Ariyasu et al.
200148
|
AN and GP |
To estimate the plasma
ghrelin in humans, ghrelin -LI fasting and after the meals |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Student’s t-test, linear
regression analysis |
The concentration of
ghrelin was higher in AN, found a negative correlation between
ghrelin levels and BMI compared to female CO |
33 GP |
68,0 ± 4,0 |
23,3 ± 2,8 |
31 AN |
25,0 ± 1,0 |
DNS |
Control Group |
61 CO (35 female) |
26,0 ± 1,0 (DNS female) |
20,7 ± 0,3 (20,4 ± 0,4 female) |
Otto et al.
200146
|
AN |
Investigate the
involvement of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of EDs, analyze
circulating levels of ghrelin and its possible correlations with
clinical parameters before and after weight gain |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
DNS |
The concentration of
plasma ghrelin was higher in AN, after partial improvement,
there was a decrease in circulating ghrelin (25%). Negative
correlation with Delta BMI |
36 AN |
25,0 ± 1,2 |
15,2 ± 0,2 |
Control Group |
24 CO |
31,0 ± 1,4 |
22,9 ± 0,4 |
Shiiya et al.
200237
|
OB, AN and DM2 |
Research on ghrelin in
metabolic balance, measurement of plasma ghrelin responses in
plasma ghrelin in CO and DM2 and investigation of 24 hours of
circulating ghrelin profile |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min) |
ANOVA, post
hoc Fisher’s test, linear regression analysis |
The concentration of
plasma ghrelin was high in the AN, and low in BN, it was
negatively correlated with BMI |
17 AN |
22,2 ± 2,3 |
14,2 ± 0,5 |
11 OB |
35,1 ± 3,7 |
30,4 ±1,2 |
42 DM2 |
58,5 ±1,6 |
DNS |
Control Group |
28 CO |
30,4 ± 4,1 |
22,7 ± 0,4 |
Tanaka et al.
200254
|
BN |
Concentration of plasma
ghrelin fasting will be increased in the BN or show some
specificity regarding the pathology |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Student’s t-test, linear
regression analysis |
The concentration of
ghrelin was greater in BN. Ghrelin fasting was negatively
correlated with BMI and% body fat |
15 BN |
23,3 ± 5,3 |
20,0 ± 2,9 |
Control Group |
11 CO |
24,0 ± 1,9 |
21,1 ± 1,2 |
Tolle et al.
200351
|
AN |
Measuring plasma levels
of ghrelin in the AN before and after renutrition in women CT
and CO |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (hours: 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 and 400 h) |
ANOVA, t-test |
High plasma levels of
ghrelin in the AN, which remained high throughout the day and
decreased after renutrition. The CT group had intermediate
levels of ghrelin |
9 AN |
17,2 ± 0,9 |
14,6 ± 0,4 |
7 CT |
23,3 ± 3,1 |
15,7 ± 0,4 |
Control Group |
10 CO |
23,2 ± 1,1 |
21,5 ± 0,7 |
Tanaka et al.
2003a59
|
AN BN |
The presence and
frequency of purging behaviors can influence the levels of
ghrelin |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Linear regression
analysis, ANOVA, post-hoc Fisher’s test |
Mean plasma ghrelin was
higher in the AN-R, AN-P and BN-P, was significantly higher in
AN-P than AN- R. Ghrelin fasting was negatively correlated with
BMI and % body fat |
21 AN-R |
21,8 ± 8,9 |
13,9 ± 1,9 |
19 AN-P |
24,6 ± 5,5 |
14,4 ± 2,1 |
18 BN-P |
22,7 ± 5,0 |
20,0 ± 2,1 |
13 BN-NP |
22,7 ± 6,5 |
21,2 ± 3,9 |
Control Group |
15 CO |
22,1 ± 3,4 |
21,4 ± 11,0 |
Nedvidkova et al.
200345
|
AN |
Study the response of
plasma ghrelin, to food intake, meal volume and nutritional
value |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (30, 60, 90, 120 min) |
Unpaired t-test,
Mann-Whitney rank Test, correlations Spearman’s, ANOVA, Dunnet´s
test |
The concentration of
plasma ghrelin was two times higher in the AN, and was
negatively correlated with % body fat. There was no change in
the concentration of ghrelin in the AN after 2 h meal |
5 AN |
24,3 ± 2,6 |
15,2 ± 1,5 |
Control Group |
6 CO |
22,9 ± 4,7 |
21,6 ± 1,2 |
Tanaka et al.
2003b60
|
AN |
Measure plasma
concentrations of ghrelin between subtypes of AN |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Linear regression
analysis, ANOVA, post-hoc Scheffe’s test |
The plasma levels of
ghrelin were higher in AN-R and AN-P. Ghrelin was even higher in
the AN-P as compared to the AN-R. Ghrelin fasting was negatively
correlated with BMI in AN |
19 AN-R |
20,1 ± 4,9 |
13,6 ± 1,5 |
20 AN-P |
21,9 ± 4,7 |
13,7 ± 1,9 |
Control Group |
11 CO |
21,0 ± 1,9 |
21,4 ± 1,2 |
Monteleone et al.
200352
|
BN |
Study of ghrelin and
leptin responses meals in BN and CO |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (0, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min) |
ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA with
repeated measures e post-hoc Turkey´s,
correlation Pearson´s |
Found no difference
between groups in fasting ghrelin. Noted that the postprandial
ghrelin remained increased in the BN (90, 120 and 180 min).
Ghrelin fasting was negatively correlated with body fat |
9 BN-P |
24,2 ± 2,3 |
21,7 ± 3,4 |
Control Group |
12 CO |
24,5 ± 2,6 |
21,5 ± 1,8 |
Tanaka et al.
2003c61
|
AN |
The differences in
eating behavior can influence the secretion of ghrelin and
insulin in AN |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min) |
ANOVA,
post-hoc Scheffe’s test, Kruskal–Wallis,
chi-square statistic |
The baseline ghrelin in
AN-R and AN-P was significantly higher compared with CO. In the
AN-P was found delayed recovery levels of ghrelin postprandially
(120 and 180 min) |
11 AN-R |
18,5 ± 1,4 |
13,3 ± 0,4 |
9 AN-P |
20,9 ± 1,4 |
13,8 ± 0,5 |
Control Group |
10 CO |
21,0 ± 0,6 |
21,4 ± 0,4 |
Soriano-Guillen et al.
200441
|
OBCH, AD and AN |
To investigate the role
of ghrelin in the EDS analysis of baseline ghrelin level in OBCH
and AN and the weight loss effect |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Student´s t test, ANOVA
with repeated measures, post-hoc Scheffe’s
test, correlation analysis |
Ghrelin levels were
decreased in OBCH and not normalized after weight reduction.
Also found increased levels in AN |
26 OBCH |
8,0 ± 1,3 |
SD 4,4 ± 1,8 |
16 AN |
17,0 ± 1,6 |
SD -2,2 ± 0,4 |
Control Group |
21 CH |
6,3 ± 3,0 |
SD 0,1 ± 1,0 |
20 AD |
17,2 ± 0,4 |
SD 0,3 ± 0,8 |
Misra et al.
200449
|
AN |
Ghrelin values may be
higher in AN than in healthy adolescents |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Student´s t-test,
Wilcoxon’s test, chi-square statistic |
Ghrelin levels were
higher and decreased postprandially ghrelin was also high in
AN-R |
19 AN-R |
16,1 ± 1,1 |
16,9 ± 1,6 |
Control Group |
20 CO |
15,4 ± 1,8 |
21,8 ± 3,7 |
Nakazato et al.
200466
|
BN |
Determination of serum
ghrelin levels and compare with the BDNF reported in a previous
article |
N |
EIA |
Postprandial
(11:00-12:00 am) |
Student’s t-test,
Mann-Whitney, correlation Pearson’s |
There was no significant
correlation between the levels of ghrelin and BDNF |
18 BN (BN-P e BN- NP) |
21,6 ± 4,0 |
20,4 ± 2,1 |
Control Group |
21 CO |
21,4 ± 1,7 |
20,0 ± 1,5 |
Tanaka et al.
200462
|
AN |
Measuring ghrelin and GH
in AN during treatment to evaluate the effect of nutritional
rehabilitation of these substances in |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma |
Linear regression
analysis, ANOVA, post-hoc Sheffés,
Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square statistic |
The fasting ghrelin was
found too high in AN -E group, and the high in AN-P and AN-R
before treatment. It remained high in AN-R during the treatment
and after the treatment it maintained high only in the AN-P
group. The concentration of ghrelin was negatively correlated
with BMI before and during treatment |
7 AN-E |
18,1 ± 1,2 |
11,1 ± 0,3 |
14 AN-R |
18,4 ± 1,3 |
13,1 ± 0,2 |
13 AN-P |
25,0 ± 1,3 |
14,5 ± 0,3 |
Control Group |
9 CO |
21,5 ± 0,9 |
21,5 ± 0,4 |
Kojima et al.
200565
|
BN |
To investigate the
changes in plasma ghrelin and PYY postprandial after the meal in
the BN and CO |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting plasma
and postprandial (0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min) |
Student’s t-test, ANOVA
with repeated measures, correlation Pearson’s |
Concentration of plasma
ghrelin was high in the BN and remained high after the meal |
10 BN-P |
24,7 ± 1,5 |
20,0 ± 0,6 |
Control Group |
12 CO |
24,8 ± 0,8 |
20,2 ± 0,5 |
Monteleone et al.
200553
|
BN, BED and OB |
To investigate the
changes of plasma ghrelin in EDs |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Kruskal-Wallis,
Mann-Whitney, correlations Spearman’s |
Plasma ghrelin reduced
in BED and OB, but found no changes in BN. Ghrelin was
negatively correlated with body weight, BMI and body fat in all
sample |
13 BED NO |
26,9 ± 8,0 |
25,8 ± 2,5 |
34 BED OB |
33,6 ± 9,1 |
39,8 ± 4,9 |
56 BN-P |
23,4 ± 4,3 |
21,9 ± 3,8 |
Control Group |
28 OB |
38,4 ± 14,1 |
38,1 ± 6,3 |
51 CO |
22,6 ± 3,1 |
21,7 ± 2,3 |
Monteleone et al.
200567
|
BN |
Investigate the total
PYY and ghrelin responses after a high fat meal in BN and
CO |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (0, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min) |
ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA with
repeated measures, post hoc Turkey, multiple
regression analysis |
There was no difference
in the concentration of ghrelin fasting. The postprandial
ghrelin remained higher in BN |
9 BN-P |
24,5 ± 2,6 |
21,5 ± 1,8 |
Control Group |
10 CO |
24,2 ± 3,9 |
21,7 ± 3,4 |
Stock et al.
200539
|
AN and OB |
PYY may be higher in AN
and the response of PYY, ghrelin, GIP and satiety to mixed meals
can be impaired in AN and obesity |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandial (15, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min) |
ANOVA,
post-hoc Bonferroni, correlation, Wald
test, correlation Pearson’s |
Ghrelin was found lower
in obesity, with respect to CO and AN. The response of ghrelin
in each group showed a significant difference over time |
10 AN |
16,5 ± 0,4 |
16,3 ± 0,4 |
10 OB |
14,2 ± 0,3 |
34,4 ± 2,0 |
Control Group |
10 CO |
14,8 ± 0,3 |
20,2 ± 0,4 |
Geliebter et al.
200568
|
BED and SBED |
BED patients have higher
levels of postprandial ghrelin, as a gastric emptying rate
slower and less that the postprandial CCK than CO |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting plasma
and postprandial (-15, 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 min) |
GLM,
post-hoc Turkey´s |
Plasma ghrelin was
smaller and had a smaller decline after the meal in the BED
compared to CO |
11 BED |
29,0 ± 8,4 |
36,6 ± 6,2 |
14 SBED |
28,6 ± 6,7 |
35,9 ± 5,3 |
Control Group |
12 OB |
33,1 ± 8,7 |
35,3 ± 5,5 |
Otto et al.
200558
|
AN |
To investigate the
suppression of postprandial ghrelin in AN during weight
gain |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting plasma
and postprandial (20 and 60 min) |
ANOVA of repeated
measurement, Wilcoxon test |
Increased levels of
ghrelin in AN fasting and there was a significant decrease after
the weight gain |
20 AN |
25,6 ± 1,0 |
15,1 ± 0,3 |
Control Group |
6 CO |
28,8 ± 1,0 |
21,1 ± 0,7 |
Troisi et al.
200563
|
AN, BN and BED |
To investigate the
relationship between plasma ghrelin, cortisol, thyroid hormones
and dietary patterns of AN, BN and BED. Analyzing the groups To
by the criterion of bingeing and purging |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
ANOVA, Student’s t-test,
post-hoc Sheffé, Stepwise’s regression |
High plasma
concentrations of ghrelin in the AN, BN and BED were found. EDs
concentrations of plasma ghrelin was negatively correlated with
BMI. Positive correlation between the concentrations of ghrelin
and disordered eating behavior. |
13 AN-R |
26,6 ± 6,7 |
15,9 ± 2,3 |
16 BN (AN-P e BN-P) |
29,2 ± 11,4 |
26,0 ± 7,5 |
21 BED (BN-NP e BED) |
38,0 ± 11,9 |
33,0 ± 7,8 |
Control Group |
23 CO |
25,5 ± 3,2 |
21,24 ± 1,8 |
Janas-Kozik
et al.
2007
55
|
AN |
To investigate the
involvement of the AN dysfunction during treatment of
ghrelin |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma |
Student’s t-test and
Spearman’s correlation |
The concentration of
ghrelin was high in the AN-R and not fully stabilized after
treatment. Negative correlation with total plasma ghrelin and
BMI in AN-R after treatment |
30 AN-R |
18,0 ± 2,0 |
15,1 ± 1,4 |
Control Group |
20 CO |
18,5 ± 0,5 |
21,4 ± 2,1 |
Nakahara et al.
200756
|
AN |
Measure ghrelin,
PYY3-36, glucose and insulin after a meal to evaluate the effect
of nutritional status in AN during hospitalization |
N |
RIA |
Overnight fasting plasma
and postprandial (0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min) |
ANOVA and
post-hoc Sheffé, 2-way ANOVA with repeated
measures |
Plasma ghrelin fasting
was higher in AN, after treatment decreased but remained higher
compared to CO |
14 AN-R |
24,6 ± 6,0 |
12,4 ± 1,7 |
Control Group |
12 CO |
25,7 ± 6,7 |
22,3 ± 2,2 |
Monteleone et al.
200847
|
AN and BN |
Measure circulating
levels of ghrelin/obestatin and evaluating its relationship with
anthropometric and clinical measures in BN, AN and CO |
N |
ELISA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Shapiro Wilk normality
test, ANOVA, Pearson´s correlation |
The concentration of
ghrelin was higher in the AN, regardless of subtype. No
difference to the BN was found. The concentration of plasma
ghrelin in the AN had a positive correlation with body fat and
BMI |
21 AN (AN-R e AN-P) |
23,4 ± 7,5 |
16,6 ± 1,6 |
21 BN |
26,2 ± 7,1 |
21,4 ± 3,3 |
Control Group |
20 CO |
23,6 ± 5,5 |
21,1 ± 2,2 |
Monteleone et al.
201064
|
BN |
To investigate the
ghrelin response in “misleading” feedback on BN and CO |
N |
RIA |
Fasting plasma and
postprandially (0, 15, 30, 45, 90 and 120 min) |
ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA with
repeated measures and post-hoc Turkey’s,
Pearson’s correlation |
In BN ghrelin was high
postprandially. The response of ghrelin was positively
correlated with the frequency of bingeing and purging weekly and
disease duration |
6 BN-P |
DNS |
DNS |
Control Group |
7 CO |
DNS |
DNS |
Terra et al.
201357
|
AN |
Studying levels of
circulating adipocytokines in AN and CO |
N |
ELISA |
Overnight fasting
plasma |
Student’s t-test,
Pearson’s correlation, linear regression analysis |
There was no difference
in the concentration of ghrelin fasting. Negative correlation
with BMI and the plasma ghrelin in AN-R after treatment. |
28 AN-R |
27,4 ± 1,4 |
16,8 ± 0,2 |
Control Group |
33 CO |
32,6 ± 1,3 |
21,8 ± 0,3 |