 22.5 ± 2	26.6 ± 3.2 × 23.3 ± 3
Fruit wet mass (g)	9.8 ± 4.74	2.92 ± 3.02	14.52 ± 3.51
No. of pyrenes	1	1	1
Equatorial and polar length of pyrene (mm)	13.7 ± 0.7 × 21.2 ± 1.5	12.1 ± 0.2 × 22 ± 0.2	14.2 ± 0.34 × 17.9 ± 0.6
Wet mass of pyrene (g)	2.40 ± 0.55	1.79 ± 0.40	2.32 ± 0.45
No. of Pores of Pyrene	3	3	3
No. of endocarp cavities	1	1	1-3
equatorial and polar seed length (mm)	7.3 ± 0.02 × 10.8 ± 0.1	7 ± 0.03 × 10.6 ± 0.2	9.5 ± 0.03 × 11.9 ± 0.04
Seed wet mass (g)	0.27 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.06
No. of seeds	0-1	1	1-3

[1] ¹⁰ Author for correspondence:
zanzanchetta@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Comparative morphobiometry of ×Butyagrus nabonnandii (Arecaceae) and its parents, Syagrus romanzoffiana and Butia odorata, in natural vegetation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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