Effects of pH, temperature and light intensity on spore germination and growth analysis of young sporophytes of <i>Polypodium lepidopteris</i> (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)

Viviani, Daniela; Randi, Áurea Maria

doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859406

ABSTRACT

Polypodium lepidopteris is a terrestrial fern from coastal vegetation, and is used as medicinal. This work analyzed the effects of pH, temperature and light levels on the spore germination and the relative growth rate (RGR) of young sporophytes. Fertile fronds were collected in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. The effect of pH (4.0 to 6.7) on spore germinability was observed in a growing room at 25 ± 2ºC (22 mmol m^-2s^-1) under a 16h photoperiod. No statistical differences between treatments were found. The effect of different temperatures on the germinability was analyzed (20, 25 and 30ºC). The test was carried out in a germination chamber (17 mmol m^-2s^-1) under a 16h photoperiod. The germination was inhibited at 30ºC. The effect of natural light levels (54, 38, 22 and 8%) was analyzed. The highest germination percentages were verified at 22 and 8% of natural light. The growth analyses show statistical differences in the number of fronds and height of the longest frond between time 1 (283 days of spore inoculation) and time 2 (343 days of spore inoculation). Sporophytes of P. lepidopteris produced 1.33 ± 0.09 fronds per month. The RGR (relative growth rate) was 0.15 ± 0,009 cm cm^-1month^-1.

Key words: germination; growth; medicinal plant; Polypodium lepidopteris

RESUMO

Polypodium lepidopteris é uma pteridófita terrestre que ocorre nas restingas e que apresenta propriedades medicinais. Este trabalho analisou o efeito de pH, temperatura e níveis de luz na germinação de esporos e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) de esporófitos jovens de P. lepidopteris. Frondes férteis foram coletadas em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. O efeito do pH (4,0 a 6,7) na germinabilidade de esporos foi analisado em sala de cultivo a 25 ± 2ºC (22 mmol m^-2s^-1) sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os tratamentos. Diferentes temperaturas foram testadas (20, 25 e 30ºC) em câmara de germinação (17 mmol m^-2s^-1) sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas. A germinação foi inibida a 30ºC. O efeito de diferentes níveis de luz natural (54, 38, 22 e 8%) foi analisado. As maiores porcentagens de germinação ocorreram a 22 e 8% de luz natural. A análise de crescimento dos esporófitos jovens mostra diferença significativa entre número de frondes e altura da maior fronde avaliados no tempo 1 (283 dias de inoculação de esporos) e no tempo 2 (343 dias de inoculação de esporos). Esporófitos de P. lepidopteris produziram 1,33 ± 0,09 frondes por mês. A TCR (taxa de crescimento relativo) foi de 0,15 ± 0,009 cm cm^-1mês.

Palavras-chave: germinação; crescimento; planta medicinal; Polypodium lepidopteris

Full text available only in PDF format.

1
Part of the Msc thesis of Daniela Viviani (Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, UFSC)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Daniela Viviani and Áurea Maria Randi would like to thank CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - National Council of Scientific and Technological Development-Brazil) respectively for the MS grant and Áurea Maria Randi thanks CNPq for the research grant (level 2).

REFERENCES

Ambrósio, S. T. & Barros, I. C. L. 1997. Pteridófitas de uma área remanescente de floresta atlântica do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 11: 105-113.
Barros, I. C. L.; Silva, A. J. R. & Silva, L. L. S. 1989. Levantamento florístico das pteridófitas ocorrentes na zona das caatingas do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Biologica Brasilica 1: 143-159.
Bernabe, N.; Williams-Linera, G. & Palacios-Rios, M. 1999. Tree ferns in the interior and at the edge of a Mexican cloud forest remant: spore germination and sporophyte survival and establishment. Biotropica 31: 83-88.
Brum, F. R. & Randi, A. M. 2002. High irradiance and temperature inhibit the germination of spores of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching (Dryopteridaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25: 391-396.
CECCA. 1997. Centro de Estudos, Cultura e Cidadania. Unidades de conservação e áreas protegidas da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Caracterização e legislação. Ed. Insular, Florianópolis, 160p.
Camloh, M. 1993. Spore germination and early gametophyte development of Platycerium bifurcatum American Fern Journal 83(3): 79-85.
Camloh, M. 1999. Spore age and sterilization affect germination and early gametophyte development of Platycerium bifurcatum American Fern Journal 89(2): 124-132.
CONAMA. 1999. Resolução 261, que trata dos estágios sucessionais de vegetação de restinga para o estado de Santa Catarina. CONAMA, 12p.
Courbet, H. 1955. Influence de la concentration ionique du milieu sur la germination des spores et la croissance des prothalles de Filicales en culture aseptique. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 241: 441-443.
Demming-Adams, B. & Adams, W. I. 1992. Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 43: 599-626.
Dyer, A. F. 1979. The culture of fern gametophytes for experimental investigation. In: The experimental biology of ferns. Academic Press, London. Pp. 253-305.
Fernández, H.; Bertrand, A. M. & Sanchez-Tames, R. 1996. Influence of tissue culture conditions on apogamy in Dryopteris affinis sp. affinis Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 45: 93-97.
______. 1997. Gemmation in cultured gametophytes of Osmunda regalis Plant Cell Report 16: 358-362.
Filippini, E. C. P.; Duz, S. R. & Randi, A. M. 1999. Light and storage in the germination of spores of Dicksonia selowiana (Presl.) Hook., Dicksoniaceae. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 22: 21-26.
Gazda, V.; Gomes-Carneiro, M. R.; Barbi, N. S. & Paumgartten, F. J. R. 2006. Toxicological evaluation of an ethanolic extract from Chiococca alba roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105: 187-195.
Haupt, W. 1990. Phytochrome-mediated fernspore germination: inhibition by elevated temperatures. Photochemical Photobiology 52: 57-9.
______. 1991. Phytochrome-controlled fernspore germination: phase-specific modulation by elevated temperatures. Photochemical Photobiology 54: 811-818.
______. 1992. Phytochrome-mediated fernspore germination: a temperature-sensitive phase in the transduction chain after action of Pfr. Journal of Plant Physiology 140: 575-81.
Hevly, R. H. 1963 Adaptations of cheilanthoid ferns to desert environments. Journal of Arizona Academic Science 2: 164-175.
Hiendlmayer, R. & Randi, A. M. 2007. Response of spores and young gametophytes of Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae) and Blechnum brasiliense Desv. (Blechnaceae) to different light levels. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 21(4): 909-915.
Johnson, G. N.; Rumsey, F. J.; Headley, A. D. & Sheffield, E. 2000. Adaptations to extreme low light in the fern Tricomanes speciosum Willd. (Hymenophyllaceae). New Phytologist 148: 423-431.
Kitao, M.; Lei, T. T.; Koike, T. T.; Tobita, H. & Maruyama, Y. 2000. Susceptibility to photoinhibition of three deciduous broadleaf tree species with different successional traits raised under various light regimes. Plant Cell and Environment 23: 81-89.
Labiak, P. H. & Prado, J. 1998. Pteridófitas epífitas da Reserva Volta Velha, Itapoá, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Botânica 11: 1-79.
Makgomol, K. & Sheffield E. 2001. Gametophyte morphology and ultrastructure of the extremely deep shade fern, Trichomanes speciosum New Phytologist 151: 243-225.
Mehltreter, K. & Palacios-Rios, M. 2003. Phenological studies of Acrostichum danaeifolium (Pteridaceae, Pteridophyta) at a mangrove site on the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecolology 19: 155-162
Mehltreter, K.; Rojas, P. &. Palacios-Rios, M. 2003. Moth larvae-damaged giant leatherfern Acrostichum danaeifolium as host for secondary colonization by ants. American Fern Journal 93: 49-55.
Millër, J. H. 1968. Fern gametophytes as experimental material. Botanical Review 34: 361-440.
Mohr, H. 1956. Die Abhängikeit des protonemawachstums und der protonemapolarität bei farnen von Licht. Planta 47: 127-158.
Nondorf, L. S.; Dooley A. M.; Palmieri, M. & Swatzell, J. 2003. The effects of pH, temperature, light intensity, light quality, and moisture levels on spore germination in Cheilanthes feei of Southeast Missouri. American Fern Journal 93: 56-69.
Otto, E. T.; Crow, J. H & Kirby, E. G. 1984. Effects of acidic growth conditions on spore germination and reproductive development in Dryopteris marginalis (L.). Annals of Botany 53: 439-442.
Pérez-García, B. & Riba, R. 1982. Germinacion de esporas de Cyatheaceae bajo diversas temperaturas. Biotropica 14: 281-287.
Raghavan, V. 1989. Developmental biology of fern gametophytes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 384p.
Ranal, M. A. 1999. Effects of temperature on spore germination in some fern species from semideciduous mesophytic forest. American Fern Journal 89: 149-158.
Renner, G. D. R. & Randi, A. M. 2004. Effects of sucrose and irradiance on germination and early gametophyte growth of the endangered tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook (Dicksoniaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 18(2): 375-380.
Santana, D. G. & Ranal, M. A. 2004. Análise da germinação. Um enfoque estatístico. Ed. UNB, Brasília, 247p.
Sato, T. & Sakai, A. 1981. Cold tolerance of gametophytes and sporophytes of some cool temperature ferns native to Hokkaido. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 604-608.
Scarano, F. 2002. Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Annals of Botany 90: 517-524.
Simabukuro, E. A.; Dyer, A. F. & Felippe, G. M. 1998. The effect of sterilization and storage conditions on the viability of spores of Cyathea delgadii American Fern Journal 88: 124-132.
Tryon, R. M. & Tryon, A. F. 1982. Ferns and allied plants with special reference to tropical America. Springer-Verlag, New York, 857p.
Whittier, D. P. 1981. Spore germination and young gametophyte development of Botrychium and Ophioglossum in axenic culture. American Fern Journal 71: 13-19.
______& Moyroud, R. 1993. The promotion of spore germination and gametophyte development in Ophioglossum palmatum by low pH. American Fern Journal 83: 41-46.
Zamith, L. R. & Scarano, F. R. 2006. Restoration of a restinga sandy coastal plain in Brazil: survival and growth of planted woody species. Restoration Ecology 14: 87-94.
Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3^rd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 662p.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Oct-Dec 2008

History

Received
Apr 2008
Accepted
Oct 2008

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Ambrósio, S. T. & Barros, I. C. L. 1997. Pteridófitas de uma área remanescente de floresta atlântica do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 11: 105-113.

[2] Barros, I. C. L.; Silva, A. J. R. & Silva, L. L. S. 1989. Levantamento florístico das pteridófitas ocorrentes na zona das caatingas do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Biologica Brasilica 1: 143-159.

[3] Bernabe, N.; Williams-Linera, G. & Palacios-Rios, M. 1999. Tree ferns in the interior and at the edge of a Mexican cloud forest remant: spore germination and sporophyte survival and establishment. Biotropica 31: 83-88.

[4] Brum, F. R. & Randi, A. M. 2002. High irradiance and temperature inhibit the germination of spores of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching (Dryopteridaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25: 391-396.

[5] CECCA. 1997. Centro de Estudos, Cultura e Cidadania. Unidades de conservação e áreas protegidas da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Caracterização e legislação. Ed. Insular, Florianópolis, 160p.

[6] Camloh, M. 1993. Spore germination and early gametophyte development of Platycerium bifurcatum American Fern Journal 83(3): 79-85.

[7] Camloh, M. 1999. Spore age and sterilization affect germination and early gametophyte development of Platycerium bifurcatum American Fern Journal 89(2): 124-132.

[8] CONAMA. 1999. Resolução 261, que trata dos estágios sucessionais de vegetação de restinga para o estado de Santa Catarina. CONAMA, 12p.

[9] Courbet, H. 1955. Influence de la concentration ionique du milieu sur la germination des spores et la croissance des prothalles de Filicales en culture aseptique. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 241: 441-443.

[10] Demming-Adams, B. & Adams, W. I. 1992. Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 43: 599-626.

[11] Dyer, A. F. 1979. The culture of fern gametophytes for experimental investigation. In: The experimental biology of ferns. Academic Press, London. Pp. 253-305.

[12] Fernández, H.; Bertrand, A. M. & Sanchez-Tames, R. 1996. Influence of tissue culture conditions on apogamy in Dryopteris affinis sp. affinis Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 45: 93-97.

[13] ______. 1997. Gemmation in cultured gametophytes of Osmunda regalis Plant Cell Report 16: 358-362.

[14] Filippini, E. C. P.; Duz, S. R. & Randi, A. M. 1999. Light and storage in the germination of spores of Dicksonia selowiana (Presl.) Hook., Dicksoniaceae. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 22: 21-26.

[15] Gazda, V.; Gomes-Carneiro, M. R.; Barbi, N. S. & Paumgartten, F. J. R. 2006. Toxicological evaluation of an ethanolic extract from Chiococca alba roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105: 187-195.

[16] Haupt, W. 1990. Phytochrome-mediated fernspore germination: inhibition by elevated temperatures. Photochemical Photobiology 52: 57-9.

[17] ______. 1991. Phytochrome-controlled fernspore germination: phase-specific modulation by elevated temperatures. Photochemical Photobiology 54: 811-818.

[18] ______. 1992. Phytochrome-mediated fernspore germination: a temperature-sensitive phase in the transduction chain after action of Pfr. Journal of Plant Physiology 140: 575-81.

[19] Hevly, R. H. 1963 Adaptations of cheilanthoid ferns to desert environments. Journal of Arizona Academic Science 2: 164-175.

[20] Hiendlmayer, R. & Randi, A. M. 2007. Response of spores and young gametophytes of Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae) and Blechnum brasiliense Desv. (Blechnaceae) to different light levels. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 21(4): 909-915.

[21] Johnson, G. N.; Rumsey, F. J.; Headley, A. D. & Sheffield, E. 2000. Adaptations to extreme low light in the fern Tricomanes speciosum Willd. (Hymenophyllaceae). New Phytologist 148: 423-431.

[22] Kitao, M.; Lei, T. T.; Koike, T. T.; Tobita, H. & Maruyama, Y. 2000. Susceptibility to photoinhibition of three deciduous broadleaf tree species with different successional traits raised under various light regimes. Plant Cell and Environment 23: 81-89.

[23] Labiak, P. H. & Prado, J. 1998. Pteridófitas epífitas da Reserva Volta Velha, Itapoá, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Botânica 11: 1-79.

[24] Makgomol, K. & Sheffield E. 2001. Gametophyte morphology and ultrastructure of the extremely deep shade fern, Trichomanes speciosum New Phytologist 151: 243-225.

[25] Mehltreter, K. & Palacios-Rios, M. 2003. Phenological studies of Acrostichum danaeifolium (Pteridaceae, Pteridophyta) at a mangrove site on the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecolology 19: 155-162

[26] Mehltreter, K.; Rojas, P. &. Palacios-Rios, M. 2003. Moth larvae-damaged giant leatherfern Acrostichum danaeifolium as host for secondary colonization by ants. American Fern Journal 93: 49-55.

[27] Millër, J. H. 1968. Fern gametophytes as experimental material. Botanical Review 34: 361-440.

[28] Mohr, H. 1956. Die Abhängikeit des protonemawachstums und der protonemapolarität bei farnen von Licht. Planta 47: 127-158.

[29] Nondorf, L. S.; Dooley A. M.; Palmieri, M. & Swatzell, J. 2003. The effects of pH, temperature, light intensity, light quality, and moisture levels on spore germination in Cheilanthes feei of Southeast Missouri. American Fern Journal 93: 56-69.

[30] Otto, E. T.; Crow, J. H & Kirby, E. G. 1984. Effects of acidic growth conditions on spore germination and reproductive development in Dryopteris marginalis (L.). Annals of Botany 53: 439-442.

[31] Pérez-García, B. & Riba, R. 1982. Germinacion de esporas de Cyatheaceae bajo diversas temperaturas. Biotropica 14: 281-287.

[32] Raghavan, V. 1989. Developmental biology of fern gametophytes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 384p.

[33] Ranal, M. A. 1999. Effects of temperature on spore germination in some fern species from semideciduous mesophytic forest. American Fern Journal 89: 149-158.

[34] Renner, G. D. R. & Randi, A. M. 2004. Effects of sucrose and irradiance on germination and early gametophyte growth of the endangered tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook (Dicksoniaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 18(2): 375-380.

[35] Santana, D. G. & Ranal, M. A. 2004. Análise da germinação. Um enfoque estatístico. Ed. UNB, Brasília, 247p.

[36] Sato, T. & Sakai, A. 1981. Cold tolerance of gametophytes and sporophytes of some cool temperature ferns native to Hokkaido. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 604-608.

[37] Scarano, F. 2002. Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Annals of Botany 90: 517-524.

[38] Simabukuro, E. A.; Dyer, A. F. & Felippe, G. M. 1998. The effect of sterilization and storage conditions on the viability of spores of Cyathea delgadii American Fern Journal 88: 124-132.

[39] Tryon, R. M. & Tryon, A. F. 1982. Ferns and allied plants with special reference to tropical America. Springer-Verlag, New York, 857p.

[40] Whittier, D. P. 1981. Spore germination and young gametophyte development of Botrychium and Ophioglossum in axenic culture. American Fern Journal 71: 13-19.

[41] ______& Moyroud, R. 1993. The promotion of spore germination and gametophyte development in Ophioglossum palmatum by low pH. American Fern Journal 83: 41-46.

[42] Zamith, L. R. & Scarano, F. R. 2006. Restoration of a restinga sandy coastal plain in Brazil: survival and growth of planted woody species. Restoration Ecology 14: 87-94.

[43] Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3^rd ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 662p.

Effects of pH, temperature and light intensity on spore germination and growth analysis of young sporophytes of Polypodium lepidopteris (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)¹

Efeito de pH, temperatura e intensidade luminosa na germinação de esporos e análise de crescimento de esporófitos jovens de Polypodium lepidopteris Kunze (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)

ABSTRACT

RESUMO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History

Effects of pH, temperature and light intensity on spore germination and growth analysis of young sporophytes of Polypodium lepidopteris (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)1

Efeito de pH, temperatura e intensidade luminosa na germinação de esporos e análise de crescimento de esporófitos jovens de Polypodium lepidopteris Kunze (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)

ABSTRACT

RESUMO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History

Effects of pH, temperature and light intensity on spore germination and growth analysis of young sporophytes of Polypodium lepidopteris (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae)¹