Oliveira et al.2727 Oliveira EA, Simões AC, Oliveira MC, Colosimo EA, Mak RH, Vasconcelos MA, et al. Comparison of the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in children and adolescents in a middle-income country: clinical impact associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 gamma lineage. J Pediatr. 2022;244:178-185.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.01....
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ICU admission rate (28%). Use of NIMV (38%) and IMV (22%). Lethality rate: 7.5%. Dyspnea (RR 2.1; 95%CI 1.8–2.4), SP022 Sharma A, Farouk IA, Lal SK. COVID-19: a review on the novel coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and prevention. Viruses. 2021;13:202. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020202 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020202...
<95% (RR 3.5; 95%CI 2.5–4.1), adolescents living in the North (RR 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.9) and Northeast (RR 2.0; 95%CI 1.7–2.4) regions, ethnic groups black, mixed-race (RR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1–1.5) and indigenous (RR 3.3; 95%CI 2.2–4.9) and the presence of comorbidity which increases the risk of death (RR 2.7; 95%CI 2.3–3.0).
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Afonso et al.1717 Afonso ET, Marques SM, Costa LD, Fortes PM, Peixoto F, Bichuetti-Silva DC, et al. Secondary household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57:162-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25711 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25711...
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Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2: 25% (95%CI 20.3–30.6). 55% were symptomatic. 17.7% had at least one type of comorbidity. Higher proportion of females (53.3%) and self-declared black or mixed-race (48%).
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Alharbi et al.1818 Alharbi M, Kazzaz YM, Hameed T, Alqanatish J, Alkhalaf H, Alsadoon A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings and therapeutic interventions at a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14:446-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.0...
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Two participants were admitted to the ICU. One female, 12 years old, without comorbidities, no need of MV, hospitalized for 43 days, 14 in the ICU, and was discharged. The second adolescent developed P-MIS, he was male, 12 years old, neuropath, used MV, and died.
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Clemente et al.1919 Clemente D, Udaondo C, Inocencio J, Nieto JC, Del Río PG, Fernández AG, et al. Clinical characteristics and COVID-19 outcomes in a regional cohort of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2021;19:162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12969-021-00648-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12969-021-00648...
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The median hospitalization time was five days (IQR: 2–20). One patient required ICU. There are no death records. Previous use of glucocorticoids is associated with a greater chance of hospitalization (OR 3.5; p=0.001). The comorbidities were not analyzed.
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Drouin et al.2020 Drouin O, Hepburn CM, Farrar DS, Baerg K, Chan K, Cyr C, et al. Characteristics of children admitted to hospital with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada in 2020. CMAJ. 2021;193:e1483-93. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.210053 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.210053...
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47% required hospitalization. Comorbidity is associated with severity (p=0.001). Hospitalizations were more frequent in patients with asthma (p=0.003) or metabolic disease (p=0.004). The severe form of the disease was frequent in patients with encephalopathy (p=0.005).
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Gomes et al.2121 Gomes NT, Haslett MI, Alves AJ, Percio J, Duarte MM, Malta JM, et al. Retrospective cohort of children and adolescents hospitalized by COVID-19 in Brazil from the beginning of the pandemic to August 1st, 2020. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2021;24:e210026. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200026 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972020002...
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Lethality rate: 13.6%. Risk of death: being an adolescent (RR: 1.6; 95%CI 1.1–2.3), SARS-critical (RR 4.6; 95%CI 2.8–7.5), immunosuppressed (RR 2.2; 95%CI 1.6–3.2).
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Pinto Júnior et al.2222 Pinto Júnior VC, Moura LF, Cavalcante RC, Lima JR, Bezerra AS, Dantas DR, et al. Prevalence of COVID-19 in children, adolescents and adults in remote education situations in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;108:20-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.0...
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29.3% of prevalence. 32% of cases presented comorbidities. 24% were symptomatic at the time of examination.
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Graff et al.2323 Graff K, Smith C, Silveira L, Jung S, Curran-Hays S, Jarjour J, et al. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021;40:e137-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003043 https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000000000000...
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45% presented comorbidities. The presence of comorbidities increases the chance of hospitalization (OR 2.7; p=0.003). The chances increase with each additional comorbidity (OR 1.4; p<0.001). Dyspnea (OR 6.3; 95%CI 2.8–14.3) is associated with chance of hospitalization and increases the chance of using MV (OR 15.7; 95%CI 6.4–38.5).
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Macias-Parra et al.2424 Macias-Parra M, Fortes-Gutierrez S, Aguilar-Gomez N, Diaz-Garcia L, Otero-Mendoza F, Arias de la Garza E, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of paediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67:fmab025. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmab025 https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmab025...
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23% required ICU admission. 17% required MV. 77% presented comorbidities (33% with chronic diseases and 44% with immunosuppressive and/or oncological diseases).
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Oliveira et al.2525 Oliveira EA, Colosimo EA, Silva AC, Mak RH, Martelli DB, Silva LR, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5:559-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00134-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00...
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The mean time from onset of symptoms to hospitalization was three days (IQR 1–6). 24% were admitted to the ICU. 10% required IMV. 7.5% died. Residents of the Northeast (RR 2.1; 95%CI 1.7–2.5), and North (RR 1.5; 95%CI 1.2–2.0), regions and indigenous ethnicity (RR 3.4; 95%CI 2.2–5.2), are at a higher risk of death.
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Parcha et al.2626 Parcha V, Booker KS, Kalra R, Kuranz S, Berra L, Arora G, et al. A retrospective cohort study of 12,306 pediatric COVID-19 patients in the United States. Sci Rep. 2021;11:10231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89553-1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89553...
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5.5% were hospitalized. 1% required ICU. 0.3% MV. The hospitalization risk was higher in black (RR 2.0; 95%CI 1.5–2.6) and in Hispanics (RR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0–1.8).
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Prata-Barbosa et al.1515 Prata-Barbosa A, Lima-Setta F, Santos GR, Lanziotti VS, Castro RE, Souza DC, et al. Pediatric patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Brazil: a prospective multicenter study. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96:582-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.0...
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All admitted to the ICU. One case developed P-MIS. One death of a female adolescent, 14 years old, with chronic liver disease. Presence of comorbidities is associated with disease severity and need for IMV (OR 5.5; 95%CI 1.4–21.1).
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DeBiasi et al.1616 DeBiasi RL, Song X, Delaney M, Bell M, Smith K, Pershad J, et al. Severe coronavirus disease-2019 in children and young adults in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Region. J Pediatr. 2020;223:199-203.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05....
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22% were hospitalized. 55% of those hospitalized presented no comorbidities. 25% of those hospitalized required ICU. There were no death records.
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