Unit of analysis: meso-regions and micro-regions
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Silva et al. 2010 1414. Silva DRX, Ignotti E, Souza-Santos R, Hacon SS. Hanseníase, condições sociais e desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;27(4):268-75.
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Amazon Region 2006 |
SINAN; IBGE; INPE; PNUD. |
→Distribution of new leprosy cases |
Local empirical Bayesian analysis Kernel technique Pearson´s correlation |
NCDR positively correlated with deforested area (0.50) and septic tank (0.46), inversely correlated with HDI (-0.36). |
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→Distribution of indicators |
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Magalhães et al. 2011 1515. Magalhães MCC, Santos ES, Queiroz ML, Lima ML, Borges RCM, MS Souza, et al. Migração e hanseníase em Mato Grosso. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011;14(3):386-97.
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Mato Grosso 1960 to 2006 |
ATDS; SINAN; IBGE; Department of Planning of Mato Grosso. |
→Population growth rates of micro-regions in the 90’s/ detection rates 2004-2006. |
Not detailed |
Greatest NCDR in meso-regions North, Northeast e Southwest of the state. Progression of deforestation coinciding with NCDR elevation |
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→Attraction degree and effective migratory participation 1970-2000/ detection rates |
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Migration explaining appearance and evolution of leprosy |
Unit of analysis: municipalities
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Magalhães & Rojas.2007 1010. Magalhães MCC, Rojas LI. Diferenciação territorial da hanseníase no Brasil. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde. 2007;16(2):75-84.
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Brazil; 1998 to 2000 and 2000 to 2002 47,026 cases |
SINAN; IBGE; SIGEpi |
→NCDR; |
ArcView |
Higher NCDR - capitals and metropolises (Manaus, Roraima e Belém). Focal distribution in east/west Amazon. Concentration on Atlantic coast (RJ and Recife) and metropolitan regions of Vitória, ES. Association of high social exclusion and high NCDR (Sergipe, Piauí, Maranhão and Amazonas) |
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→NCDR in people younger than 15 years; |
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→Mean percentage of new cases with tuberculoid presentation |
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Penna et al.,2009 1616. Penna MLF, Wand-del-Rey de Oliveira ML, Penna G. Spatial Distribution of Leprosy in the Amazon Region of Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(4):650-2.
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Brazil 2005 to 2007 65.357 cases |
SINAN; IBGE. |
→10 leprosy clusters |
Spatial scan statistics Poisson model |
Five clusters in Amazon region and another three contiguous regions. One cluster in Metropolitan Recife and other in the joint region of Minas Gerais northeast, extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo. |
Freitas et al. 2014 1717. Freitas LRS, Duarte EC, Garcia LP. Leprosy in Brazil and its association with characteristics of municipalities: ecological study, 2009-2011. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(10):1216-25.
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Brazil 2009 to 2011 |
SINAN; IBGE |
→Mean smoothed NCDR per 100,000 inhabitants, 2009-2011. |
ArcGIS Local empirical Bayesian analysis Hierarchical Multivariate analysis |
Factors for high NCDR (values of IRR): Center-West (4.62) and North (3.14) regions, metropolises (I1.92), urbanization rate (1.53), median/ high illiteracy rate (2.41/2.15), Gini index> 0.55 (1.26), high number of dwellers/room (1.41) and inadequate sanitation (1.63). |
Martins-Melo et al. 2015 1818. Martins-Melo FR, Assunção-Ramos AV, Ramos Jr AN, Alencar CH, Montenegro Jr RM, Wand-del-Rey de Oliveira ML, et al. Leprosy-related mortality in Brazil: a neglected condition of a neglected disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109(10):643-52.
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Brazil 2000 to 2011 |
SIM; IBGE |
→Average annual age-adjusted leprosy-related mortality rates |
Local empirical Bayesian analysis Global Moran’s I index LISA Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistics |
Most clusters for mortality: Center-West, North, and west of Northeast regions. Secondary cluster: northwest of Paraná state and frontier of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo states. Factors for higher mortality: male sex (RR=2.57); age (gradient); black color (RR=1.65) Center-West (RR=2.84) and North (RR=2.04) regions. Decreasing trend of leprosy-related mortality. |
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→Average annual crude mortality rates |
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→Average annual Bayesian-smoothed mortality rates |
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→LISA cluster analysis (Moran Map) |
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→Scan space-time clusters analysis |
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Alencar et al., 2012 1919. Alencar CH, Ramos Jr AN, dos Santos ES, Richter J, Heukelbach J. Clusters of leprosy transmission and of late diagnosis in a highly endemic area in Brazil: focus on different spatial analysis approaches. Trop Med Int Health . 2012;17(4):518-25.
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Maranhão, Pará, Piauí e Tocantins; 2001 to 2009 82,463 cases |
SINAN; IBGE. |
→Rate of new cases |
ArcGIS Local empirical Bayesian analysis Kulldorff’s scan statistics |
68.0% of municipalities hyperendemic. Higher total NCDR and in < 15 years-old: Municipalities of Pará and Center of Maranhão states. Five clusters for total NCDR: 3 in Pará, one in Maranhão (center) and one in the frontier (Pará, Maranhão and Tocantins states). Clusters for grade 2 disabilities: Southeast of Pará and Maranhão. Overlap of clusters for new cases, grade 2 disabilities, and cases in people aged < 15 years. |
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→Rate of new cases <15 years |
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→Rate of new cases with grade 2 disabilities |
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→Proportion of new cases with grade 2 disabilities |
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Monteiro et al., 2015 2020. Montenegro ACD, Werneck GL, Kerr-Pontes LRS, Barreto ML, Feldmeier H. Spatial analysis of the distribution of leprosy in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99(7):683-6.
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Tocantins 2001 to 2012 |
SINAN; IBGE. |
→Crude and smoothed detection rates and Moran map |
Local empirical Bayesian analysis Global Moran’s I index |
77.0% of municipalities hyperendemic; 65.4% of municipalities hyperendemic for NCDR in < 15 years old Overlap of total NCDR, NCDR in < 15 years-old and grade-II disabilities: North and West of the state. |
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→New leprosy case detection rate; |
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→Case detection rate in < 15 years old; |
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→The detection rate of grade 2 disability. |
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Montenegro et al. 2004 2121. Monteiro LD, Martins-Melo FR, Brito AL, Alencar CH, Heukelbach J. Spatial patterns of leprosy in a hyperendemic state in Northern Brazil, 2001-2012. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49:84.
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Ceará 1991 to 1999 |
Health Office, Ceará State; IBGE. |
→Annual incidence rates |
LOESS model Moran’s I index |
Clusters of higher incidence rates in the northwestern, central, and southeastern regions. Higher incidence in more urbanized municipalities and on the North-South axis. |
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→Trend surface - smoothed incidence rates |
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Oliveira et al. 2012 2222. Oliveira DT, Bezerra MM, Almeida JAP, Duthie M, Reed S, Jesus AMR. Neurological disability in leprosy: incidence and gender association in Sergipe, Brazil. Geospatial Health. 2012;6(3):125-29.
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Sergipe 2005 to 2010 3,039 cases |
SINAN; IBGE. |
→New leprosy cases and frequencies of grades 1 and 2 disabilities in 2005 and 2010. |
Spring e ArcGIS Odds Ratio (OR) |
Hyperendemic municipalities: 15 (2005) and 8 (2010). Male sex associated with grade 1 (OR 2.8) and grade 2 disabilities (OR 2.9) and multibacillary form (OR 2.9). Without map analysis. |
Cabral Miranda et al., 2014 2323. Cabral-Miranda W, Chiaravalotti Neto F, Barrozo LV. Socio-economic and environmental effects influencing the development of leprosy in Bahia, north-eastern Brazil. Trop Med Int Health . 2014:19(12)1504-14.
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Bahia (BA) 2005 to 2011 1,674 cases in those younger than 15 years |
SINAN; IBGE; DASUS; FIRJAN |
→Biomes in the State of Bahia (BA). |
ArcGIS Multivariate analysis Spatial scan statistics |
Decreasing trend but high NCDR< 15y: 7.9% of total NCDR. Four high- and 6 low-risk clusters. Cases in < 15 years-old highly influenced by surrounding states, mainly in the north-western and southern regions of BA. Relative risks associated with: higher % of water bodies, greater Gini index, higher % of urban population, greater average number of dwellers by residence, lesser % of residents born in BA |
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→Leprosy < 15 years (2005-2011): (a) Relative risk in the state, (b) spatial clusters, (c) Relative risk in BA and vicinal states (d) clusters in BA and vicinal states. |
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→Variables: (a) average number of dwellers by residence, (b) % urban population, (c) % of residents born in BA, (d) Gini Index. |
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Opromolla et al.. 2424. Opromolla PA, Dalben I, Cardim M. Análise da distribuição espacial da hanseníase no Estado de São Paulo, 1991-2002. Rev Bras Epidemiol . 2005;8(4):356-64.,2525. Opromolla PA, Dalben I, Cardim M. Análise Geoestatística de casos de hanseníase no Estado de São Paulo, 1991-2002. Rev Saúde Pública . 2006;40(5):907-13. (2 articles) 2005 and 2006 |
São Paulo (SP); 1991 to 2002 22,250 cases |
Epidemiological Surveillance Center, São Paulo State; IBGE. |
→Detection rates |
Surface mapping Kriging method |
Higher NCDR in West and Northwest regions of the state. Spatial dependency: 30km |
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→Municipalities of residence of cases. |
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→Surface map of new cases. |
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Rodrigues Jr et al. 2008 2626. Rodrigues-Junior AL, do Ó VT, Motti VG. Estudo espacial e temporal da hanseníase no estado de São Paulo, 2004-2006. Rev Saúde Pública . 2008;42(6):1012-20.
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São Paulo (SP); 2004 to 2006 |
SINAN; SEADE Foundation. |
→NCDR geographical distribution |
Kriging method Pearson´s correlation |
High NCDR in north and northwest regions and in the coast. Inverse correlation with wealth (-0.530; p=0.028). Positive correlation with education (0.510; p=0,020) and longevity (0.557; p=0,036) |
Sampaio et al., 2012 2727. Sampaio PB, Rossi TL, Cerutti Jr C, Zandonade E. Spatial analysis of new cases of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, between 2004 and 2009. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2012;45(3):380-4.
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Espírito Santo (ES); 2004 to 2009 7,653 cases |
Health Office of Espírito Santo State |
→NCDR (average) |
Terra View Local empirical Bayesian analysis Moran’s I index |
Heterogeneous distribution - higher NCDR in the north of the state, northwest (São Pedro Bay) and Maruípe region. |
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→Moran spatial correlation of cities (conglomerates of leprosy detection). |
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