Sleep disturbances and insomnia are more commonly observed in adult females than in adult males. It has been speculated that comorbid depression and anxiety among females may contribute to a higher incidence of insomnia. In addition, periods of intense hormonal variability (e.g.; pregnancy/postpartum, menopause transition) appear to be associated with higher incidence of sleep disturbances in females. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the menopausal transition constitutes a period of heightened risk for the occurrence of depressive symptoms and vasomotor complaints, as well as insomnia. This article reviews the clinical and hormone factors that may play a role for the development of insomnia during the menopausal transition and postmenopause. Treatment options are critically reviewed, including cognitive-behavioral techniques, hormonal treatments, hypnotics, antidepressants, and complimentary/alternative medicine.
Insomnia; women; menopause; hypnotics; estrogens