KTK MOTOR TEST: REVIEW OF THE MAIN INFLUENCING VARIABLES

Nascimento, Whendel Mesquita do; Henrique, Nayana Ribeiro; Marques, Marcelo da Silva

doi:10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;3;00013

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Review Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 37 (3) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;3;00013 copy

KTK MOTOR TEST: REVIEW OF THE MAIN INFLUENCING VARIABLES

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To analyze the scientific literature regarding the effects of external variables on KTK motor test scores and to verify which motor tests are associated with KTK.

Data sources:

Four databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO - and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature - LILACS) were used to search for studies in which the descriptors Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder and KTK were presented in the title, abstract and keywords. Inclusion criteria were: articles published in English or Portuguese from January 2006 to December 2016; free access to the article in full and texts available online; presenting the descriptor terms mentioned above in the title, abstract or keywords; containing sample with children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years old; being indexed in a journal with a rating of B2 or higher (WebQualis; Qualis 2016) for the area of physical education. The following were excluded: studies in books, chapters of books, theses and dissertations; duplicate scientific articles; conference summaries; articles published in proceedings and abstracts of congresses.

Data synthesis:

After the three stages of selection (identification, screening and eligibility) and the criteria proposed at the PICOS scale, 29 studies were included in this review.

Conclusions:

Body composition and the regular practice of physical activities were the variables that presented the greatest influence on KTK. It is important that health professionals working with the pediatric public encourage regular physical activity to improve body composition and, thus, to obtain better KTK scores. Additionally, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) test had the highest positive correlation with the KTK test.

Keywords:
Motor activity; Motor assessment; Child

Component	Details
Participants	Human (children and teenagers, aged 4 to 16 years)
Intervention	Application of the KTK and/or M-ABC, TGMD-2 and MOT 4-6 tests
Comparison	Effects of external variables on the KTK test or comparisons with other tests
Results	External factors that influenced the KTK; association or not when compared the KTK to other tests
Design	Intervention or observational

1^st Author	Sample	Methodological characteristics	Main findings
Antunes et al.¹1. Antunes AM, Maia JA, Stasinopoulos MD, Gouveia ER, Thomis MA, Lefevre JA, et al. Gross motor coordination and weight status of Portuguese children aged 6-14 years. Am J Hum Biol. 2015;27:681-9.	619 ♂ and 657 ♀ (6-14 years)	Analysis of GMC in eutrophic, overweight and obese children	Eutrophic children had better scores than their overweight and obese peers
Chagas et al.³¹31. Chagas DV, Batista LA. Associations between motor coordination and BMI in normal weitght and overweight/obese adolescents. J Hum Growth Dev. 2016;26:380-4.	21♂ and 35♀ (12-14 years)	GMC and BMI analysis in eutrophic, overweight and obese children, controlled by PA levels	Eutrophic children had better scores than their overweight and obese peers regardless of PA levels
Chaves et al.⁴⁴44. Chaves RN, Tani G, Souza MC, Santos D, Maia J. Variabilidade na coordenação motora: uma abordagem centrada no delineamento gemelar. Rev Bras Educ Fis Esporte. 2012;26:301-11.	128 ♂/♀ (5-14 years)	Analysis of the relations between environmental factors and MC	Environmental factors directly influenced the KTK performance
D’Hondt et al.¹⁵15. D'Hondt E, Deforche B, Vaeyens R, Vandorpe B, Vandendriessche J, Pion J, et al. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: a cross-sectional study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:e556-64.	454 ♂ and 500 ♀ (5-12 years)	GMC analysis in eutrophic, overweight and obese children	Eutrophic children had better scores than their overweight and obese peers
D’hondt et al.³³33. D'Hondt E, Gentier I, Deforche B, Tanghe A, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M. Weight loss and improved gross motor coordination in children as a result of multidisciplinary residential obesity treatment. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1999-2005.	48 ♂ and 24 ♀ (7-13 years)	Analysis of the evolution of GMC in overweight and obese children after a weight reduction program	Children who lost more weight developed significantly in the KTK scores when compared to pre-intervention scores
D’hondt et al.⁵⁰50. D'Hondt E, Deforche B, Gentier I, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts R, et al. A longitudinal analysis of gross motor coordination in overweight and obese children versus normal-weight peers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37:61-7.	100 ♂/♀ (6-10 years)	Longitudinal analysis of GMC in eutrophic, overweight and obese children	Eutrophic children obtained better scores according to maturation when compared to their overweight and obese peers
D’hondt et al.⁴⁰40. D'Hondt E, Deforche B, Gentier I, Verstuyf J, Vaeyens R, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. A longitudinal study of gross motor coordination and weight status in children. Obesisty (Silver Spring). 2014;22:1505-11.	383 ♂ and 371 ♀ (7-13 years)	Longitudinal analysis of GMC in children of different levels of BC	Higher BC negatively influenced GMC
Debrabant et al.⁴⁸48. Debrabant J, Gheysen F, Vingerhoets G, Waelvelde H. Age-related differences in predictive response timing in children: evidence from regularly relative to irregularly paced reaction time performance. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31:801-10.	40 ♂ and 40 ♀ (5-12 years)	Speed of anticipatory motor response and motor performance in the KTK jump task	The increase of the anticipatory response according to age correlates with motor performance in jumping
Deus et al.³²32. Deus RK, Bustamante A, Lopes VP, Seabra AT, Silva RM, Maia JA. Modelação longitudinal dos níveis de coordenação motora de crianças dos seis aos 10 anos de idade da Região Autônoma dos Açores, Portugal. Rev Bras Edu Fís Esporte. 2010;24:259-73.	143 ♂ and 142 ♀ (6-10 years)	To analyze the effects of the environment and the levels of PA on MC	Children with higher levels of physical activity presented better motor performance
Freitas et al.³⁵35. Freitas DL, Lausen B, Maia JA, Lefevre J, Gouveia ER, Thomis M, et al. Skeletal maturation, fundamental motor skills and motor coordination in children 7-10 years. J Sports Sci. 2015;33:924-34.	213 ♂ and 216 ♀ (7-10 years)	Analysis of the relationships between bone maturation and GMC	Bone maturation has insignificant influence on GMC
Giagazoglou et al.⁸8. Giagazoglou P, Sidiropoulou M, Mitsiou M, Arabatzi F, Kellis E. Can balance trampoline training promote motor coordination and balance performance in children with developmental coordination disorder? Res Dev Disabil. 2015;36:13-9.	104 ♂ and 96 ♀ (8-9 years)	Analysis of the effects of a physical exercise program on the GMC of children with motor disorders	The intervention proved to be efficient to promote functional improvements in children with motor disorders

1^st Author	Sample	Methodological characteristics	Main findings
Hanewinkel et al.²⁵25. Hanewinkel-van Kleef YB, Helders PJ, Takken T, Engelbert RH. Motor performance in children with generalized hypermobility: the influence of muscle strength and exercise capacity. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2009;21:194-200.	22 ♂ and 19 ♀ (5-12 years)	Analysis of the KTK sensitivity for motor disorders	The KTK has been shown to be sensitive and a valid tool for detecting motor disorders in children with joint hypermobility
Laukkanen et al.⁹9. Laukkanen A, Pesola AJ, Heikkinen R, Sääkslahti AK, Finni T. Family-Based cluster randomized controlled trial enhancing physical activity and motor competence in 4-7-year-old children. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143987.	91 children (4-7 years)	Longitudinal analysis of the relationships between physical activity level and KTK performance	Children stimulated by the family to engage in various physical activities scored higher on the KTK at the end of a year
Laukkanen et al.⁴²42. Laukkanen A, Pesola A, Havu M, Sääkslahti A, Finni T. Relationship between habitual physical activity and gross motor skills is multifaceted in 5- to 8-year-old children. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:e102-10.	38 ♂ and 46 ♀ (5-8 years)	Analysis of the relationships between the level of physical activity and GMC	Children with higher levels of physical activity presented better motor performance
Lopes et al.¹²12. Lopes VP, Stodden DF, Bianchi MM, Maia JA, Rodrigues LP. Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15:38-43.	3.616 ♂ and 3.559 ♀ (6 and 14 years)	Analysis of the relationship between BMI and GMC in children	Negative and significant correlation between BMI and GMC
Lopes et al.³⁹39. Lopes L, Santos R, Moreira C, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Sensitivity and specificity of different measures of adiposity to distinguish between low/high motor coordination. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2015;91:44-51.	315 ♂ and 218 ♀ (9-12 years)	Use of BF% and waist circumference as predictors of GMC level	BF% and waist circumference showed low precision in the prediction of the GMC level
Lopes et al.³⁶36. Lopes VP, Stodden DF, Rodrigues LP. Weight status is associated with cross-sectional trajectories of motor co-ordination across childhood. Child Care Health Dev. 2014;40:891-9.	3344 ♂ and 3281 ♀ (6-11 years)	Analysis of the relationship between BMI and GMC in children	Children with lower GMC levels have high risks of overweight/obesity
Luz et al.⁴4. Luz LG, Seabra A, Padez C, Duarte JP, Rebelo-Goncalves R, Valente-Dos-Santos J, et al. Waist circumference as a mediator of biological maturation effect on the motor coordination in children. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2016;34:352-8.	73 ♂ (8 years)	Analysis of the relationships between maturational state and GMC and mediation by anthropometric variable	Association between physical maturation and GMC performance with mediation of waist circumference
Martins et al.³⁷37. Martins D, Maia J, Seabra A, Garganta R, Lopes V, Katzmarzyk P, et al. Correlates of changes in BMI of children from the Azores islands. Int J Obes. 2010;34:1487-93.	143 ♂ and 142 ♀ (6-10 years)	Longitudinal analysis of the relations between BMI and GMC	At the end of five years of follow-up, GMC was negatively associated with changes in BMI
Melo et al.³⁸38. Melo MM, Lopes VP. The association between body mass index and motor coordination in children. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2013;27:7-13.	794 ♂/♀ (6-9 years)	Analysis of the associations between the BMI groups (eutrophic, overweight and obese) in MC	MC is moderately and negatively associated with BMI
Moura-dos-Santos et al.³⁰30. Moura-Dos-Santos MA, Almeida MB, Manhães-De-Castro R, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia JA, Leandro CG. Birthweight, body composition, and motor performance in 7- to 10-year-old children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:470-5.	251 ♂ and 232 ♀ (7-10 years)	Analysis of birth weight relationships with GMC	Birth weight does not influence GMC
Vandendriessche et al.¹⁰10. Vandendriessche JB, Vaeyens R, Vandorpe B, Lenoir M, Lefevre J, Philippaerts RM. Biological maturation, morphology, fitness, and motor coordination as part of a selection strategy in the search for international youth soccer players (age 15-16 years). J Sports Sci. 2012;30:1695-703.	78 ♂ football players (15-16 years)	Analysis of relations of biological maturation with GMC	For young football players, maturation has little influence on GMC
Vandorpe et al.²⁹29. Vandorpe B, Vandendriessche J, Lefevre J, Pion J, Vaeyens R, Matthys S, et al. The KorperkoordinationsTest fur Kinder: reference values and suitability for 6-12-year-old children in Flanders. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21:378-88.	1.297 ♂ and 1.173 ♀ (6-11 years)	Analysis of the validity of the KTK for children	KTK is a valuable tool for analyzing the GMC of children

1^st Author	Sample	Methodological characteristics	Main findings
Bardid et al.⁴⁵45. Bardid F, Huyben F, Deconinck FJ, De Martelaer K, Seghers J, Lenoir M. Convergent and divergent validity between the ktk and mot 4-6 motor tests in early childhood. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2016;33:33-48.	323 ♂ and 315 ♀ (5-6 years)	Comparison between the KTK and the MOT 4-6	Moderate positive associations between tests
Catenassi et al.⁴⁶46. Catenassi FZ, Marques I, Bastos CB, Basso L, Ronque ER, Gerage AM. Relationship between body mass index and gross motor skill in four to six year-old children. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2007;13:227-30.	27♂ and 11♀ (4-7 years)	Using the KTK and the TGMD-2 to analyze MC and BMI	There was no equivalence in the children’s responses to the tests
Fransen et al.²⁴24. Fransen J, D'Hondt E, Bourgois J, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Lenoir M. Motor competence assessment in children: convergent and discriminant validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK testing batteries. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35:1375-83.	1.300 ♂ and 1.185 ♀ (6-11 years)	Comparison between the KTK and the BOT-2	Strong positive associations between tests
Lopes et al.⁴⁷47. Lopes LO, Lopes VP, Santos R, Pereira BO. Association between physical activity and motor skills and coordination in Portuguese children. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2011;13:15-21.	21 ♂/♀ (6 and 7 years)	Using the KTK and the TGMD-2 to analyze MC and fundamental motor skills	The authors did not report comparisons between the test scores
Rudd et al.¹⁴14. Rudd J, Butson ML, Barnett L, Farrow D, Berry J, Borkoles E, et al. A holistic measurement model of movement competency in children. J Sports Sci. 2016;34:477-85.	86 ♂ and 72 ♀ (6-12 years)	Comparison between the KTK and the TGMD-2 for movement competence analysis	The tests can access discrete aspects of movement competence
Van Aken et al.⁴³43. Van Aken K, Caeyenberghs K, Smits-Engelsman B, Swillen A. The motor profile of primary school-age children with a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and an age- and IQ-matched control group. Child Neuropsychol. 2009;15:532-42.	38 ♂ and 18 ♀	Comparison between the KTK and the M-ABC for GMC analysis in children with DiGeorge Syndrome	There are positive associations between the scores obtained in the tests with children with DiGeorge Syndrome

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: marcelomarques@usp.br (M.S. Marques).