Amsalu A et al. (2016; Ethiopia)1818. Amsalu A, Worku M, Tadesse E, Shimelis T. The exposure rate to hepatitis B and C viruses among medical waste handlers in three government hospitals, southern Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016001.
|
234 |
152 HCW and 82 non-HCW handlers |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc) |
6 |
Biased sampling frame and outcomes measured by biased assessors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moghaddam AA et al. (2016; Iran)1919. Ansari-Moghaddam A, Ansari H, Khosravi S, Sanei-Moghaddam E, Mohammadi M, Alavian S, et al. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Among Municipal SolidWaste Workers: Necessity for Immunization of At-Risk Groups. Hepat Mon. 2016;16(3):e30887.
|
654 |
178 USW and 476 non-USW workers |
HBV (HBsAg) |
6 |
Biased sampling frame and outcomes measured by biased assessors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mol MPG et al. (2016; Brazil)2020. Mol MPG, Gonçalves JP, Silva EA, Scarponi CFO, Greco DB, Cairncross S, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among domestic and healthcare waste handlers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Waste Manag Res. 2016;34(9):875-83.
|
522 |
61 HCW workers and 461 who collect only domestic waste |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) |
6 |
Biased sampling frame and outcomes measured by biased assessors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
El-Wahab EWA et al. (2015; Egypt)2121. El-Wahab EWA, Eassa SM, Lotfi SE, Kotkat AM, Shatat HZ, El Masry SA. Seroprevalence, Immunostatus and Factors Associated with Blood Borne Viral Infections Among Egyptian Municipal Solid Waste Workers. J Virol Antivir Res. 2015;4(4):1-8. doi:10.4172/2324-8955.1000144. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8955.100014...
|
346 |
186 USW and 160 non-USW workers |
HBV (HBsAg) |
5 |
Biased sampling frame, outcomes measured by biased assessors, and confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tsovili E et al. (2014; Greece)2222. Tsovili E, Rachiotis G, Symvoulakis E, Thanasias E, Giannisopoulou O, Papagiannis D, et al. Municipal waste collectors and hepatitis B and C virus infection: a cross-sectional study. Infez Med. 2014;22(4):271-6.
|
133 |
50 USW workers and 83 unexposed individuals (different occupations) |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, adoption of non-standard measures, outcomes measured by biased assessors, and confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ewis AA et al. (2013; Egypt)2323. Ewis A, Rahma M, Mohamed E, Hifnawy T, Arafa A. Occupational health-related morbidities among street sweepers and waste collectors at Beni-Suef, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine. 2013;37(1):79-94.
|
265 |
138 USW and 127 non-USW workers |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) |
6 |
Outcomes measured by biased assessors, confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anagaw B et al. (2012; Ethiopia)2424. Anagaw B, Shiferaw Y, Anagaw B, Belyhun Y, Erku W, Biadgelegn F, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among medical waste handlers at Gondar town Health institutions, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:55. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-55...
|
200 |
100 HCW workers (hospital) and 100 cleaning staff (collecting domestic waste) |
HBV (HBsAg) |
6 |
Outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rachiotis G et al. (2012; Greece)1010. Rachiotis G, Papagiannis D, Markas D, Thanasias E, Dounias G, Hadjichristodoulou C. Hepatitis B virus infection and waste collection: Prevalence, risk factors, and infection pathway. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(7):650-5.
|
210 |
100 domestic waste collectors and 108 gardeners |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) |
5 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shiferaw Y et al. (2011; Ethiopia)2525. Shiferaw Y, Abebe T, Mihret A. Short Report. Hepatitis B virus infection among medical waste handlers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes . 2011;4:479.
|
252 |
126 HCW workers (hospital) and 126 workers collecting normal (non-clinical) waste at a hospital |
HBV (HbsAg, anti-HBc) |
7 |
Outcomes measured by biased assessors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Graudenz GS (2009; Brazil)2626. Graudenz GS. Indicadores infecciosos e inflamatórios entre trabalhadores da limpeza urbana em São Paulo. Rev Bras Saúde Ocup. 2009;34(120):106-14.
|
217 |
64 landfill workers, 41 USW workers, 35 sweepers, 45 drivers, and 32 controls (railway maintenance) |
HBV (anti-HBc) |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Franka E et al. (2009; Libya)2727. Franka E, El-Zoka AH, Hussein AH, Elbakosh MM, Arafa AK, Ghenghesh KS. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in medical waste handlers in Tripoli, Libya. J Hosp Infect. 2009;72(3):258-61.
|
600 |
300 HCW workers (medical center) and 300 collecting only domestic waste |
HBV (HBsAg) |
6 |
Outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luksamijarulkul P et al. (2008; Thailand)2828. Luksamijarulkul P, Sujirarat D, Charupoonphol P. Risk behaviors, occupational risk and seroprevalence of hepatitis B and A infections among public cleansing workers of Bangkok Metropolis. Hepat Mon . 2008;8(1):35-40.
|
354 |
169 domestic waste workers and 185 public cleaning workers (not in direct contact with waste) |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
Squeri R et al. (2006; Italy)1212. Squeri R, Fauci VL, Sindoni L, Cannavo G, Spagnolo EV. Study on hepatitis B and C serologic status among municipal solid waste workers in Messina (Italy). J Prev Med Hyg. 2006;47:110-3.
|
327 |
Domestic waste workers only |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc) |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, inappropriate measurement of health outcome, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mariolis A et al. (2006; Greece)2929. Mariolis A, Mihas C, Magaziotou I, Alevizos A, Gizlis V, Papathanasiou M, et al. Seroepidemiological study of viral hepatitis among workers of the Cleaning Department of the Municipality of Vyronas: Preliminary results of a single centre study. Public Health. 2006;120(11):1088-9.
|
69 |
Domestic waste workers only |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dounias G et al. (2005; Greece)1111. Dounias G, Kypraiou E, Rachiotis G, Tsovili E, Kostopoulos S. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in municipal solid waste workers in Keratsini (Greece). Occup Med. 2005;55(1):60-3.
|
159 |
71 domestic waste and 88 office workers (not in direct contact with waste) |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) |
5 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ferreira JA et al. (1999; Brazil)3030. Ferreira JA, Tambellini AT, Silva CLP, Guimaraens MAAM. Hepatitis B Morbidity in Municipal and Hospital Waste Collection Workers in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(9):591-2.
|
186 |
31 HCW collectors (hospitals) and 155 domestic waste workers |
HBV (anti-HBc) |
5 |
Inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corrao G et al. (1985; Italy)99. Corrao G, Zotti C, Sciacovelli A, Bosia S, Piccioni P. Infezioni da virus delle epatiti A e B negli addetti alla raccolta rifiuti di Asti. G Ital Med Lav. 1985;7:145-7.
|
93 |
45 sweepers, 21 waste collectors, 19 machine operators, 5 sewer workers and 3 office workers. |
HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc). |
4 |
Biased sampling frame, inadequate sample size, outcomes measured by biased assessors, inadequate confidence intervals or subgroup analysis |