| Brochu et al. |
Canada, 2018 |
To clarify the bonds between the quality of multiple interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, negative mood, and symptoms of ED in female teenagers. |
186 female teenagers. |
The level of perceived alienation in the relationship with the mother and peers was positively associated with the severity of the ED symptoms. Low self-esteem and negative mood mediated these associations. |
| Albinhac et al. |
France, 2018 |
To analyze parental ties in children and adolescents with AN. |
25 children and adolescents (aged 10-17 years). |
There is a positive correlation between maternal protection and the age of diagnosis, and a negative correlation between parental care and disease duration. |
| Allan et al. |
Australia, 2018 |
To expand the results of a randomized clinical trial comparing conjoint-family treatment with family-based treatment, and to describe emotion expressed in parents of adolescents with AN and their relationship with the severity of the disease. |
Teenagers (from ages 12-18) and their parents |
An increase in maternal criticism was observed in adolescents whose mothers showed an increase in the expressed emotion. There were no significant effects on the expressed paternal emotion. |
| Depestele et al. |
Belgium, 2016 |
To investigate the differences in negative and positive care between mothers and fathers of patients with ED, with or without non-suicidal selfinjury behaviors or bingeing/ purging. |
65 female patients and their parents. |
Mothers reported significantly more positive care experiences compared to fathers. Mothers and fathers of patients with ED differ in care experiences; binge eating and non- suicidal self-harm behaviors negatively affect the care experience. |
| Moura et al. |
Brazil, 2015 |
To understand how mothers of adolescents with ED experienced the process of caring for their daughters from pregnancy to two years of age, seeking to investigate whether these experiences are related to symptoms manifestation during adolescence. |
6 mothers of teenager patients with ED. |
The mothers had difficulties supporting themselves, which caused intense suffering and a feeling of helplessness in view of the basic needs of their daughters. The children were described as voracious and dissatisfied, suggesting that they would have experienced difficulties in assimilating the care offered by their mothers in their first years of life. |
| Arnold et al. |
United Kingdom, 2019 |
Highlight evidence in pregnant women with ED and the short- and long-term effects of these disorders on the mother and baby. |
Systematic review |
Overall, the evidence suggests that ED in pregnancy is dangerous for the health of the mother and baby. Not only does this pose a short-term risk to the baby, but also affects the child’s health and increases the likelihood of developing an ED in the future. |
| Campos et al. |
Brazil, 2012 |
Expand knowledge about the main psychological characteristics of mothers of daughters with AN, especially regarding the relationship with their daughters. |
Seven mothers of patients with AN. |
Common characteristics of the mother-daughter relationship were identified in AN cases. The issue of mutual control, the dialectic between omnipotence and impotence and the relationship of devotion, passion and annihilation between mothers and daughters are phenomena that are at the base of the structure of AN, with direct influence on the severity of each case and on the success of therapeutic possibilities. |
| Mushquash et al. |
Canada, 2013 |
To evaluate whether perfectionism and psychological control lead to discord between mother and daughter. |
218 mother-daughter dyads. |
The daughters’ perfectionism and the mothers’ psychological control contribute to binge eating through compulsive triggers. Daughters believe their mothers demand that they be perfect and mothers are demanding and controlling. |
| Valdanha-Ornela et al. |
Brazil, 2016 |
To understand the implication of intergenerationality in psychic transmission and in the articulation of anorexic symptoms in a young woman undergoing treatment. |
Women from three generations of the same family: maternal grandmother, mother and daughter with AN. |
Psychic contents were identified that could not be elaborated and that later became legacies transmitted to later generations. Feelings of inhibition and shame in relation to sexuality and the female body, transmitted from the grandmother to the mother and consequently to the granddaughter, seem to block the emotional development in later generations. |
| Marini |
Brazil, 2016 |
Describe psychoanalytic concepts, mainly regarding the relationship between mother and daughter, from which it is understood that failures in the constitution of the psychic apparatus occur, generating symptoms such as AN and BN. |
A single patient with ED. |
There seems to be a kind of consensus about the importance of the family approach, and the interpretations regarding the problematic family bond. |
| Vázquez-Velázquez et al. |
Mexico, 2017 |
To evaluate the association between eating behavior and the psychological profile of mothers and daughters with AN, BN, BED compared to a control group. |
133 dyads (30 daughters with AN, 30 with BN, 19 with BED and obesity, and their respective mothers), and 54 dyads (daughters without ED or obesity, and their mothers) (control group). |
The inverse correlations were significant between the dyad in AN and between the dyad in BN, however, the greatest positive correlations exist between the dyad and eating behaviour. Among the control dyads, the correlations were low, but significant in most cases. |
| Lantzouni et al. |
USA, 2015 |
To explore the correlation between the dyad with regards to the daughter’s disease coping behaviours in a sample of adolescent women with and without ED. |
Girls aged 13 to 18 and their respective mothers. |
The daughters handled the same way as their mothers in both groups. Adolescents with ED and their mothers used coping less frequently to avoid a flight from disease behaviours compared to adolescents without ED. |
| Gonçalves et al. |
Portugal, 2012 |
Analyze the eating behaviour and body satisfaction of boys and girls and examine their mothers’ perceptions of these two domains; to assess predictors of eating problems by using the body mass index (BMI). |
111 children and their respective mothers. |
No association was found between infant and maternal BMI for both genders. No difference was found between boys and girls in relation to eating behaviour; most children showed a preference for an ideal body image and real body image, and most mothers preferred thinner bodies for their children. |
| Bauer et al. |
Germany, 2017 |
To investigate the family transmission focused on attention to the body and examine body patterns through the visualization of photos between the dyad. |
50 female adolescents and their respective mothers. |
An attention bias was observed for unattractive body areas of adolescents. The girls’ visual attention bias score correlated significantly with the mother’s visual attention bias (indicating indirect transmission). |
| Lewis et al. |
Australia, 2015 |
To examine the association between emotive responses (levels of happiness, fear and disgust) to images of food in mothers and their early adolescent daughters with sub-clinical ED. |
20 mothers and their respective teenage daughters. |
There was a similarity between the emotional responses of mothers and daughters. The symptoms of the mothers’ ED were related to concerns about their daughters’ shape and body weight. |
| Castillo et al. |
Spain, 2018 |
To analyse differences in symptoms of ED in parents and children with AN, BN, and UED compared to a control group. |
348 participants assigned to three groups of patients and a control group. |
Mothers from the clinical group had higher scores for ineffectiveness, interoceptive awareness, social insecurity and impulse regulation when compared to mothers from the control group. |
| Perez et al. |
USA, 2018 |
To assess the body dissatisfaction, ideal internalization of the lean body, and self-objectification in children aged 5 to 7 years. |
151 mother-daughter dyads: 63 children aged 5, 39 children aged 6 and 49 children aged 7. |
Internalization of the ideal body was greater among children from ages 6-7. The mother’s body dissatisfaction significantly and positively predicted her daughter’s body dissatisfaction during the joint mirroring experiment. |
| Cohen et al. |
South Africa, 2019 |
To analyze the relationship of body image disorders, ED and obesity in mothers and daughters by testing the association between perceptions of body weight, body esteem, eating attitudes and BMI. |
615 mother-daughter dyads. |
There was a higher prevalence of obesity in mothers and a higher risk of ED in daughters. The desire to lose weight increased significantly with increasing BMI. In addition, 52.7% of daughters who presented a desire to lose weight, had overweight/obese mothers. |
| Pilecki et al. |
Poland, 2012 |
To evaluate the dietary attitudes of mothers of depressed girls and their relationship with them 14 years after the beginning of the Polish political and cultural transformation of 1989. |
68 mother-daughter dyads. |
The mothers’ EAT-26 was lower than that of the general population (Polish women or mothers of patients in a different cultural context). In girls with ED, the EAT- 26 score was higher when compared to the average result of the Polish population. |
| Cobelo et al. |
Brazil, 2012 |
To evaluate body dissatisfaction and eating symptoms in mothers of patients with ED when compared to a control group. |
35 mothers of female teenagers. |
There was a positive correlation between BMI and Body Shape Questionnaire scores in the control group and a positive correlation between EAT-26 scores in the experimental group |
| Lease et al. |
Australia, 2016 |
To investigate the relevance of the family environment (negative maternal messages) for the phenomenon of maladaptive exercise (mandatory). |
298 women who attended a health and fitness center. |
The frequency of negative maternal messages demonstrated significant associations with concerns about weight and body shape, frequency of exercise, exercise fixation and symptoms of ED. |
| Hillard et al. |
USA, 2016 |
To analyze the individual and combined effects of maternal incentive in losing weight and in the communication of concerns about their own weight in the results related to their daughters’ bodies and diets. |
89 female adolescents. |
When the mother’s encouragement to diet and the conversations about weight concerns were frequent, the daughters reported less desire for thinness and inappropriate eating behaviours. |
| Berge et al. |
USA, 2013 |
To evaluate the associations between parents’ conversations about healthy eating and disordered eating behaviours. |
2,793 adolescents. |
Parents who engaged in weight-related conversations had children who were more likely to diet, adopt unhealthy weight control behaviours, and engage in binge eating. |
| Chow et al. |
USA, 2018 |
To investigate how ED and depressive symptoms were related to the conversation about body fat in the mother- daughter relationship in adolescence. |
100 mother-daughter dyads. |
The involvement of teenager girls and their mothers in conversations about fats (both related to fatty foods and body fat) was related to the girl’s ED. The more constant the frequency of these conversations between mothers and daughters, the greater the risk of food pathology of the daughters. |
| Damiano et al. |
Australia, 2015 |
To associate individual and socio-cultural factors with a focus on weight and trends in food restriction in 5-year-old girls. |
111 mother-daughter dyads. |
Most of the girls were satisfied with their body size, half showed some internalization of the ideal body and 34% of them reported practising a restrictive diet at a moderate level. Conversations about appearance and exposure in the media were unique predictors. Media exposure was also related to higher BMI, and greater internalization of girls were associated with conversations about appearance. |
| Arroyo et al. |
USA, 2017. |
To explore eating disorders and communication behaviours between grandparents, daughters and granddaughters as intergenerational mechanisms. |
242 daughter-mother- grandmother triads. |
There was a relationship of eating disorder only in the reports between mothers and daughters. Various indirect effects were observed through maternal comments and maternal modelling. |
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