Increasing Demand for Chest CT Due to COVID-19 in Brazil

Dear Editor:

Diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been challenging since the identification of this new human infection, especially after it spread to most countries and territories of the world in the following months, increasing the worldwide demand for reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, the laboratory test which confirms the infection. Therefore, in settings where this test is unavailable, or results are delayed or negative in the presence of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, chest imaging has been used in the diagnosis, clinical evaluation, and management of suspected cases¹. Chest computed tomography (CT) contributes to a lower diagnostic loss², presenting a sensitivity of 92% (95% confidence interval, 86-96%)³, and is recommended even in cases with a positive RT-PCR test if the patient presents mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of the disease¹. Consensus shows some typical characteristics of images in COVID-19 cases, such as bilateral (multilobar) and peripheral opacities with an aspect of ground glass, with or without consolidations or interlobular and intralobular septal thickening (mosaic paving), multifocal and round ground-glass opacities with or without mosaic paving, and reverse halo sign^4,5.

Since the beginning of the epidemic in Brazil on February 26, 2020, the demand for chest CT has increased, possibly due to the long wait times for the release of RT-PCR test results in some regions⁶ thereby affecting the application of the results in the clinical management of the patients. In 94 hospitals and diagnostic centers from 14 Brazilian states, serviced by Telelaudo, an increase of 192% in the demand for chest CT was observed from March 1 to June 30, 2020 (n = 14,111) when compared to the same period in 2019 (n = 4,837); increases of more than 1,000% were seen in the states of Pará in May and June, and Ceará in June. States from the North (Amazonas and Pará) and the Northeast (Ceará, Pernambuco, and Sergipe) regions had the highest increases in chest CT. These regions placed health systems in a critical situation⁷, with collapse occurring in some states, such as Amazonas⁸ and Ceará⁹ (Table 1). Especially in territories with a difficult epidemic situation, chest CT can be an effective, convenient, and fast method to recognize COVID-19 cases, thus supporting the containment of the epidemic³. Nevertheless, further preventive measures must be adopted in addition to the diagnosis and isolation of cases. This survey shows the impact of COVID-19 on the health services in Brazil, particularly high demand for diagnostic imaging tests to support the clinical response to the disease, in a severe epidemiological scenario which had the second-highest number of incident cases and deaths in the world in August 2020¹⁰.

TABLE 1:
Number of requests for chest computed tomography by hospitals of Brazilian states from January to June, 2019 and 2020

State	March			April			May			June
	2019	2020	Difference	2019	2020	Difference	2019	2020	Difference	2019	2020	Difference
North region
Amazonas	92	203	+121%	118	1169	+891%	123	993	+707%	150	245	+63%
Pará	31	48	+55%	39	89	+128%	46	788	+1613%	60	1172	+1853%
Northeast region
Bahia	92	93	+1%	126	143	+13%	120	335	+179%	121	225	+86%
Ceará	49	76	+55%	67	147	+119%	62	315	+408%	31	435	+1303%
Paraíba	75	62	-17%	64	88	+38%	80	169	+111%	66	71	+8%
Pernambuco	35	49	+40%	39	170	+336%	39	368	+844%	50	184	+268%
Sergipe	14	40	+186%	31	59	+90%	17	171	+906%	15	116	+673%
Midwest region
Distrito Federal	45	153	+240%	54	120	+122%	65	179	+175%	67	133	+99%
Goiás	52	103	+98%	92	66	-28%	93	108	+16%	76	47	-38%
Mato Grosso	104	161	+55%	117	60	-49%	136	174	+28%	119	603	+407%
Southeast region
Minas Gerais	119	192	+61%	116	315	+172%	128	328	+156%	131	258	+97%
Rio de Janeiro	205	292	+42%	219	668	+205%	322	715	+122%	228	223	-2%
São Paulo	107	200	+87%	88	309	+251%	123	338	+175%	134	195	+46%
South region
Paraná	10	17	+70%	9	23	+156%	14	36	+157%	12	72	+500%

REFERENCES

• ¹
  World Health Organization (WHO). Use of chest imaging in COVID-19: a rapid advice guide. Geneva: WHO; 2020. 42 p.
• ²
  Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214:1280-6.
• ³
  Xu B, Xing Y, Peng J, Zheng Z, Tang W, Sun Y, et al. Chest CT for detecting COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Eur Radiol. 2020;15:1-8.
• ⁴
  Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, Bhalla S, Chung JH, Chung M, et al. Radiological Society of North America expert consensus statement on reporting chest CT findings related to COVID-19 endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200152.
  » https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200152
• ⁵
  Kong W, Agarwal PP. Chest imaging appearance of COVID-19 infection. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200028.
  » https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200028
• ⁶
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Boletim epidemiológico especial COE-COVID-19 - 16. Brasília: MS; 2020. 67 p.
• ⁷
  Ferraz D, Mariano EB, Morceiro P, Moralles HF, Manzine PR, Rebelatto DAN. COVID-Index: the collapse of the Brazilian hospital system [Internet]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341164388_COVID-Index_the_collapse_of_the_Brazilian_Hospital_System
  » https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341164388_COVID-Index_the_collapse_of_the_Brazilian_Hospital_System
• ⁸
  Orellana JDY, Cunha GM, Marrero L, Horta BL, Leite IC. Explosion in mortality in the Amazonian epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic 19. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36:e00120020.
• ⁹
  Lemos DRQ, D’Angelo SM, Farias LABG, Almeida MM, Gomes RG, Pinto GP, et al. Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200354.
• ¹⁰
  Worldometer. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic [Internet]. Dover: Worldometer; 2020 [updated 2020 Aug 28; cited 2020 Aug 28]. Available from: Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  » https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Oct 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  28 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  17 Sept 2020