The effect of air pollutants on birth weight in medium-sized towns in the state of São Paulo

Santos, Veridiana de Paula; Medeiros, Andréa Paula Peneluppi de; Lima, Thaiza Agostini Córdoba de; Nascimento, Luiz Fernando Costa

doi:10.1590/S0103-05822014000400005

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Original Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 32 (4) • Oct-Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-05822014000400005 copy

The effect of air pollutants on birth weight in medium-sized towns in the state of São Paulo^☆ ☆ Study conducted at the Department of Medicine of Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effect of air pollution on birth weight in a medium-sized town in the State of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil.

METHODS:

Cross-sectional study using data from live births of mothers residing in São José dos Campos from 2005 to 2009. Data was obtained from the Department of Information and Computing of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Air pollutant data (PM₁₀, SO₂, and O₃) and daily averages of their concentrations were obtained from the Environmental Sanitation & Technology Company. Statistical analysis was performed by linear and logistic regressions using the Excel and STATA v.7 software programs.

RESULTS:

Maternal exposure to air pollutants was not associated with low birth weight, with the exception of exposure to SO₂ within the last month of pregnancy (OR=1.25; 95% CI=1.00-1.56). Maternal exposure to PM₁₀ and SO₂ during the last month of pregnancy led to lower weight at birth (0.28g and 3.15g, respectively) for each 1mg/m³3. Pan American Health Organization; Area of Sustainable Development and Environmental Health. An assessment of health effects of ambient air pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: PAHO; 2005. increase in the concentration of these pollutants, but without statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study failed to identify a statistically significant association between the levels of air pollutants and birth weight, with the exception of exposure to SO₂ within the last month of pregnancy.

Low birthweight; Air pollution; Logistic regression; Linear regression

Quality	Index	PM₁₀ (µg/m³)	O₃ (µg/m³)	CO (ppm)	NO₂ (µg/m³)	SO₂ (µg/m³)

Good	0-50	0-50	0-80	0-4.5	0-100	0-80

Regular	51-100	50-150	80-160	4.5-9	100-320	80-365

Inadequate	101-199	150-250	160-200	9-15	320-1,130	365-800

Bad	200-299	250-420	200-800	15-30	1,130-2,260	800-1,600

Terrible	>299	>420	>800	>30	>2,260	>1,600

Parameters	Attention	Alert	Emergency
Fine inhalable particles (µg/m³) - 24h	125	210	250
Inhalable particles (µg/m³) - 24h	250	420	500
Sulfur Dioxide (µg/m³) - 24h	800	1.600	2.100
Nitrogen Dioxide (µg/m³) - 1h	1,130	2,260	3,000
Carbon monoxide (ppm) - 8h	15	30	40
Ozone (µg/m³) - 8h	200	400	600

Variables	n (total=21,591)	%
Maternal marital status With partnerNo partner	13,149 8,325	61.2 38.8
Type of deliveryVaginalCaesarean	7,010 14,575	32.5 67.5
Newborn genderMaleFemale	11,012 10,578	51.0 49.0

Variables	Prevalence of LBW	OR	95% CI	p
Maternal marital status With partner No partner	2.77 3.48	1.00 1.26	- (1.08-1.48)	0.003
Delivery Vaginal Caesarean	3.05 3.05	1.00 0.99	- (0.84-1.18)	0.979
Newborn gender Male Female	2.33 3.80	1.00 1.65	- (1.41-1.94)	<0.001

Pollutants	Mean (SD)	Minimum	5%	25%	50%	75%	95%	Maximum
PM₁₀(µg/m³)	24.89 (15.28)	6	10	15	21	30	53	171
SO₂ (µg/m³)	3.28 (2.10)	0	1	2	3	4	8	17
O₃ (µg/m³)	80.35 (32.13)	5	34	57	78	98	140	209

Pollutants	Quartile	Last trimester OR (95% CI)	Last two months OR (95% CI)	Last month OR (95% CI)
PM₁₀	First	1	1	1
	Second	1.02 (0.82 – 1.27)	0.98 (0.79 – 1.22)	1.14 (0.92 – 1.42)
	Third	1.02 (0.82 – 1.27)	1.00 (0.81 – 1.25)	1.15 (0.92 – 1.43)
	Fourth	0.86 (0.68 – 1.07)	0.88 (0.70 – 1.00)	0.98 (0.78 – 1.23)
SO₂	First	1	1	1
	Second	1.07 (0.86 – 1.33)	0.89 (0.72 – 1.11)	1.25 (1.00 – 1.56)
	Third	1.04 (0.83 - 1.29)	0.96 (0.77 – 1.20)	1.15 (0.92 - 1.44)
	Fourth	0.91 (0.72 – 1.14)	0.92 (0.74 – 1.15)	1.08 (0.86 – 1.35)
O₃	First	1	1	1
	Second	0.80 (0.64 – 1.00)	1.03 (0.83 – 1.29)	1.04 (0.84 – 1.30)
	Third	0.86 (0.69 – 1.07)	1.06 (0.85 – 1.31)	1.02 (0.82 – 1.27)
	Fourth	0.87 (0.70 – 1.07)	0.96 (0.77 – 1.20)	1.03 (0.83 – 1.29)

Pollutants		Coefficients (DP)	IC 95%
PM₁₀	Last month	-0.38 (0.3)	-0.98-0.22
	Last two months	-0.05 (0.3)	-0.72-0.61
	Last trimester	0.10 (0.4)	-0.62-0.83


O₃	Last month	0.05 (0.2)	-0.37-0.47
	Last two months	-0.05 (0.3)	-0.59-0.49
	Last trimester	-0.44 (0.3)	-1.07-0.20

SO₂	Last month	-3.86 (2.6)	-8.92-1.20
	Last two months	0.90 (2.9)	-4.81-6.61
	Last trimester	3.34 (3.2)	-2.88-9.56

Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo R. Maria Figueiredo, 595 - 10o andar, 04002-003 São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel./Fax: (11 55) 3284-0308; 3289-9809; 3284-0051 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rpp@spsp.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author.E-mail:apeneluppi@uol.com.br (A.P.P. Medeiros).

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The effect of air pollutants on birth weight in medium-sized towns in the state of São Paulo☆ ☆ Study conducted at the Department of Medicine of Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

The effect of air pollutants on birth weight in medium-sized towns in the state of São Paulo^☆ ☆ Study conducted at the Department of Medicine of Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.