Epidemiology and control strategies for tuberculosis in countries with the largest prison populations

Busatto, Caroline; Bierhals, Dienefer Venske; Vianna, Julia Silveira; Silva, Pedro Eduardo Almeida da; Possuelo, Lia Gonçalves; Ramis, Ivy Bastos

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0060-2022

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Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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Review Article • Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 55 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0060-2022 copy

Epidemiology and control strategies for tuberculosis in countries with the largest prison populations

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease, and its control is considered a challenge, especially among vulnerable populations such as prisoners. The occurrence of TB in prisons is an alarming public health problem in many countries. This integrative review aims to describe the epidemiology of TB and control strategies for this disease in countries with the largest prison populations. Studies have shown that it is essential to know the prevalence of TB in prisons of each country. This is because it can serve as an indication of the need for action in prisons to reduce TB rates, including improving the structure of prison environments, rapidly and accurately diagnosing new cases, identifying drug-resistant strains, and implementing effective and directly observed treatment for TB.

Keywords:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Health; Prisoners

Author	Place	Main results
Johnstone-Robertson et al., 2011⁵⁴54. Johnstone-Robertson S, Lawn SD, Welte A, Bekker LG, Wood R. Tuberculosis in a South African prison - a transmission modelling analysis. S Afr Med J. 2011;101(11):809-13.	South Africa	Cross ventilation: Suggested not to close the cell windows at night and to use barred doors instead of solid doors in cells, allowing better ventilation.
Santos et al., 2012⁵⁷57. Santos M, França P, Sánchez A. Manual de Intervenções Ambientais para o Controle da Tuberculose nas Prisões. Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Ministério da Justiça 2012.	Brazil	Architectural solutions: Improve lighting and ventilation conditions with openings on opposite walls and ventilation on two levels on the same wall or roof.
Brazil, 2014⁷⁰70. Brasil. Portaria Interministerial No 1, de 2 de janeiro de 2014. Ministério da Saúde. 2014.	Brazil	Prison Primary Health Care Team: Implementation of prison health teams, including doctors, nurses, and dentists.
Sander et al., 2017⁴⁹49. Sander G, Murphy F. The furthest left behind: The urgent need to scale up harm reduction in prisons. Int J Prison Health. 2017;13(3-4):185-91.	Global	Harm reduction: Opioid substitution therapy, needle and syringe programs, overdose and withdrawal prevention, and HIV and HCV testing and treatment.
Katyal et al., 2018³⁸38. Katyal M, Leibowitz R, Venters H. IGRA-Based Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Persons Newly Incarcerated in New York City Jails. J Correct Health Care. 2018;24(2):156-70.	United States of America	Latent tuberculosis infection detection: The QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) IGRA test was implemented at a women's prison and at an all-men’s prison.
Adane et al., 2019⁵¹51. Adane K, Spigt M, Winkens B, Dinant GJ. Tuberculosis case detection by trained inmate peer educators in a resource-limited prison setting in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(4):482-91.	Ethiopia	Peer education: Prisoners receive training in identifying TB cases and then provide health education to other prisoners.
Mabud et al., 2019⁵⁹59. Mabud TS, Alves MLD, Ko AI, Basu S, Walter SK, Cohen T, et al. Evaluating strategies for control of tuberculosis in prisons and prevention of spillover into communities: An observational and modelling study from Brazil. PLoS Medicine . 2019;16(1):e1002737.	Brazil	Annual mass screening for TB: Identification of symptoms suggestive of the disease and diagnosis of TB.
Sousa et al., 2020⁵²52. Sousa NR, Sandström N, Shen L, Håkansson K, Vezozzo R, Udekwu KI, et al. A fieldable electrostatic air sampler enabling tuberculosis detection in bioaerosols. Tuberculosis. 2020;120:e101896.	Brazil	TB Hotspot DetectOR: Collection of aerosols from environment allowing the identification of M. tuberculosis in the cough of prisoners.
dos Santos et al., 2022⁶⁴64. dos Santos PCP, Santos AS, Oliveira RD, da Silva BO, Soares TR, Martinez L, et al. Pooling Sputum Samples for Efficient Mass Tuberculosis Screening in Prisons. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(12):2115-21.	Brazil	Pooling Sputum Samples: Tested prisoner sputum combinations with GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, allowing for more frequent triage of cases, resulting in cost containment.

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