Huang, Y, et al.99. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research. 2020;288:112954. Cross sectional China Online survey |
7236 general population Male:3284(45.4%) Female:3952(54.6%) Age (Mean±SD) 35.3±5.6 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety:35.1% No significant difference in anxiety symptoms by gender More anxiety among age < 35 years than age >35 years (38% versus 32.9%) |
Time spent focusing on the COVID-19 (≥ 3 hours per day compared to <1 hour) were associated with GAD (OR=1.91) |
Gao, J., et al.1010. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS one. 2020;15(4):e0231924. Cross sectional China Online survey |
4872 general population Male:1560(32.3%) Female:3267(67.7%) Age (Mean±SD): 32.3±10.0 years 21–30 years: 2312(47.9%) College: 3002(62.2%) Urban: 3920(81.2%) SME: less:8.8%; sometimes:9.2%; frequently:82.0% |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety:22.6% Greater anxiety among those aged 31–40 years (OR = 1.63) compared with those aged <20 years Less anxiety among those with college (OR = 0.40) and master (OR = 0.31) than those with middle school Participants from other provinces had lower adjusted odds (OR = 0.49) of anxiety than those from Hubei province More anxiety among those with good/general/poor SRH (OR = 1.77) compared with those with excellent SRH |
frequently SME with higher anxiety (OR = 1.72) |
Zhou, S.J., et al.1111. Zhou SJ, Zhang LG, Wang LL, Guo ZC, Wang JQ, Chen JC, et al. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29(6):749-758. Cross sectional China Online survey |
8079 Adolescents Male:3753 (46.5%) Female:4326 (53.5%) City; Rural:38.4%; 61.6% |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety: 37.4% mild 27%; moderate:7.4%; severe:3% More anxiety in female gender than male(38.4% versus 36.2%) The higher the grade, the greater the prevalence of anxiety Less anxiety among students in cities than rural areas (32.5% versus 40.4%). Hubei province was a risk factor for anxiety symptoms (OR= 1.64). |
COVID-19 knowledge, prevention and control measures were higher among students without anxiety |
Zhu, S., et al.1212. Zhu S, Wu Y, Zhu CY, Hong WC, Yu ZX, Chen ZK, et al. The immediate mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or without quarantine managements. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:56-58. Cross sectional China Online survey |
2279 general population Quarantine:1443 without quarantine: 836 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety :21.7% |
No significant change between with and without quarantine of GAD (22.2% vs. 20.8%) |
Cao, W., et al.2020. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. Cross sectional China Cluster sampling |
7143 medical college students Male:2168 (30.4%) Female:4975 (69.6%) Urban;Rural-urban;Rural:36%; 20.2%; 43.8% |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety: 24.9% mild 21.3%; moderate:2.7%; severe:0.9% Living in urban areas (OR = 0.810), family income stability (OR = 0.726) and living with parents (OR = 0.752) were protective factors against anxiety |
Worrying about the economic influences of the epidemic (r = 0.327, P < .001), academic delays (r = 0.315, P < .001), influence of the epidemic on daily-life (r = 0.316, P < .001) were positively related to the levels of anxiety in college students |
Chang, J., et al.2121. Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020 Feb 29;40(2):171-176. Cross sectional China Online survey |
3881 college students Male:1434 (37%) Female:2447 (63%) medical student:86.55% City: 76.1% |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) |
Overall anxiety: 26.6% mild 23.2%; moderate:2.7%; severe:0.7% More anxiety in college students from rural area than those from urban area More anxiety in non-medical students than medical students Students in higher grade had less anxiety symptoms |
n/a |
Wang, C., et al.1313. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. Cross sectional China Online survey |
1210 general population Male:396 (32.7%) Female:814 (67.3%) Age 21.4–30.8: 53.1% |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
Overall anxiety: 36.6% mild 7.5%; moderate:20.4%; severe:8.4% More anxiety in female gender, student status, people with physical symptoms, poor SRH status and chronic illness |
Concerns about a child getting infection was associated with higher anxiety levels precautionary measures such as avoiding sharing chopsticks during meals, washing hands with soap, washing hands more frequently and wearing mask were associated with a lower levels of anxiety |
Wang, C., et al.(14) Longitudinal China Online survey first survey:Jan.31 to Feb.2 Second survey: Feb.28 to Mar.1 |
1738 general population 1st survey:1210(13) 2nd survey:861 Female:75% Age 21.4–30.8: 46.5% Both survey:333 |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
No significant longitudinal changes in anxiety levels |
More anxiety in those accept health information mainly via radio People with physical symptoms had higher levels of anxiety symptoms Recent quarantine were significantly associated with anxiety scores, which was not observed among the first survey participants Precautionary measures such as covering mouth when coughing or sneezing, washing hands with soap, washing hands more frequently and wearing mask were associated with a lower levels of anxiety |
Hao, F., et al.1515. Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y, et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:100-106 Cross sectional China Online survey |
185 participants 76 psychiatric patients; 109 healthy control subjects Male:66 (35.7%) Female:119 (64.3%) |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
Overall anxiety: 14.6% mild 3.2%; moderate:4.9%; severe:6.5% Anxiety in 26.3% psychiatric patients and 6.4% healthy controls |
People with recent physical symptoms in the past 14 days had higher anxiety scores More anxiety in people with no change or worse SRH than those reported healthier. |
Mazza, C., et al.1616. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S. A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3165. Cross sectional Italy Online survey |
2766 general population Male:784 (28.4%) Female:1982 (71.6%) Age (Mean±SD): 32.94±13.2 years |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
Overall anxiety(above average):18.7% More anxiety among female gender People with history of stressful situations and medical problems had more anxiety symptoms More anxiety if childless |
Being infected and family member infected were associated with more depression |
Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A.1717. Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102076. Cross sectional Iran Online survey |
10754 general population Male:3681 (34.2%) Female:7073 (65.8%) Age 21-40: 65% |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
Overall anxiety(above average): 19.1% More anxiety among women, the age group of 21–40 years and living in regions with higher COVID-19 prevalence The increasing levels of education had and increasing impact on anxiety levels |
More anxiety among people who more followed corona-related news The levels of anxiety were significantly higher among people who had family member, relative, or friend infected with COVID-19 disease |
Tan, W., et al.2222. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:84-92. Cross sectional China Online survey |
673 workforce returning to work Male:501 (74.4%) Age (Mean±SD): 30.8±7.4 years Married; single; divorced/widow: 54.4%; 42.2%; 3.4% |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) |
Overall anxiety: 6.1% mild 2.2%; moderate:2.5%; severe:1.3% The anxiety levels were highest in those divorced/widowed. Single marital status was found to have more anxiety symptoms than married |
Respondents presented with physical symptoms had significantly higher anxiety Prevention measures including hand hygiene were associated with less severe anxiety symptoms |
Lei, L., et al.2323. Lei L, Huang X, Zhang S, Yang J, Yang L, Xu M. Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924609. Cross sectional China Online survey |
1593 general population Male: 617 (38.7%) Female: 976 (61.3%) Age (Mean±SD): 32.±9.8 years 18-39: 77.1% Married; single; divorced/widow: 56.4%; 40.9%; 2.8% Urban: 85.5% Affected; unaffected by COVID-19: 26.4%; 73.6% |
Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) |
Overall anxiety: 8.3% More anxiety in female, younger people and those who were divorced/widowed Living in urban area was associated with less anxiety |
More anxiety in affected group (12.9%) than unaffected group (6.7%) Worse SRH condition, more worry about being infected, more economic loss, and receiving financial support or practical help were also significantly associated with higher anxiety scores. |
Wang, Y., et al.2424. Wang Y, Di Y. Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med. 2020:1-10. Cross sectional China Online survey |
600 general population Male: 267 (44.5%) Female: 333 (55.5%) Age (Mean±SD): 34 ± 12 years Educational levels: Master:6.3% bachelor:27.5% junior college:39.33% high school:26.83% |
Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) |
Overall anxiety: 6.3% Female had higher anxiety risk (OR=3.01) |
n/a |
Xiao, H., et al.2828. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e923921 Cross sectional China Cluster sampling |
170 participants self-isolated at home for 14 days Male:101 (59.4%) Female:69 (40.5%) Age (Mean±SD): 37.78 ± 4.12 years |
Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) |
Higher social capital reduced anxiety levels |
Anxiety of isolated individuals were at high levels(55.4 ±14.3) |
Ahmed, M.Z., et al.1818. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102092. Cross sectional China Online survey |
1074 general population Male:571(53.2 %) Female:503(46.8 %) Province Hubei:678(63.1 %);Other:396(36.9 %) |
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) |
Overall anxiety: 18.9% (moderate to severe) No significant interaction of gender with anxiety More anxiety among age 21−30 years |
n/a |
Yuan, R., et al.1919. Yuan R, Xu QH, Xia CC, Lou CY, Xie Z, Ge QM, et al. Psychological status of parents of hospitalized children during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112953. Cross sectional China |
100 Parents of hospitalized children Male:43 Female:57 |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) |
Overall anxiety: 25% |
21% parents with children hospitalized in epidemic area and 4% parents with children hospitalized in non-epidemic area had anxiety |
Özdin, S., et al.2525. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(5):504-511. Cross sectional Turkey Online survey |
343 general population Male: 174(50.7%) Female: 169(49.2) Age (Mean±SD): 37.16 ± 10.31 years Urban: 278(81%); Rural: 65(19%) |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) |
Overall anxiety: 45.1% Female gender(OR= 2.48), living in urban areas(OR= 0.36) and previous psychiatric illness history(OR= 0.36) were found as risk factors for anxiety |
n/a |