Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) (helminth infection) |
- Various Schistosoma worms: - Intestinal (S. mansoni, S. japonicum) - Urogenital (S. haematobium) |
- Affects over 250 million people globally - 779 million people are at risk globally - Sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, the middle East, and the Caribbean |
(i) Praziquantel, Oxamniquine (ii) Katayama fever, lymphocytosis, central nervous system disorders, genital sores, and organ fibrosis |
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5. McManus DP. The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’s Contribution. Vaccines. 2021;9(8):1-14.
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Soil-transmitted helminthiasis: - Ascariasis - Trichuriasis - Strongyloidiasis - Ancylostomiasis - Necatoriasis (helminth infections) |
- Ascaris lumbricoides (AL)- Trichuris trichiura (TT)- Strongyloides stercoralis (SS)- Ancylostoma duodenale (AD) - Necator americanus (NA)
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- Affect 1.5 billion people globally - AL: 1.2 billion - TT: 795 million - SS: 600 million - AD + NA: 740 million - Sub-Saharan Africa, China, the Americas, and East Asia |
(i) Albendazole, Mebendazole (ii) Anemia, cutaneous lesions, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections |
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21. Naidoo P, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA, Naidoo RN, Ramsuran V, Mpaka-Mbatha MN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective. Environ Int. 2021;156:1-14.
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Buruli ulcer (bacterial infection) |
- Mycobacterium ulcerans
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- Around 2270-5000 cases/ year globally - West Africa and Australia |
(i) Combination of Rifampicin and Clarithromycin/ or Moxifloxacin, Telacebec (ii) Nodules and necrotizing lesions |
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22. World Health Organization (WHO). Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2022 [updated 2022 January 10; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/buruli-ulcer-(mycobacterium-ulcerans-infection) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Cholera (bacterial infection) |
- Vibrio cholerae
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- 1.3-4 million cases/year globally - 21,000-143,000 deaths/year globally - Africa, the Caribbean, and South/ Southeast Asia |
(i) Doxycycline, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin (ii) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and muscle cramps |
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23. World Health Organization (WHO). Cholera [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2021 [updated 2021 February 5; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) (protozoan infection) |
- Trypanosoma cruzi
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- Affect 6-8 million people globally - 50,000 deaths/ year globally - 65-100 million people are at risk globally - Mostly the Americas and some areas in Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific |
(i) Benznidazole, Nifurtimox (ii) Cardiomyopathy, gastrointestinal tract infection, and central nervous system disorder |
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24. Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, et al. Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem. Front Public Health. 2019;7(166):1-13.
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Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease) (helminth infection) |
- Dracunculus medinensis
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- Around 54 cases/year globally - Africa |
(i) No specific drug available; Aspirin or Ibuprofen used to reduce pain and inflammation (ii) Pruritic and painful blisters |
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25. World Health Organization (WHO). Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 January 10; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dracunculiasis-(guinea-worm-disease) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Dengue fever (viral infection) |
- Arbovirus (Flavivirus family)-infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) |
- Affects over 100 million people globally - Over 40,000 deaths/ year globally - Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, the America, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific |
(i) No specific drug available; Acetaminophen to control pain and fever; Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen sodium not recommended (ii) Myalgia, petechial rash, fever, and gastrointestinal tract bleeding |
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26. Zeng Z, Zhan J, Chen L, Chen H, Cheng S. Global, regional, and national dengue burden from 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2017. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;32:1-7.
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) (bacterial infection) |
- Mycobacterium leprae
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- Over 200,000 cases/year globally - Over 2 million people permanently disabled - Africa, Asia, and the Americas |
(i) Combination of Rifampicin, Dapsone, Clofazimine (ii) Cutaneous lesions, and damage to the nerves, skin, limbs, and eyes |
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27. World Health Organization (WHO). Leprosy (Hansen's disease) [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 January 11; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Human African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) (protozoan infection) |
- Trypanosoma brucei (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense subsp.)-infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) |
- Over 1,000 cases/year globally - Africa |
(i) Pentamidine, Suramin, Melarsoprol, Eflornithine, Fexinidazole (ii) Lethargy, central nervous system disorders, and lymphadenitis |
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28. World Health Organization (WHO). Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 January 10; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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)Leishmaniasis (protozoan infection) |
- Leishmania spp.-infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia spp.) |
- Affects 700,000-1,000,000 people globally - 20,000-30,000 deaths/year globally - Africa, the Americas, and South East Asia |
(i) Liposomal amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Paromomycin, Pentamindine (ii) Ulcerative cutaneous lesions |
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29. Hernández-Bojorge SE, Blass-Alfaro GG, Rickloff MA, Gómez-Guerrero MJ, Izurieta R. Epidemiology of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Nicaragua. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2020;11:1-11.
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Onchocerciasis (River blindness) (helminth infection) |
- Onchocerca volvulus-infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) |
- Affects over 20.9 million people globally - Skin disease: 14.6 million, vision loss: 1.15 million - Sub-Saharan Africa, and some areas in the Americas and Middle East |
(i) Ivermectin, Moxidectin (ii) Blindness, cutaneous pigmentation, and atrophy |
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30. World Health Organization (WHO). Onchocerciasis [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 January 11; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/onchocerciasis https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) (helminth infection) |
- Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi-infected mosquitoes |
- Affects over 51 million people globally - 859 million people are at risk globally - Africa, Asia, the Western Pacific, and the Caribbean |
(i) Diethylcarbamazine (ii) Lymphedema, and connective tissue and skin edema |
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31. World Health Organization (WHO). Lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 March 16; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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Trachoma (bacterial infection) |
- Chlamydia trachomatis
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- Affects over 40 million people globally - 137 million people are at risk globally - Over 1.9 million have blindness or visual impairments - Africa, Asia, the Americas, Australia, and the Middle East |
(i) Azithromycin (ii) Blindness, eye inflammation, eyelid scarring, trichiasis, and corneal clouding |
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32. World Health Organization (WHO). Trachoma [Internet]. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 2022 [updated 2022 March 7; cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet...
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