Anderson et al.11. Anderson NE, Powell KF, Croxson MC. A polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:520-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.5.520 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.5.520...
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New Zealand, 1993 |
Patients with clinical HSV encephalitis |
prospective |
detection of HSV DNA with PCR in CSF |
PCR is a highly specific test for HSV-1 and HSV-2 encephalitis in newborns |
Czech-Kowalska et al.55. Czech-Kowalska J, Jedlińska-Pijanowska D, Kasztelewicz B, Kłodzińska M, Pietrzyk A, Sarkaria E, et al. The limitations of cytomegalovirus DNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with congenital CMV infection: a tertiary care neonatal center experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021;40:838-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003205 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000000000000...
|
Poland, 2021 |
168 infants with cCMV |
retrospective and prospective |
retrospective (2012–2015) and prospective (2016–2019) |
PCR in CSF: 23 positive for CMV, all symptomatic |
Davis et al.66. Davis KL, Shah SS, Frank G, Eppes SC. Why are young infants tested for herpes simplex virus? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:673-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318188773a https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318188...
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USA, 2008 |
infants 0–60 days; 88 cases and 83 controls |
case-control study |
PCR in CSF; 1999–2004 |
HSV: 3,4% by PCR; seizure associated with decision to CSF HSV PCR |
Jeyanthi et al.1313. Jeyanthi JC, Ong I, Guan YJ, Subramania KS, Cheng TK. Epidemiology and outcome in neonatal and pediatric herpes simplex encephalitis: a 13-year experience in a Singapore tertiary children’s hospital. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2015;10:16-21. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554972 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554972...
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Singapura, 2015 |
neonates with HSV in CNS |
retrospective |
PCR of HSV in CSF; 1998–2011 |
33% seizures, 44% vesicles |
Kawada et al.1414. Kawada JI, Kimura H, Ito Y, Hoshino Y, Tanaka-Kitajima N, Ando Y, et al. Comparison of real-time and nested PCR assays for detection of herpes simplex virus DNA. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48:411-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03530.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004...
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Japan, 2004 |
Neonates with HSV encephalitis |
prospective |
real-time PCR HSV compared with nested PCR in 109 CSF |
Real-time PCR sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 99% |
Kleines et al.1515. Kleines M, Scheithauer S, Schiefer J, Häusler M. Clinical application of viral cerebrospinal fluid PCR testing for diagnosis of central nervous system disorders: a retrospective 11-year experience. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;80:207-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.07.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2...
|
German, 2014 |
100 newborns, 2001–2012 |
retrospective |
CSF PCR of HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV |
Neonates: only CMV detected (4%) |
Kurtz et al.1616. Kurtz J, Anslow P. Infantile herpes simplex encephalitis: diagnostic features and differentiation from non-accidental injury. J Infect. 2003;46:12-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2002.1079 https://doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2002.1079...
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United Kingdon, 2003 |
infants with HSV encephalitis |
retrospective |
CSF: HSV PCR were reviewed, follow-up 1996–1999 |
HSV PCR should be done in all neonates with encephalopathy |
Malm and Forsgren1717. Malm G, Forsgren M. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections: HSV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;81:F24-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.81.1.f24 https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.81.1.f24...
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Sweden, 1999 |
36 neonatal HSV infections |
retrospective |
PCR in CSF; 1973–1996 |
in CNS: 29; seven had HSV-1 and 29 HSV-2 |
Melvin et al.2020. Melvin AJ, Mohan KM, Schiffer JT, Drolette LM, Magaret A, Corey L, et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid herpes simplex virus levels at diagnosis and outcome of neonatal infection. J Pediatr. 2015;166:827-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11....
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USA, 2015 |
neonates with HSV in CNS |
retrospective |
medical record review 1993–2012 |
HSV PCR in CSF: 70% of neonates with encephalitis |
Mustonen et al.2323. Mustonen K, Mustakangas P, Uotila L, Muir P, Koskiniemi M. Viral infections in neonates with seizures. J Perinat Med. 2003;31:75-80. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2003.011 https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2003.011...
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Finland/ UK, 2003 |
Neonates with seizures |
prospective |
PCR for: HSV-1 and 2, VZV 1995–1997 |
Only HSV-2 found in CSF samples of these neonates |
Norero2424. Norero X. Infecciones virales en neonatos febriles con sepsis clínica. Hospital del Niño. Panamá Diciembre 2013-2014. Pedátric Panamá. 2015;44:12-22.
|
Panama, 2015 |
febrile (60 neonates) |
prospective descriptive |
PCR of CSF; 2013 – 2014 |
2% CMV infection; none HSV in suspicion of sepsis |
Parisi et al.2626. Parisi SG, Basso M, Del Vecchio C, Andreis S, Franchin E, Dal Bello F, et al. Virological testing of cerebrospinal fluid in children aged less than 14 years with a suspected central nervous system infection: A retrospective study on 304 consecutive children from January 2012 to May 2015. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20:588-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.04.0...
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Italy, 2016 |
68 newborns, 2012 - 2015 |
retrospective |
PCR for HSV/EBV/VZV/CMV/PvB-19 |
None of these pathogens detected in neonates’ CSF |
Petel et al.2727. Petel D, Barton M, Renaud C, Ouchenir L, Brophy J, Bowes J, et al. Enteroviral and herpes simplex virus central nervous system infections in infants < 90 days old: a Paediatric Investigators’ Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) study. BMC Pediatrics. 2020;20:252. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02151-4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02151...
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Canada, 2020 |
younger than 90 days of age |
cross-sectional retrospective |
PCR in CSF, 2013–2014 |
Viral CNS infections more than bacterial in infants |
Schleede et al.2929. Schleede L, Bueter W, Baumgartner-Sigl S, Opladen T, Weigt-Usinger K, Stephan S, et al. Pediatric herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a retrospective multicenter experience. J Child Neurol. 2013;28:321-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073812471428 https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073812471428...
|
German, 2013 |
Neonates with encephalitis |
retrospective and prospective |
HSV encephalitis diagnosed by PCR |
difficulty to diagnose because of nonspecific early symptoms |