OBJECTIVE: Report the importance of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in pediatric nephrotic syndrome and the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as an effective and secure therapeutic option. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5.7 year-old boy with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was admitted to the pediatric unit with diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances and anasarca. On the 11th day of hospital stay, he developed a sudden respiratory discomfort. Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion cintilography scan demonstrated high probability of PTE and the doppler ultrasonography showed obstruction of the left internal jugular vein. Oxygen support as well as enoxaparin, at a dose of 2mg/kg/day, were prescribed. Six days later, the patient developed transitory cerebrovascular symptoms without alterations in the cranial CT. The serum anti-Xa factor level was lower than the therapeutic range and enoxaparin was increased to 3mg/kg/day. The edema and the pulmonary symptoms improved and the boy was discharged at the 33rd day of stay. COMMENTS: Although PTE is rare in children, nephrotic syndrome is a prothrombotic condition amenable to this complication. LMWH can be considered for treatment and for secondary prophylaxis of PTE. Anti-factor Xa serum level monitoring is necessary to adjust LMWH dosage and to promote an effective and safe treatment.
nephrotic syndrome; thromboembolism; anticoagulants; child
