Bartok (2011) 2727. Bartok CJ. Babies fed breastmilk by breast versus by bottle: a pilot study evaluating early growth patterns. Breastfeed Med. 2011 Jun;6(3):117-24. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2010.0055 https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2010.0055...
|
USA |
37 |
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 m |
HM by bottle ( versus breast) |
No significant mean differences at any age |
HIC |
Convenience |
Andres et al. (2012) 1515. Andres A, Cleves MA, Bellando JB, Pivik RT, Casey PH, Badger TM. Developmental status of 1-year-old infants fed breast milk, cow’s milk formula, or soy formula. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):1134-40. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3121 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3121...
|
USA |
391 |
3, 6, 9 e 12 m |
BF at 1–2m, 6 and 12 m ( versus FF versus soy formula) |
No significant mean differences at any age |
HIC |
Beginnings Study |
|
|
Convenience |
|
Bouthoorn et al. (2012) 1313. Bouthoorn SH, van Lenthe FJ, Hokken-Koelega AC, Moll HA, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, et al. Head circumference of infants born to mothers with different educational levels; the Generation R Study. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039798 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003...
|
Netherlands |
3,383 |
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11m |
Maternal educational level: |
Regression coefficients that reflect the differences in HC in offspring of mothers with low, mid-low, and mid high educational level relative to children of women with high educational level (reference group): |
HIC |
Subsample of the Generation R |
High: university degree |
1 m: -0.38 [-0.50, -0.26], -0.15 [-0.25, -0.05], -0.07 [-0.16, 0.03], reference |
|
population-based cohort |
Mid-high: higher vocational training, Bachelor’s degree |
3 m: -0.25 [-0.37, -0.13], -0.10 [-0.20, -0.003], -0.09 [-0.19, -0.003], reference |
|
|
Mid-low: > 3 years general secondary school, intermediate vocational training |
4, 6, and 11 m: no association |
|
|
Low: no education, primary school, lower vocational training, intermediate general school, or 3 years or less general secondary school. |
|
|
|
BF at 2, 6, and 12m as mediator between maternal educational levels and infant’s HC |
|
|
|
|
At 1 and 3 months of age, the differences in HC for the low and/or the mid-low education group were attenuated with more than 10% by individual adjustment for maternal and paternal height, pre-pregnancy BMI, birth weight, gestational age, child’s weight and height and breastfeeding |
Herba et al. (2013) 1616. Herba CM, Roza S, Govaert P, Hofman A, Jaddoe V, Verhulst FC, et al. Breastfeeding and early brain development: the Generation R study. Matern Child Nutr. 2013 Jul;9(3):332-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12015 https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12015...
|
Netherlands |
680 |
Birth–2 m |
Current BF practices |
Main BF effect on HC at 12m- aAdjusted model: p = 0.09, R2 = 0.470 |
HIC |
Subsample of the Generation R study |
EBF ( versus Bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.14 [-0.01, 0.29] |
|
|
EBF ( versus Breast- and bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.07 [-0.11, 0.25] |
|
Population-Based |
Breast- and bottle-fed ( versus Bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.07 [-0.12, 0.26] |
|
|
Breastfeeding history in the first 2 months |
Main BF effect - *Adjusted model: p = 0.04, R2 = 0.471 |
|
|
EBF ( versus never BF) |
Higher HC mean: 0.22 [0.00, 0.44], p = 0.05 |
|
|
EBF ( versus Breast- and bottle-fed) |
No significant difference between means: 0.09 [-0.05, 0.23] |
|
|
breast- and bottle-fed ( versus never BF) |
No significant difference between means: 0.13 [-0.09, 0.34] |
Shinn et al. (2018) 3030. Shinn LM, Tangney CC, Busche C, Sharp CM, Mullen MC. Demographic correlates of infant feeding practices and growth performance in the first year of life. Int J Pediatr. 2018 Oct;2018:6569204. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6569204 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6569204...
|
USA |
149 |
1m, 3m, 6m, 9m, 12m |
BF ( versus FF, FF+BF, complementary feedings) at 28 d to 6m |
No association |
HIC |
Convenience |
Pivik et al. (2019) 1818. Pivik RT, Andres A, Tennal KB, Gu Y, Downs H, Bellando BJ, et al. Resting gamma power during the postnatal critical period for GABAergic system development is modulated by infant diet and sex. Int J Psychophysiol. 2019 Jan;135:73-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018....
|
USA |
518 |
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 m |
BF up to 4m ( versus FF versus soy formula) |
No association at 3m, 4m, 5m, and 6m |
HIC |
Beginnings Study |
|
|
Convenience |
Significant mean differences only at 2 m (p = 0.047) → boys p=0.016 and girls p = 0.405 |
Guzzardi et al. (2020) 1919. Guzzardi MA, Granziera F, Sanguinetti E, Ditaranto F, Muratori F, Iozzo P. Exclusive breastfeeding predicts higher hearing-language development in girls of preschool age. Nutrients. 2020 Aug;12(8):2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320...
|
Italy |
80 |
3, 6, 12, 18, 24m |
EBF at 3 and 6 m ( versus no EBF) |
No significant differences |
HIC |
PISAC |
|
Convenience |
Jinno et al. (2020) 2020. Jinno S, Yamazaki K, Nakamura Y, Kinouchi T. Growth of term infants fed a commercial infant formula with a protein content of 2.2 g/100 kcal: an observational follow-up study. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2020 Mar;84(3):633-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2019.1689096 https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2019.16...
|
Japan |
167 |
1, 4, and 7m |
Formula with a protein content of 2.2 g/100 kcal ( versus BF babies with no formula intake at baseline) |
No group-dependent effect on HC growth and no difference between means |
HIC |
Prospective |
|
Convenience |
Rodd et al. (2020) 2828. Rodd C, Feely A, Becker AB, Moraes TJ, Subbarao P, Mandhane PJ, et al. World Health Organization growth standards: how do Canadian children measure up? Paediatr Child Health. 2020 Jul;26(5):e208-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa053 https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa053...
|
Canada |
2,795 |
birth, 3m, 1y |
EBF up to 6 m ( versus BF+FF versus FF) |
At 3m: lower HCZ mean (p = 0.002) |
HIC |
Population based birth cohort |
At 1 y: no significant difference between means |
Wu et al. (2011) 1414. Wu TC, Huang IF, Chen YC, Chen PH, Yang LY. Differences in serum biochemistry between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. J Chin Med Assoc. 2011 Nov;74(11):511-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2011.09.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2011.09.0...
|
Taiwan |
60 |
Birth, 4 w, and 8 w |
EBF up to 8 w ( versus FF) |
No significant differences of mean changes |
UMIC |
Convenience |
Huang et al. (2018) 2626. Huang JG, Chan SH, Lee LY. The Influence of Ethnicity on exclusively breast-fed infants’ anthropometry in a multiethnic Asian population. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2018 Jun;47(6):208-15. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V47N6p208 https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmeds...
|
China |
213 (EBF ≥ 4 m) |
5–8 m, 12 m |
BF duration |
†Multivariate analysis: |
UMIC |
Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort |
|
At 5-8 m: no association (β = 0.02) |
|
Convenience |
|
At 12 m: no association (β = -0.08) |
|
|
Age of weaning |
At 5-8 m: negative association (β = -0.12) |
|
|
|
At 12 m: no association (β = -0.42) |
Giacomini et al. (2020) 77. Giacomini I, Mazzucchetti L, Lima TAB Malta MB, Lourenço BH, MA Cardoso. Breastfeeding practices and weight gain predicted head circumference in young Amazonian children. Acta Paediatr. 2021 Jan;110(1):171-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15517 https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15517...
|
Brazil |
774 |
Birth, 10–15 m |
EBF ≥ 90 d ( versus EBF < 90 d) |
‡Final model: |
UMIC |
MINA-Brazil birth cohort |
Higher HCZ means at 12m: β = 0.11 [0.00–0.23] |
|
Population-Based |
|
Dwipoerwantoro et al. (2015) 3131. Dwipoerwantoro PG, Mansyur M, Oswari H, Makrides M, Cleghorn G, Firmansyah A. Growth of Indonesian infants compared with World Health Organization Growth Standards. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Aug;61(2):248-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000770 https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.000000000000...
|
Indonesia |
160 |
2–6 w, 6w, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12m |
EBF at baseline ( versus FF) |
Significant mean differences only at 3 m (p < 0.05) and 4 m (p < 0.01) |
LMIC |
Convenience |
Borazjani et al. (2019) 1717. Borazjani F, Hardani AK, Bokaee S, Angali KA. Maternal dietary pattern with an emphasis on child growth pattern and exclusive breastfeeding duration. Epidemiol Biostat Public Health. 2019;16(2):e13074--1. https://doi.org/10.2427/13074 https://doi.org/10.2427/13074...
|
Iran |
195 |
birth, 2, 4 and 6 m |
EBF ( versus FF versus FF+BF) |
Higher cumulative HC growth |
LMIC |
Convenience |
Sindhu et al. (2019) 66. Sindhu KN, Ramamurthy P, Ramanujam K, Henry A, Bondu JD, John SM, et al. Low head circumference during early childhood and its predictors in a semi-urban settlement of Vellore, Southern India. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Jun;19(1):182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1553-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1553-...
|
India |
226 |
Birth - 12m |
EBF for < 4m ( versus ≥ 4 m) |
No association with HC deficit at 12m: |
LMIC |
Indian sample of the birth cohort of MAL-ED |
Crude analysis: OR = 1.68 [0.66–4.29] |
|
Convenience |
§Final model: Adjusted OR = 3.279 [0.898–11.977] |
Nicolaou et al. (2020) 3232. Nicolaou L, Ahmed T, Bhutta ZA, Bessong P, Kosek M, Lima AA, et al. Factors associated with head circumference and indices of cognitive development in early childhood. BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Oct;5(10):e003427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003427 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-00342...
|
Multicenter: |
1210 |
1, 12 e 24 m |
Cumulative proportion of BF days |
Weak association with higher HCZ values (p < 0.25) |
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, |
MAL-ED |
Tanzania (LMICs); Peru and South Africa (UMICs) |
Convenience |
Fallah et al. (2021) 2121. Fallah R, Ehsani-Khanghah Y, Motamed N. Evaluation of head circumference index in children under 18 months and its associated factors in Zanjan City: a retrospective cohort. Int J Pediatr. 2021;9(1):12805-13. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2020.51279.4074 https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2020.51279....
|
Iran |
274 |
Birth, 1–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 m |
EBF < 6 m ( versus ≥ 6 m) |
║No association with HC over time: β = -0.02 [-0.23–0.19] |
LMIC |
Retrospective cohort |
|
Convenience |