Near-infrared spectroscopy as an auxiliary tool in the study of child
               development

Oliveira, Suelen Rosa de; Machado, Ana Carolina Cabral de Paula; Miranda, Débora Marques de; Campos, Flávio dos Santos; Ribeiro, Cristina Oliveira; Magalhães, Lívia de Castro; Bouzada, Maria Cândida Ferrarez

doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2015.03.003

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Review Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 33 (2) • Apr-Jun 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.03.003 copy

Near-infrared spectroscopy as an auxiliary tool in the study of child development

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the applicability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for cortical hemodynamic assessment tool as an aid in the study of child development.

DATA SOURCE:

Search was conducted in the PubMed and Lilacs databases using the following keywords: ''psychomotor performance/child development/growth and development/neurodevelopment/spectroscopy/near-infrared'' and their equivalents in Portuguese and Spanish. The review was performed according to criteria established by Cochrane and search was limited to 2003 to 2013. English, Portuguese and Spanish were included in the search.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Of the 484 articles, 19 were selected: 17 cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies, published in non-Brazilian journals. The analyzed articles were grouped in functional and non-functional studies of child development. Functional studies addressed the object processing, social skills development, language and cognitive development. Non-functional studies discussed the relationship between cerebral oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes, and the comparison between the cortical hemodynamic response of preterm and term newborns.

CONCLUSIONS:

NIRS has become an increasingly feasible alternative and a potentially useful technique for studying functional activity of the infant brain.

Child development; Spectroscopy near-infrared; Hemodynamics

Categorization	References	Objectives	Sample (n)	Main results
Objects processing	Watanabe et al.⁷	To investigate the functional cortical development through hemodynamic responses measured by NIRS during the presentation of specific visual stimuli in children aged 2 months	40	Cortical functional regions appear at 2-3 months for visual perception
	Wilcox et al.⁸	To investigate the applicability of NIRS in assessment of brain objects processing in children aged 6.5 months	35	NIRS is sensitive enough to assess the neural basis of object processing in infants
	Wilcox et al.⁹	To evaluate the functional organization of visual areas of objects processing in children aged 3-5 months and 11-12 months	111	The child’s cortex is functionally specialized for processing objects at the beginning of the first year, but the activation patterns change between 3 and 12 months, which may reflect a functional reorganization of the immature cortex or be related to differences in age-related cognitive processes
	Watanabe et al.¹⁰	To study the visual perception and to understand the functional cortical organization in children aged 3 months	72	Sensory regions, association areas and the prefrontal region are functionally differentiated at 3 months of age and several regions of the cortex, including the prefrontal region, are activated during perception of visual events

Categorization	References	Objectives	Sample (n)	Main results
Development of social skills	Lloyd-Fox et al.¹¹	To investigate the functional activation in cortical pathways related to the social skills of children aged 5 months	36	Significant increase of oxyhemoglobin in two posterior temporal sites bilaterally, indicating that these areas are involved in the social brain network in young infants
Development of social skills	Nakato et al.¹²	Investigate face processing in children aged 5 and 8 months	20	Brain activity for face perception is invariant in relation to the view (frontal or profile) at 8 months, but not at 5 months. The right hemisphere is dominant for the perception of the frontal and profile face
Cognitive development	Moriguchi; Hiraki²⁰	Study the development of prefrontal function in children aged 3 and 4 years	13	Children showed better behavioral performance and significantly stronger lower prefrontal activation at age 4 than at 3 years. The children that performed better on tasks at 3 years showed significant activation of the right lower prefrontal region at that age and significant activation of bilateral lower prefrontal regions at four years. Children that had poorer performance at 3 years showed no significant lower prefrontal activation at that age, but significant activation in the left lower prefrontal cortex at four years. These results indicate that the development of cognitive skills can be supported by the development of the lower prefrontal cortex
Cognitive development	Benavides et al.²¹	Investigate the capacity of newborns to memorize words	112	Retroactive interference is a major cause of forgetfulness in the early stages of language acquisition and the phenomenon of interference that causes forgetfulness is a selective one

Categorization	References	Objectives	Sample (n)	Main results
Development of language	Minagawa-Kawai et al.¹³	To investigate the development of the neural adjustment process to phonemic contrasts, specific of language in children aged 3-28 months	57	Phonemic-specific brain response was found from 6-7 months of age, but there was no lateralization. A consistent, phonemic-specific and lateralized response was only observed after 12 months
	Minagawa-Kawai et al.¹⁴	To investigate the nature of the functional brain language processing at 4 months of age	12	At 4 months, the human brain is more responsive to the native language and speech processing is based on an interaction between generic audio systems and learning mechanisms
	Wartenburger et al.¹⁶	Determine brain activations correlated with the perception and processing of prosody at 4 years	51	The results showed that the specific language processes in children depend on inter-hemispheric specialization, with left hemispheric dominance for the segmental information processing (phonological) and right hemispheric dominance for suprasegmental processing (prosodic). At the age of 4 years, the functional specialization of the right hemisphere for prosody processing is present, with a response pattern similar to the adult
	Bortfeld et al.¹⁸	Evaluate the usefulness of NIRS as a technique to study infant speech processing in children aged 6 and 9 months	21	Results showed significant hemodynamic changes in the left temporal cortex in response to audiovisual stimulus when compared to visual stimulus alone, as well as relative changes in all stimulus conditions in homologous regions of the right cortex in the same children. The results are consistent with those obtained through other neurophysiological methods and highlight the usefulness of NIRS to establish neural correlates of language development in children aged 6 and 9 months
Categorization	References	Objectives	Sample (n)	Main results
	Petitto et al.¹⁵	To explore, with NIRS, early phonetic processing in monolingual and bilingual children aged 2 to 16 months	61	Monolingual and bilingual children showed activation in the same language areas classically observed in adults, including the left superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal cortex, with an intriguing temporal difference of development: activation of the left superior temporal gyrus was observed earlier and remained with stable activity over time, while the left inferior frontal cortex showed greater increase in neural activation in older babies, corresponding to the precise age at which babies reach the first universal milestone of language acquisition. Bilingual babies maintained linguistic sensitivity open for a longer time
	Saito et al.¹⁷	To assess, using NIRS, how the frontal lobe of newborns responds to changes in prosody	20	Newborns between 1 and 9 days can already discriminate differences in prosodic patterns
	Naoi et al.¹⁹	To analyze the hemodynamic brain responses to speech directed to the child, using NIRS in children aged between 4 and 13 months	48	The answers vary depending on the child’s age, the speaker’s familiarity and also vary in relation to the speech directed to the child or the speech directed to the adult. These results suggest a differential function for the frontal and temporal areas in the processing of speech directed to the child by different speakers

Categorization	References	Objectives	Sample (n)	Main results
Association between perioperative brain oxygen saturation and neurological outcome	Toet et al.²²	To analyze the association between the amount of oxygen saturation and brain fractional oxygen extraction, measured by NIRS and EEG in neonates with up to 48 hours of life and the development outcome	18	Values of oxygen saturation and fractional oxygen extraction are stable in children with normal development, but increase and decrease, respectively, in children with impaired development. The EEG showed a closer association with the development outcome
	Kussman et al.²³	To evaluate the association between perioperative brain oxygen saturation measured by NIRS and neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age	89	Perioperative periods of decreased brain oxygen saturation are associated with altered psychomotor development and brain abnormalities in infants undergoing reparative heart surgery
	Simons et al.²⁴	To explore the association between perioperative brain oxygen saturation measured by NIRS and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age	27	Perioperative brain oxygen saturation measured by NIRS may be a useful predictor of language skills, but it does not seem to predict cognitive or motor sequelae at 2 years of age in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease
Cortical hemodynamics in preterm and term infants	Kato et al.²⁵	To measure cerebral blood flow oscillations in preterm and term infants	19	The results suggest that the cerebral blood flow oscillations in the resting state differ between preterm and full-term infants and that the development of circulatory regulation and neural activity in preterm infants are influenced by extra-uterine environment

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: sufmg@yahoo.com.br (S.R. Oliveira)