Siomos et al. (2010)77 Siomos KE, Avagianou P-A, Floros GD, Skenteris N, Mouzas OD, Theodorou K, et al. Psychosocial correlates of insomnia in an adolescent population. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41:262-73.
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2195 individuals from Greece aged 13–18 years |
Sleep latency, nighttime awakenings, sleep duration, welfare and daytime sleepiness |
Parental schooling and family financial status |
Young individuals who perceive higher family financial status were less likely to suffer from insomnia. There was no significant association between parental level of schooling and insomnia complaints. |
9 |
Moore et al. (2011)1919 Moore M, Kirchner HL, Drotar D, Johnson N, Rosen C, Redline S. Correlates of adolescent sleep time and variability in sleep time: the role of individual and health related characteristics. Sleep Med. 2011;12:239-45.
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247 individuals from the USA aged 13–16 years |
Sleep duration |
Ethnicity, income, parental level of schooling and neighborhood characteristics |
Ethnicity was associated with sleep duration, indicating that adolescents belonging to majority ethnic groups had 19.91 min more sleep than the minority ones. Similarly, adolescents living in less problematic neighborhoods slept on average more than the others. The correlations showed that sleep duration was positively and significantly correlated with parental income. |
15 |
Marco et al. (2011)2020 Marco CA, Wolfson AR, Sparling M, Azuaje A. Family socioeconomic status and sleep patterns of young adolescents. Behav Sleep Med. 2011;10:70-80.
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155 individuals from the USA with a mean age of 12.6 (0.6) years |
Sleep duration and sleep pattern consistency |
Income, parental level of schooling and family environment and neighborhood |
Young individuals of low socioeconomic status had lower sleep duration and a later bedtime. Additionally, young individuals with poorer social and environmental indicators had less consistent and more irregular sleep pattern. |
11 |
Bøe et al. (2012)2121 Bøe T, Hysing M, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Sivertsen B. Sleep problems as a mediator of the association between parental education levels, perceived family economy and poor mental health in children. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73:430-6.
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5781 individuals from Norway aged 11–13 years |
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and sleep duration |
Parental level of schooling and perception of family economic status |
Poor socioeconomic status was associated with difficulties for the young individual to initiate and/or maintain sleep, while low sleep duration was associated only to the perceived family socioeconomic status as poor. Higher level of maternal education was associated with longer duration of adolescent sleep. |
13 |
Fernando et al. (2013)2222 Fernando AT, Samaranayake CB, Blank CJ, Roberts G, Arroll B. Sleep disorders among high school students in New Zealand. J Prim Health Care. 2013;5:276-82.
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1388 individuals from New Zealand aged 14–23 years |
Sleep disorders, duration of sleep problems and drug use related to sleep |
Ethnicity and economic profile of schools |
No differences were observed regarding the assessed sleep disorders considering the economic profile of schools. Additionally, sleep disorders were similar between the ethnic groups investigated. |
11 |
Jarrin et al. (2013)2323 Jarrin DC, McGrath JJ, Quon EC. Objective and subjective socioeconomic gradients exist for sleep in children and adolescents. Health Psychol. 2014;33:301-5.
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239 individuals from Canada aged 8–17 years |
Sleep quality, disorders and duration, daytime sleepiness |
Family income, parental education and social status |
Adolescents with low social indicators had a poor sleep pattern. Nevertheless, the objective socioeconomic measures had greater explanatory power in childhood, whereas the subjective indicator was more relevant in adolescents. |
13 |