In adults, the main complications of the disease are neurological, including meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1717. Fuwa K, Hayakawa S. Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero Zika virus infection: Where is the Holy Grail? Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(02):1-7.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.,2929. Mishra B, Behera B. The mysterious Zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(4):249-54.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.,4040. Silva LRC, Souza AM. Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(3):267-73.. Decreased auditory acuity; transient, monotonous or metallic hearing; delay between sound emission and perception4040. Silva LRC, Souza AM. Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(3):267-73.. Guillain Barré syndrome55. Boeuf P, Drummer HE, Richards JS, Scoullar MJL, Beeson JG. The global threat of Zika virus to pregnancy: epidemiology, clinical perspectives, mechanisms, and impact. BMC Medicine. 2016;14(1):112.,1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.
15. Dirlikov E, Kniss K, Major C, Thomas D, Virgen CA, Mayshack M, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and healthcare Needs during Zika Virus Transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis . 2017;23(1):134-6.-1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.
20. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.
21. Hamel R, Liegeois F, Wichit S, Pompon J, Diop F, Talignani L, et al. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical features and host-virus interactions. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:441-9.-2222. Heukelbach J, Alencar C, Kelvin A, de Oliveira W, Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti L. Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(2):116-20.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,2626. Lazear HM, Diamond MS. Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864-75.,2929. Mishra B, Behera B. The mysterious Zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(4):249-54.
30. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
-3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.
36. Possas C. Zika: what we do and do not know based on the experiences of Brazil. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e-2016023.
37. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.-3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4040. Silva LRC, Souza AM. Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(3):267-73.
41. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.-4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4444. Faizan MI, Abdullah M, Ali S, Naqvi IH, Ahmed A, Parveen S. Zika virus-induced microcephaly and its possible molecular mechanism. Intervirology. 2016;59(3):152-8.,4646. Baud D, Musso D, Vouga M, Alves MP, Vulliemoz N. Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2). doi: 10.1111/aji.12614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12614....
47. Walker WL, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Krow-Lucal ER, Rabe IB, Hills SL, et al. Zika virus disease cases - 50 states and the District of Columbia, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(36):983-6.-4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
,5050. Macfadden DR, Bogoch II. Zika virus infection. CMAJ. 2016;188(5):311.,5151. Paploski IAD, Prates APPB, Cardoso CW, Kikuti M, Silva MMOO, Waller LA, et al. Time lags between exanthematous illness attributed to Zika virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and microcephaly, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis . 2016;22(8):1438-44.. ZIKV infection may impair some functions of the placenta, contributing to fetal growth restriction and placental insufficiency55. Boeuf P, Drummer HE, Richards JS, Scoullar MJL, Beeson JG. The global threat of Zika virus to pregnancy: epidemiology, clinical perspectives, mechanisms, and impact. BMC Medicine. 2016;14(1):112.,1313. Brito CAA, Cordeiro MT. One year after the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil: from hypotheses to evidence. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016;49(5):537-43.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.. During pregnancy, the virus may cause ZIKV-associated neurological syndrome: microcephaly, cerebral intracranial calcifications and ventriculomegaly, neural cell death, congenital neural malformations, brain stem dysfunction, ocular anomalies, auditory dysfunctions, pigmentation and loss of foveal reflex, macular atrophy, sensorineural hearing loss, chorioretinitis, ophthalmological and auditory changes55. Boeuf P, Drummer HE, Richards JS, Scoullar MJL, Beeson JG. The global threat of Zika virus to pregnancy: epidemiology, clinical perspectives, mechanisms, and impact. BMC Medicine. 2016;14(1):112.,1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.
13. Brito CAA, Cordeiro MT. One year after the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil: from hypotheses to evidence. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016;49(5):537-43.-1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1717. Fuwa K, Hayakawa S. Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero Zika virus infection: Where is the Holy Grail? Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(02):1-7.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.
20. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.
21. Hamel R, Liegeois F, Wichit S, Pompon J, Diop F, Talignani L, et al. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical features and host-virus interactions. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:441-9.
22. Heukelbach J, Alencar C, Kelvin A, de Oliveira W, Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti L. Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(2):116-20.-2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2626. Lazear HM, Diamond MS. Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864-75.,2828. Martinez ME. Preventing Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy Using a Seasonal Window of Opportunity for Conception. PLoS Biology. 2016;14(7):1-11.
29. Mishra B, Behera B. The mysterious Zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(4):249-54.
30. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
-3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3636. Possas C. Zika: what we do and do not know based on the experiences of Brazil. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e-2016023.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.
39. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IML, Horovitz DDG, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possível associação entre a infecção pelo vírus zika e a microcefalia - Brasil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(3):59-62.
40. Silva LRC, Souza AM. Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(3):267-73.
41. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.-4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4444. Faizan MI, Abdullah M, Ali S, Naqvi IH, Ahmed A, Parveen S. Zika virus-induced microcephaly and its possible molecular mechanism. Intervirology. 2016;59(3):152-8.,4646. Baud D, Musso D, Vouga M, Alves MP, Vulliemoz N. Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2). doi: 10.1111/aji.12614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12614....
,4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
,5151. Paploski IAD, Prates APPB, Cardoso CW, Kikuti M, Silva MMOO, Waller LA, et al. Time lags between exanthematous illness attributed to Zika virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and microcephaly, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis . 2016;22(8):1438-44.,5252. França GVA, Schuler-Faccini L, Oliveira WK, Henriques CMP, Carmo EH, Pedi VD, et al. Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 live births with complete investigation. Lancet. 2016;388(10047):891-7.. Children affected by ZIKV during pregnancy may exhibit ophthalmologic, auditory, articular, urogenital, convulsions, irritability, dysphagia, hydrocephalus, diffuse astrocytic, cerebellar dysgenesis, abnormal corpus callosum development, irregular grooves, polymicrogyria, lissencephaly, neuron migration abnormalities, cortical, motor and mental retardation, hearing loss, osteoarticular abnormalities (congenital bilateral feet, craniofacial malformations, hypertelorism, flat face, low nasal bridge and short nose, and craniosynostosis)1717. Fuwa K, Hayakawa S. Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero Zika virus infection: Where is the Holy Grail? Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(02):1-7.,2121. Hamel R, Liegeois F, Wichit S, Pompon J, Diop F, Talignani L, et al. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical features and host-virus interactions. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:441-9.,3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,3636. Possas C. Zika: what we do and do not know based on the experiences of Brazil. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e-2016023.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.. There are reports of abortions during the first or second trimester of maternal infection1313. Brito CAA, Cordeiro MT. One year after the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil: from hypotheses to evidence. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016;49(5):537-43.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.. Hospitalization1515. Dirlikov E, Kniss K, Major C, Thomas D, Virgen CA, Mayshack M, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and healthcare Needs during Zika Virus Transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis . 2017;23(1):134-6.,3434. Paixão EP, Barreto F, Teixeira MG, Costa, MCN, Rodrigues LC. History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of Zika: a systematic review. AJPH. 2016;106(4):606-12.,4747. Walker WL, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Krow-Lucal ER, Rabe IB, Hills SL, et al. Zika virus disease cases - 50 states and the District of Columbia, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(36):983-6.. Death in adults and/or newborns3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,4747. Walker WL, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Krow-Lucal ER, Rabe IB, Hills SL, et al. Zika virus disease cases - 50 states and the District of Columbia, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(36):983-6.,5151. Paploski IAD, Prates APPB, Cardoso CW, Kikuti M, Silva MMOO, Waller LA, et al. Time lags between exanthematous illness attributed to Zika virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and microcephaly, Salvador, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis . 2016;22(8):1438-44.. |
Pregnant women should be advised to avoid unnecessary travel to areas with ZIKV transmission1111. Ahmad SSY, Amin TN, Ustianowski A. Zika virus: management of infection and risk. BMJ. 2016;352:i1062.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,5050. Macfadden DR, Bogoch II. Zika virus infection. CMAJ. 2016;188(5):311.. Women of childbearing age, when traveling to places where there are ZIKV infection cases, should use contraception methods to avoid pregnancy. It is necessary to identify the stations in the region where there are severe and mild cases of ZIKV infection and to intensify the services of contraception through family planning to reduce the risk of women contracting ZIKV during pregnancy1111. Ahmad SSY, Amin TN, Ustianowski A. Zika virus: management of infection and risk. BMJ. 2016;352:i1062.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2626. Lazear HM, Diamond MS. Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864-75.,2828. Martinez ME. Preventing Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy Using a Seasonal Window of Opportunity for Conception. PLoS Biology. 2016;14(7):1-11.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4545. Brooks JT, Friedman A, Kachur RE, Laflam M, Peters PJ, Jamieson DJ. Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(29):745-7.. Campaigns to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito by removing water sources that serve as mosquito breeding sites, e.g. places that can accumulate water should be emptied, cleaned, and covered regularly both inside and outside the house (buckets, pots, bottles, flasks, swimming pools, toys, gutters, used car tires, and other containers)1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,2020. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.,2121. Hamel R, Liegeois F, Wichit S, Pompon J, Diop F, Talignani L, et al. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical features and host-virus interactions. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:441-9.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,2626. Lazear HM, Diamond MS. Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864-75.,2828. Martinez ME. Preventing Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy Using a Seasonal Window of Opportunity for Conception. PLoS Biology. 2016;14(7):1-11.,3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.
38. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.-3939. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IML, Horovitz DDG, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possível associação entre a infecção pelo vírus zika e a microcefalia - Brasil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(3):59-62.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.
42. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.
43. Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA. Zika virus: diagnostics for an emerging pandemic threat. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(4):860-7.-4444. Faizan MI, Abdullah M, Ali S, Naqvi IH, Ahmed A, Parveen S. Zika virus-induced microcephaly and its possible molecular mechanism. Intervirology. 2016;59(3):152-8.. Use of larvicides and insecticides1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,1818. Gao D, Lou Y, He D, Porco TC, Kuang Y, Chowell G, et al. Prevention and control of Zika as a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted disease: a mathematical modeling analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1-10.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,2626. Lazear HM, Diamond MS. Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere. J Virol. 2016;90(10):4864-75.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.. Apply insect repellents frequently containing DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535 (3- [N-acetyl-N-butyl] aminopropionic acid ethyl ester); Icaridina also known as picaridina (concentration of at least 20%), lemon oil Eucalyptus (concentration of at least 30%), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or Bayrepel1111. Ahmad SSY, Amin TN, Ustianowski A. Zika virus: management of infection and risk. BMJ. 2016;352:i1062.,1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,2020. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.
38. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.-3939. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IML, Horovitz DDG, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possível associação entre a infecção pelo vírus zika e a microcefalia - Brasil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(3):59-62.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.. Wear clothing that is preferably light in color, covering a large part of the body1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.,2020. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,3939. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IML, Horovitz DDG, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possível associação entre a infecção pelo vírus zika e a microcefalia - Brasil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(3):59-62.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
,5050. Macfadden DR, Bogoch II. Zika virus infection. CMAJ. 2016;188(5):311.. Use mosquito net, air conditioning, and fans; placing screens on windows and doors or keeping them closed1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,3939. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IML, Horovitz DDG, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, et al. Possível associação entre a infecção pelo vírus zika e a microcefalia - Brasil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(3):59-62.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.. Blood donors who have traveled to areas where there are ZIKV infection cases should avoid donating blood for 28 days after return1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4040. Silva LRC, Souza AM. Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(3):267-73.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.. Men who visit ZIKV sites should abstain from sexual intercourse or consistently use condoms during sexual intercourse with their pregnant partners, as well as use condoms with partners who are not pregnant1111. Ahmad SSY, Amin TN, Ustianowski A. Zika virus: management of infection and risk. BMJ. 2016;352:i1062.,1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,2020. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.,2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,2929. Mishra B, Behera B. The mysterious Zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(4):249-54.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3333. Oster AM, Brooks JT, Stryker JE, Kachur RE, Mead P, Pesik NT, et al. Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(5):120-1.,3535. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika virus. N Engl J Med . 2016;374(16):1552-63.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4545. Brooks JT, Friedman A, Kachur RE, Laflam M, Peters PJ, Jamieson DJ. Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(29):745-7.
46. Baud D, Musso D, Vouga M, Alves MP, Vulliemoz N. Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2). doi: 10.1111/aji.12614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12614....
47. Walker WL, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, Krow-Lucal ER, Rabe IB, Hills SL, et al. Zika virus disease cases - 50 states and the District of Columbia, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(36):983-6.-4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
. It is recommended that women with potential exposure or infected by ZIKV should wait at least 8 weeks from the onset of symptoms to conceive as well as those who have traveled to endemic areas even if there are no symptoms. It is recommended that men with symptoms characteristic of ZIKV wait at least 6 months to have unprotected sex1313. Brito CAA, Cordeiro MT. One year after the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil: from hypotheses to evidence. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016;49(5):537-43.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1717. Fuwa K, Hayakawa S. Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero Zika virus infection: Where is the Holy Grail? Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(02):1-7.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.,2424. Kwak-Kim J, Song J, Kim MW, Gilman-Sachs A. Zika virus infection and biological treatment for reproductive medicine. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-5.,2828. Martinez ME. Preventing Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy Using a Seasonal Window of Opportunity for Conception. PLoS Biology. 2016;14(7):1-11.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4545. Brooks JT, Friedman A, Kachur RE, Laflam M, Peters PJ, Jamieson DJ. Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2016;65(29):745-7.,4646. Baud D, Musso D, Vouga M, Alves MP, Vulliemoz N. Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2). doi: 10.1111/aji.12614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12614....
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There is no specific treatment for ZIKV. There are no specific antiviral drugs1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,1919. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, Bhadra R, Ball S, Hajra SK. Zika and pregnancy: A comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2017;77(2):1-7.
20. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.
21. Hamel R, Liegeois F, Wichit S, Pompon J, Diop F, Talignani L, et al. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical features and host-virus interactions. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:441-9.
22. Heukelbach J, Alencar C, Kelvin A, de Oliveira W, Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti L. Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(2):116-20.-2323. Jin J. Zika virus disease. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2373-82.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,2929. Mishra B, Behera B. The mysterious Zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(4):249-54.
30. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
-3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
49. Simões R, Buzzini R, Bernardo W, Cardoso F, Salomão A, Cerri G, Zika virus infection and pregnancy. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016;62(2):108-15.-5050. Macfadden DR, Bogoch II. Zika virus infection. CMAJ. 2016;188(5):311.. Treatment of the infection is supportive. Rest, abundant fluid intake, adequate nutrition. Analgesics and antipyretics can be used to relieve from symptoms. To avoid the risk of bleeding, one should avoid aspirin and anti-inflammatory drugs1212. Borchardt RA. Zika virus: a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 2016,29(4):48-50.,1414. de Carvalho NS, de Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Silverio Biscaia E, Arias Fugaça C, de Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: an overview. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):1-8.,1616. Fellner C. Zika Virus: anatomy of a Global Health Crisis. P&T. 2016;41(4):242-53.,2020. Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review and current developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(3):123-8.,2525. Laval F, Leparc-Goffart I, Meynard JB, Daubigny H, Simon F, Briolant S. Infections à virus Zika. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26(2):145-50.,3030. Murray JS. Understanding Zika virus. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2017;22(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12164 https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12164...
,3131. Musso D, Gublerb DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(3):487-524.,3737. Salazar PM, Suy A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Rodó C, Salvador F, Molina I. Zika fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34(4):247-52.,3838. Sampathkumar P, Sanchez JL. Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):514-21.,4141. Slenczka W. Zika virus disease. Microbiol Spectrum. 2016;4(3):10-19.,4242. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Update on Zika virus: considerations for the traveling athlete. Sports Health. 2016;8(5):438-43.,4848. Saiz J, Vázquez-Calvo A, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika virus: the latest newcomer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7(496): doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496...
49. Simões R, Buzzini R, Bernardo W, Cardoso F, Salomão A, Cerri G, Zika virus infection and pregnancy. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016;62(2):108-15.-5050. Macfadden DR, Bogoch II. Zika virus infection. CMAJ. 2016;188(5):311.. |