Changes in physical fitness and nutritional status of schoolchildren in a period of 30 years (1980-2010)

Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes; Matsudo, Victor Keihan Rodrigues; Fisberg, Mauro

doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2015.03.008

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Original Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 33 (4) • Oct-Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.03.008 copy

Changes in physical fitness and nutritional status of schoolchildren in a period of 30 years (1980-2010)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective:

To analyze and compare the changes in physical fitness according to the nutritional status and gender of schoolchildren during a period of 30 years (1980-2010).

Methods:

Four cross-sectional evaluations were performed every 10 years in a period of 30 years from 1978 to 1980 (baseline), 1988-1990 (10 years), 1998-2000 (20 years) and 2008-2010 (30 years). The sample consisted of 1291 schoolchildren (188 in baseline, 307 in 10 years; 375 in 20 years; 421 in 30 years) of 10 and 11 years old. The variables assessed were: body weight (kg), height (cm), upper limb strength (ULS; kg), lower limb strength (LLS; cm), agility (seconds) and velocity (seconds). Schoolchildren were classified as normal weight and overweight according to World Health Organization reference of body mass index for age and gender. Comparisons among periods applied ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, with a significance level set at of p<0.01. Variation between baseline and 30 years was assessed by the percentage delta. Seven different percentile values were presented for each variable.

Results:

In eutrophic boys and girls, mean values of ULS (−16.7%; −3.2%), agility (−1.5%; −1.6%) decreased significantly after 30 years (p<0.001). In the overweight boys and girls, only the average ULS (−15.5%; −12.5%) decreased significantly over time (p<0.001). After 30 years, the ULS percentile changed in boys.

Conclusions:

The decline in physical fitness was greater in schoolchildren with normal weight than in those with overweight.

Child; Physical fitness; Nutritional status

	1978–1980	1988–1990	1998–2000	2008–2010
Gender ^a a Data described as number (percentage).
Male	93 (49.5)	173 (56.3)	212 (56.5)	248 (58.9)
Female	95 (50.5)	134 (43.7)	163 (43.5)	173 (41.1)

Nutritional status ^a a Data described as number (percentage).
Normal weight	94 (50.0)	172 (56.0)	248 (66.2)	275 (65.4)
Excess weight	94 (50.0)	135 (44.0)	127 (33.8)	146 (34.6)
Body weight (kg)^b a Data described as number (percentage).	36.22±8.30	35.47±8.03	36.24±8.34	35.90±7.46
Height (cm)^b b Data described as mean ± standard deviation.	142.83±7.98	141.20±8.71	142.65±7.55	143.06±7.83
BMI (kg/m²)^b b Data described as mean ± standard deviation.	17.56±2.2	17.61±2.7	17.65±2.2	17.41±2.1

	1978–1980	1988–1990	1998–2000	2008–2010	p ^a a ANOVA with three factors (gender, nutritional status and decade).	Δ%^b b Δ% (delta percentile): variation between the baseline and 30 years.
Normal weight
Gender
Male	n=51	n=110	n=156	n=184
Female	n=43	n=62	n=92	n=91

ULS (kg)
Male	21.50±6.92^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years.	19.02±4.25^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years.	18.06±4.55^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years.	17.92±3.65	<0.001	−16.7
Female	18.74±4.88	18.72±4.05	16.18±3.60^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years. ^,^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	18.16±4.12	<0.001	−3.2

LLS (cm)
Male	24.60±4.64	24.55±4.82	24.47±4.99	22.38±5.92	0.40	−9.0
Female	24.41±3.86	24.41±4.41	23.51±4.76	22.02±4.89	0.47	−9.8

Agility (seconds)
Male	12.54±1.28^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years.	12.66±1.19	12.69±1.01	12.73±1.07	<0.001	−1.5
Female	13.51±1.27^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years. ^,^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	13.71±1.17^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	12.93±0.84^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	13.72±1.60^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	<0.001	−1.6

Velocity (seconds)
Male	9.49±0.73	9.70±0.83	9.88±0.86	10.10±2.37	0.04	−6.4
Female	9.59±0.66	10.36±0.87^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	10.36±0.72	10.32±0.83	0.89	−7.0

Excess weight
Gender
Male	n=42	n=63	n=56	n=64
Female	n=52	n=72	n=71	n=82

ULS (kg)
Male	23.75±6.18^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years.	20.83±4.24^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	18.69±5.20^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	20.07±4.33^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	<0.001	−15.5
Female	22.60±5.17	20.56±4.96^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years. ^,^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	15.73±3.86^c c p<0.01: for comparison between baseline, 10, 20, and 30 years. ^,^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls. ^,^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	20.08±4.35^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	<0.001	−12.5

LLS (cm)
Male	22.31±4.62	24.10±6.04	22.60±5.90	24.58±4.75	0.27	10.2
Female	24.75±5.44	23.09±4.58	21.32±4.32	23.10±5.42	0.14	−6.7

Agility (seconds)
Male	13.15±1.02	13.04±1.14	12.82±1.00	13.06±0.89	0.54	0.7
Female	13.86±1.40^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	13.83±1.24^d d p<0.01: for comparison between boys and girls.	13.13±1.05	13.66±0.97	0.04	1.4

Velocity (seconds)
Male	10.00±0.68	10.05±0.98	10.53±1.20^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	10.43±1.00	0.13	−4.3
Female	10.10±0.40	10.60±0.82	11.06±1.14^e e p<0.01: for comparison between normal and overweight individuals.	10.92±1.08	0.17	−7.5

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:gersonferrari08@yahoo.com.br (G.L.M. Ferrari).