Perceived health in the Portuguese population aged ≥
					35

Figueiredo, João Paulo de; Cardoso, Salvador Massano

doi:10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005242

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Sumário

Original Articles • Rev. Saúde Pública 48 (3) • June 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005242 copy

Perceived health in the Portuguese population aged ≥ 35

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the exploratory relationship between determinants of health, life satisfaction, locus of control, attitudes and behaviors and health related quality of life in an adult population.

METHODS

Observational study (analytical and cross-sectional) with a quantitative methodological basis. The sample was composed oy 1,214 inhabitants aged ≥ 35 in 31 civil parishes in the County of Coimbra, Portugal, 2011-2012. An anonymous and voluntary health survey was conducted, which collected the following information: demographic, clinical record, health and lifestyle behaviors; health related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study, Short Form-36); health locus of control; survey of health attitudes and behavior, and quality of life index. Pearson’s Linear Correlation, t-Student, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney; One-way ANOVA; Brown-Forsythe’s F; Kruskal-Wallis; Multiple Comparisons: Tukey (HSD), Games-Howell and Conover were used in the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Health related quality of life was shown to be lower in females, in older age groups, in obese/overweight individuals, widows, unassisted, those living alone, living in rural/suburban areas, those who did not work and with a medium-low socioeconomic level. Respondents with poor/very poor self-perceived health (p < 0.0001), with chronic disease (p < 0.0001), who consumed < 3 meals per day (p ≤ 0.01), who were sedentary, who slept ≤ 6 h/day and had smoked for several years revealed the worst health results. Health related quality of life was positively related with a bigger internal locus, with better health attitudes and behaviors (physical exercise, health and nutritional care, length of dependence) and with different areas of life satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Better health related quality of life was associated with certain social, psychological, family and health characteristics, a satisfactory lifestyle, better socioeconomic conditions and a good internal locus of control over health attitudes and behaviors.

Health Status; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Lifestyle; Health Behavior; Quality of Life Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Cross-Sectional Studies

Variable		n	%	M	SD
Type of parish	FPU	789	65.0
	FMU	292	24.1
	FPR	133	11.0
	Total	1,214
Sex	Female	730	60.1
	Male	484	39.9
	Total	1,214
Age groups	35 ├ 45	488	40.3
	45 ├ 55	381	31.5
	55 ├ 65	195	16.1
	≥ 65	146	12.1
	Total	1,210
Schooling	1.º CEB incomplete	75	6.2
	1.º CEB	212	17.6
	2.º CEB	106	8.8
	3.º CEB	179	14.8
	Secondary education	332	23.2
	Further education	302	25.0
	Total	1,206
Nationality	Portuguese	1,196	98.5
	Foreign	18	1.5
	Total	1,214
Ethnic group	White	1,190	98.0
	Black	22	1.8
	Asian	2	0.2
	Total	1,214
Marital status	Single	128	10.5
	Married/Stable relationship	908	74.8
	Divorced/Separated	117	9.6
	Widowed	61	5.0
	Total	1,214
Cohabiting	Yes	966	79.6
	No	248	20.4
	Total	1,214
Children	Yes	1,064	87.9
	No	146	12.1
	Total	1,210
Continuation
Number of children	1	401	38.0
	2	502	47.6
	≥ 3	152	14.4
	Total	1,055
Religion	Yes	1,095	90.4
	No	117	9.7
	Total	1,212
If religious	Practicing	384	36.2
	Non-practicing	678	63.8
	Total	1,062
Current residence status	Homeowner	907	75.7
	Mortgaged	291	24.3
	Total	1,198
Type of residence	House	700	59.4
	Apartment	479	40.6
	Total	1,179
Professional situation	Active	930	76.6
	Non-active	284	23.4
	Total	1,214
Type of contract	Permanent	802	87.6
	Temporary	114	12.4
	Total	916
Social class	Class I	100	12.1
	Class II	247	29.7
	Class III	421	50.6
	Class IV	64	7.7
	Total	832
Retired	Length (years)			9.8	7.5
Unemployed	Length (years)			2.3	3.4
Self-perceived general state of health	Very good	103	8.9
	Good	543	47.1
	Reasonable	441	38.2
	Poor/Very poor	54	4.7
	No opinion	12	1.0
	Total	1,153
Describe your current state of general health compared with one year ago^a a Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Editors). Censos 2011 Resultados Definitivos – Região Centro. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Lisboa, 2012.	Much better	19	1.6
	Some improvement	74	6.1
	Approximately the same	946	78.1
	A little worse	160	13.2
	Much worse	13	1.1
	Total	1,212
Anthropometric data	Height (m)	1,169		1.65	0.1
	Weight (kg)	1,160		71.7	12.8
	BMI (kg/m²)	1,159		26.2	3.8
	PC (cm)	901		90.9	15.5
	Neck circumference (cm)	884		37.0	5.5
Body mass index	Underweight	4	0.3
	Normal weight	458	39.5
	Overweight	526	45.4
	Obese	171	14.8
	Total	1,159
Health center^a	Yes	959	84.8
	No	172	15.2
	Total	1,131
Hospital^a	Yes	564	49.9
	No	567	50.1
	Total	1,131
Private health care^a	Yes	196	17.3
	No	935	82.7
	Total	1,131
Other^a	Yes	5	0.4
	No	1,126	99.6
	Total	1,131
Visit doctor ≤ 3 months	Yes	471	38.8
	No	743	61.2
	Total	1,214
Type of consultation	GP	835	72.1
	Specialty	323	27.9
	Yes	1,158
Sick leave^b	Yes	14	1.2
	No	1,136	98.8
	Total	1,150
Feeling ill^b	Yes	267	22.0
	No	947	78.0
	Total	1,214
Requested prescription or tests^b	Yes	184	15.2
	No	1,030	84.8
	Total	1,214
Other reason^b	Yes	740	61.0
	No	474	39.0
	Total	1,214
Visit dentist...	Yes	1,115	91.8
	No	99	8.2
	Total	1,214
Consulted dentist ≤ 12 months	Yes	736	66.2
	No	375	33.8
	Total	1,111
Flu vaccination	Yes	310	25.5
	No	875	72.1
	Don’t remember	29	2.4
	Total	1,214
Measured blood pressure	Yes	898	75.5
	No	283	23.8
	Don’t remember	8	0.7
	Total	1,189
Cholesterol	Yes	681	57.8
	No	484	41.1
	Don’t remember	14	1.2
	Total	1,179
Smoking	Smoker	250	20.8
	Ex-smoker	173	14.4
	Non smoker	780	64.8
	Total	1,203
Length of habit	Smoker			25.6	9.1
	Ex-smoker			20.0	10.3
Started smoking (age)	Smoker			17.5	4.6
	Ex-smoker			17.4	4.7
Alcohol intake	Yes	522	43.4
	No	646	53.7
	Ex-consumer	34	2.8
	Total	1,202
Alcohol intake (years)	Consumer			31.5	12.0
	Ex-consumer			21.8	16.5
Age started drinking	Consumer			18.0	3.8
	Ex-consumer			19.1	7.7
Physical exercise	Yes	332	27.7
	No	866	72.3
	Total	1,198
Hours of sleep per night	< 7	285	24.0
	7 to 8	797	67.2
	> 8	104	8.8
	Total	1,186
Hours worked per week	< 35	49	5.4
	35 to 40	612	67.4
	> 40	247	27.2
	Total	908
Type of work	a_1) Option	294	32.1
	b_2) Option	250	27.3
	c_3) Option	312	34.1
	d_4) Option	37	4.0
	e_5) Option	22	2.4
	Total	915
Portuguese classification of professions (PCP)	a_	49	5.7
	b_	135	15.7
	c_	103	12.0
	d_	125	14.5
	e_	172	20.0
	f_	9	1.0
	g_	87	10.1
	h_	23	2.7
	i_	159	18.5
	Total	862
Type of diet	Mediterranean	990	83.5
	Vegetarian	17	1.4
	Macrobiotic	10	0.8
	Fast-food	2	0.2
	Mixed	45	3.8
	Don’t know	122	10.2
	Total	1,186
Nº meals per day	< 3	49	4.1
	3 to 5	1,094	90.9
	≥ 6	60	5.0
	Total	1,203
Eating out	No	351	29.7
	Yes	832	70.3
	Total	1,183
Changed eating habits	Yes	194	16.4
	No	986	83.6
	Total	1,180
Glasses of water/day	Don’t remember	36	3.2
	< 5	683	60.0
	5 to 7	334	29.3
	8 to 10	73	6.4
	 11	13	1.1
	Total	1,139
Chronic disease	Yes	468	38.6
	No	746	61.4
	Total	1,214
Frequency of chronic disease	1 to 2	332	70.9
	3 to 4	91	19.4
	≥ 5	45	9.6
	Total	468

	Physical dimension
	Physical functioning				Physical performance				Pain				General health

	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p
Female	719	82.4	20.8	< 0.0001b	725	82.6	22.9	0.003b	727	67.4	24.3	< 0.0001b	726	60.7	18.4	0.01b
Male	478	87.7	19.9		479	86.4	21.6		484	74.7	23.3		479	63.4	17.2
Aged 35├ 45	487	92.8	13.2	<0.0001a	487	91.8	15.9	< 0.0001a	487	78.2	22.1	< 0.0001c	485	68.1	15.5	< 0.0001a
Aged 45├ 55	374	86.7	15.6		378	86.8	18.4		380	69.5	22.9		379	62.3	16.5
Aged 55├ 65	189	78.6	19.8		191	78.0	23.0		194	66.1	23.7		193	57.4	17.9
Aged ≥ 65	143	58.2	3.2		144	58.9	29.3		146	51.9	23.0		144	45.2	17.8
1.º CEB inc.	73	54.1	31.2	< 0.0001d	73	56.9	30.9	< 0.0001d	75	50.2	24.6	< 0.0001c	75	42.2	17.2	< 0.0001c
1.º CEB	207	76.9	23.3		208	80.1	24.4		212	66.3	24.0		209	55.3	16.9
2.º CEB	101	83.2	18.6		103	84.4	19.1		106	65.8	21.7		105	58.9	15.9
3.º CEB	179	87.8	16.8		179	86.3	19.8		177	72.9	22.4		178	62.4	15.7
Secondary	331	89.2	16.1		331	87.6	20.4		332	72.3	24.3		331	65.3	17.6
Further	298	90.5	13.7		302	88.3	18.1		301	76.1	22.5		300	67.9	16.3
Single	127	92.0	12.0	< 0.0001d	127	91.3	16.1	< 0.0001d	127	78.2	21.4	< 0.0001a	125	66.7	16.3	< 0.0001c
M/SR	896	85.0	19.8		901	84.8	22.1		906	70.0	24.2		904	61.8	17.8
D/S	116	86.0	19.6		117	83.1	20.8		117	73.2	22.4		117	63.8	16.9
Widowed	58	57.2	29.0		59	61.0	27.9		61	52.1	21.1		59	47.0	18.3
Yes V.C.	954	85.4	19.6	0.127e	959	85.0	21.8	0.012e	964	70.4	24.1	0.793b	961	62.2	17.8	0.103b
No V.C.	243	81.1	24.3		245	80.8	24.6		247	69.9	24.4		244	60.1	18.8
Children − Yes	1,048	83.7	20.9	< 0.0001e	1,054	83.6	22.5	0.002e	1,062	69.3	24.2	< 0.0001e	1,057	61.2	17.9	0.005b
Children − No	146	90.4	17.9		146	88.3	21.3		145	77.2	22.5		144	65.8	18.4
FPU	779	87.0	17.6	< 0.0001d	784	86.5	20.2	< 0.0001c	787	73.5	23.1	< 0.0001c	785	63.6	16.9	< 0.0001c
FMU	286	79.8	25.6		287	80.2	25.6		291	66.2	24.7		287	60.0	18.9
FPR	132	79.7	22.9		133	78.8	25.6		133	60.4	24.8		133	54.9	19.9
House	690	82.0	21.9	< 0.0001e	695	81.8	23.8	< 0.0001e	698	67.7	24.5	< 0.0001e	695	60.2	18.8	< 0.0001e
Apartment	475	88.8	16.8		476	88.2	19.1		478	74.8	22.5		476	64.4	16.1
H-P	892	82.6	21.9	< 0.0001e	898	82.1	23.7	< 0.0001e	904	67.6	25.0	< 0.0001e	899	60.6	19.1	< 0.0001e
Mortgage	289	90.1	15.2		290	90.4	16.5		291	78.6	18.4		290	65.1	13.1
Rel. Yes	1,078	83.9	21.2	0.016e	1,085	83.9	22.8	0.909e	1,092	70.1	24.5	0.229b	1,086	61.5	18.3	0.093b
Rel. No	117	89.6	14.1		117	86.6	18.3		117	72.2	20.7		117	63.9	14.3
Practicing	378	78.7	23.3	< 0.0001e	383	79.1	24.4	< 0.0001e	383	64.5	24.9	< 0.0001b	383	57.0	19.7	< 0.0001b
Not practicing	670	86.9	19.2		671	86.6	21.3		676	73.4	23.6		671	64.0	16.8
Inactive	279	68.5	27.9	< 0.0001e	281	67.0	28.6	< 0.0001e	283	59.1	25.1	< 0.0001e	281	51.0	19.8	< 0.0001b
Active	918	89.4	14.8		923	89.3	17.1		928	73.7	22.8		924	65.0	16.0
T.D.	114	87.7	15.7	0.450e	114	84.4	18.4	< 0.0001e	113	70.4	21.2	0.026e	114	63.9	16.4	0.421b
T.I.	792	89.6	14.7		797	90.1	16.6		801	74.5	22.7		796	65.2	16.0
^{Class Ia}	99	90.2	15.3	0.002d	100	89.7	17.2	0.722d	100	76.5	22.9	0.559c	100	70.4	16.2	< 0.0001c
Class II	243	89.3	14.6		246	88.7	17.9		246	72.8	23.9		244	64.8	17.2
Class III	414	90.1	14.6		415	90.0	16.5		420	73.7	22.2		418	64.8	15.4
Class IV	64	86.1	13.7		64	87.9	17.3		64	72.4	22.1		64	59.0	12.9

	Mental dimension
	Vitality				Social functioning				Emotional performance				Mental health

	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p

Female	725	62.6	21.9	< 0.0001b	728	80.2	21.9	< 0.0001b	724	85.0	21.7	0.006b	725	73.3	20.7	< 0.0001b
Male	477	70.3	20.6		484	85.5	19.0		478	88.3	19.8		476	79.2	17.4
Aged 35├ 45	486	71.6	19.9	< 0.0001a	487	86.8	19.1	< 0.0001a	487	90.8	17.3	< 0.0001a	486	79.7	17.5	< 0.0001a
Aged 45├ 55	377	66.0	19.9		381	82.6	20.2		377	88.8	17.6		377	76.1	18.3
Aged 55├ 65	190	60.9	22.9		194	78.9	21.2		190	81.3	22.8		190	70.7	22.6
Aged ≥ 65	145	51.7	21.3		146	71.3	23.2		144	71.2	28.7		144	68.2	21.3
1.º CEB inc.	74	45.7	24.1	< 0.0001a	75	68.5	24.9	< 0.0001d	73	66.8	27.4	< 0.0001d	72	63.2	23.4	< 0.0001d
1.º CEB	207	63.3	23.7		212	81.3	21.1		207	85.1	23.5		207	73.9	20.5
2.º CEB	105	63.1	18.7		106	81.7	19.4		103	87.2	19.6		104	74.9	17.8
3.º CEB	178	66.7	20.2		178	84.2	20.0		179	87.5	20.0		178	76.3	19.3
Secondary	330	69.1	20.9		332	84.0	21.3		330	87.8	19.8		330	77.1	19.9
Further	300	69.0	18.7		301	83.9	20.0		302	89.3	16.8		300	78.5	17.0
Single	126	69.3	19.7	< 0.0001c	127	82.6	19.4	< 0.0001d	127	89.4	18.7	< 0.0001d	126	78.8	17.8	0.005c
M/SR	899	66.0	21.6		907	83.7	20.5		899	87.1	20.4		898	76.0	19.6
D/S	117	66.3	21.1		117	80.2	20.3		117	82.4	22.5		117	72.9	19.8
Widowed	60	52.1	21.2		61	65.0	24.2		59	74.3	26.5		60	68.9	21.2
Yes V.C.	957	66.4	21.5	0.018e	965	83.7	20.3	< 0.0001e	957	87.2	20.4	0.003e	956	76.3	19.6	0.014e
No V.C.	245	62.9	21.8		247	76.8	22.4		245	82.9	22.9		245	73.2	19.5
Children – Yes	1,053	65.2	21.7	0.032e	1,063	82.3	20.9	0.669e	1,052	86.0	21.1	0.170e	1,052	75.3	19.9	0.065e
Children – No	145	69.3	20.7		145	82.2	20.9		146	88.7	19.7		145	79.0	16.9
FPU	783	67.9	21.4	< 0.0001c	788	83.3	20.4	0.038c	782	87.9	19.5	0.004d	782	77.2	19.3	< 0.0001c
FMU	286	64.5	19.9		291	81.3	22.3		287	83.4	23.3		286	73.9	19.8
FPR	133	55.2	22.6		133	78.6	20.9		133	83.2	23.3		133	70.4	20.0
House	691	64.0	21.5	< 0.0001e	698	81.0	21.6	0.005e	693	85.0	22.0	0.01e	690	74.2	20.1	< 0.0001e
Apartment	478	68.8	20.9		479	84.8	19.1		476	88.8	18.7		478	78.4	18.0
H-P	896	63.5	21.7	< 0.0001e	905	81.3	21.5	0.003e	896	84.8	21.9	< 0.0001e	895	73.8	20.0	< 0.0001e
Mortgage	290	72.7	19.7		291	85.6	18.7		290	91.3	16.6		290	81.8	16.6
Rel. Yes	1,083	65.8	21.7	0.519b	1,093	82.5	21.1	0.058e	1,083	86.1	21.4	0.549e	1,082	75.3	19.9	0.037b
Rel. No	117	64.5	19.9		117	80.2	19.2		117	87.8	17.1		1,117	78.6	15.4
Practicing	382	60.3	21.0	< 0.0001b	383	79.7	21.2	0.001b	382	83.5	22.3	< 0.0001e	382	72.3	20.4	< 0.0001b
Not practicing	670	69.0	21.4		677	84.1	20.9		670	87.7	20.7		669	77.4	19.2
Inactive	282	55.4	22.9	< 0.0001b	283	73.5	23.0	< 0.0001e	281	74.4	26.8	< 0.0001e	281	67.5	21.7	<0.0001e
Active	920	68.8	20.1		929	85.0	19.5		921	89.9	17.4		920	78.1	18.3
T.D.	114	64.1	18.7	0.007b	114	81.0	18.5	< 0.001e	113	85.3	17.8	< 0.0001e	114	75.0	16.9	0.004e
T.I.	793	69.5	20.2		801	85.5	19.6		796	90.7	17.1		793	78.6	18.4
Class I^a	99	69.0	19.4	0.742c	100	82.5	21.1	0.313d	100	89.5	15.8	0.074d	99	78.5	16.6	0.066d
Class II	244	68.1	19.6		246	85.4	19.4		244	87.3	20.3		244	76.0	19.4
^{Class III}	415	69.8	20.7		421	86.1	19.3		415	91.2	16.3		415	79.4	18.7
Class IV	64	70.2	21.7		64	85.9	20.5		64	90.9	16.6		64	78.4	19.8

	Physical dimension
	Physical functioning				Physical performance				Pain				General health

	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p
M.B.	103	96.3	7.3	< 0.0001c	103	97.0	8.7	< 0.0001c	103	88.2	16.9	< 0.0001c	103	82.2	11.7	< 0.0001a
B.	540	92.7	11.7		543	92.8	13.4		541	79.5	18.4		541	69.8	11.7
R.	433	76.6	21.7		435	75.0	23.8		440	59.4	22.4		437	51.8	14.3
M.M.M.	51	45.1	24.8		53	48.5	29.5		54	38.2	24.2		53	29.2	13.9
Underweight	4	97.5	2.9	< 0.0001c	4	95.3	9.4	< 0.0001c	4	84.0	19.1	< 0.0001c	4	72.0	10.8	< 0.0001c
Normal	452	87.3	19.3		455	86.9	2.4		456	73.8	23.4		453	64.4	17.9
Overweight	517	84.2	20.0		522	84.0	21.8		525	68.8	24.1		523	60.9	17.4
Obese	170	76.0	25.0		169	75.8	27.5		171	64.2	25.3		171	57.6	18.8
Normal^a	551	85.6	20.2	< 0.0001d	554	84.3	21.0	< 0.0001d	558	69.7	23.7	< 0.0001b	553	62.1	18.0	< 0.0001b
High risk	339	77.2	23.5		339	77.5	26.3		341	63.6	25.3		341	57.2	18.5
< 3 meals	49	78.6	25.9	0.161c	49	79.7	27.9	0.734c	49	63.1	30.5	0.212c	49	60.0	21.4	0.567c
3 to 5 meals	1,078	84.7	20.6		1,086	84.3	22.1		1,091	70.7	23.7		1,085	61.7	17.7
≥ 6 meals	60	85.6	16.4		59	84.9	22.1		60	67.9	24.7		60	64.4	20.4
Alc. Yes	515	86.3	19.6	0.001d	517	85.0	22.4	0.081d	521	71.4	23.5	0.139d	519	63.1	16.8	0.022b
Alc. No	670	83.0	21.5		675	83.3	22.4		678	69.3	24.5		674	60.7	18.8
Years smoking	246	-0.199		0.002e	246	-0.136		0.033e	247	-0.127		0.046e	245	-0.139		0.030e
Years ex-smoker	160	-0.224		0.004e	164	-0.232		0.003e	165	-0.323		< 0.001e	164	-0.237		0.002e
A.F. – Yes	328	90.4	15.8	< 0.0001d	329	88.2	19.8	< 0.0001d	331	76.6	23.5	< 0.0001d	328	67.2	16.8	< 0.0001d
A.F. – No	855	82.3	21.8		861	82.7	23.1		864	67.9	23.8		862	59.8	18.0
< 7 h/d^a	283	80.9	21.8	< 0.0001c	284	77.9	24.4	< 0.0001c	282	62.4	24.4	< 0.0001c	281	58.1	19.6	< 0.0001c
7 to 8 h/day	786	86.4	19.1		791	86.5	20.8		797	72.7	23.5		793	63.2	17.2
> 8 h/day	102	79.7	26.5		103	82.5	25.6		104	73.5	23.5		104	60.5	18.5
Vis.M – No	468	89.1	18.1	< 0.0001d	468	88.7	19.2	< 0.0001d	471	78.0	21.5	< 0.0001d	468	66.9	16.1	< 0.0001d
Vis.M – Yes	729	81.5	21.7		736	81.2	23.8		740	65.3	24.4		737	58.5	18.4
T.C. – CG	501	80.8	22.3	0.326d	506	81.0	23.7	0.754d	509	65.8	24.1	0.344d	509	58.6	18.1	0.811b
T.C – Esp	226	83.0	20.1		228	81.3	24.2		229	64.0	25.0		226	58.3	19.2
C.M.R –Yes	523	81.9	21.7	< 0.0001d	528	82.1	23.6	0.005d	529	66.2	24.7	< 0.0001d	527	59.9	18.5	0.001b
C.M.R – No	649	86.6	19.6		652	85.9	21.1		658	73.7	22.8		654	63.3	17.3
C.M.N.R Yes	321	84.4	20.8	0.936d	324	83.6	22.3	0.583d	324	69.7	24.1	0.437d	322	62.9	17.4	0.220b
C.M.N.R No	849	84.7	20.6		852	84.3	22.4		858	70.6	23.9		855	61.4	18.1
C.D. Yes	1,100	84.7	20.4	0.314d	1,106	84.2	22.5	0.520d	1,113	70.5	24.2	0.214b	1,107	62.1	17.9	0.036b
C.D. No	97	82.0	23.0		98	83.4	22.0		98	67.4	23.7		98	58.1	17.5
C.D.^b Yes	724	85.2	19.6	0.997d	728	84.2	22.0	0.410d	734	69.9	24.6	0.202d	729	62.9	18.2	0.104d
C.D. No	372	84.0	21.8		374	84.1	23.5		375	71.8	23.4		374	60.7	17.6
Mam. Yes	506	80.9	20.6	< 0.0001d	513	81.8	22.6	0.007d	512	65.4	24.5	< 0.0001d	513	59.4	18.4	0.001b
Mam. No	201	87.4	19.0		200	85.9	21.5		203	72.8	22.6		201	64.7	17.5
Citol. Yes	436	83.9	17.9	0.902d	441	83.3	20.9	0.888d	441	65.1	24.3	0.005d	441	61.7	18.4	0.271d
Citol. No	227	80.4	24.6		228	81.3	25.3		230	70.1	24.5		229	59.2	18.3
Vacina Yes	305	76.5	25.7	< 0.0001d	307	75.8	27.7	< 0.0001d	310	61.4	26.1	< 0.0001d	308	54.9	20.9	< 0.0001d
Vacina No	863	87.6	17.4		868	87.3	19.2		872	73.6	22.6		868	64.5	16.0
CTA – Yes	886	83.0	21.5	< 0.0001d	891	82.9	23.2	< 0.0001d	896	69.2	24.3	0.007d	893	60.7	18.5	0.001d
CTA – No	281	89.4	17.2		282	89.0	18.5		282	74.0	22.8		281	65.2	15.7
Coles. – Yes	666	81.9	20.9	< 0.0001d	673	80.1	23.5	< 0.0001d	679	66.2	23.9	< 0.0001d	675	59.0	19.1	< 0.0001d
Coles. – No	484	88.5	18.8		484	90.4	18.4		483	76.2	22.8		483	65.8	15.4
Mental dimension
M.B.	103	78.3	15.2	< 0.0001a	103	93.1	13.0	< 0.0001c	103	95.9	9.5	< 0.0001c	103	86.3	12.7	< 0.0001a
B.	538	74.4	17.0		542	88.9	16.5		542	92.8	14.2		538	82.2	15.0
R.	440	55.9	20.5		440	75.0	21.2		435	79.2	23.6		437	68.0	20.7
M.M.M.	54	39.1	19.7		54	60.9	26.7		53	61.8	28.7		52	54.0	22.0
Underweight	4	72.5	9.6	< 0.0001c	4	87.5	10.2	0.100c	4	100.0	0.0	0.001c	4	80.5	7.7	0.024c
Eutrophic	453	68.6	20.8		456	83.4	21.4		454	88.2	19.5		453	77.2	19.6
Overweight	521	64.6	21.6		526	82.0	20.4		521	86.4	20.4		520	75.3	19.3
Obesity	170	60.3	22.6		171	80. 6	20.1		169	80.1	25.6		170	72.8	19.7
Normal^a	555	63.5	20.1	0.082b	559	81.1	20.1	0.133b	554	85.4	20.7	0.275d	554	74.2	19.0	0.321d
High risk	340	60.9	22.7		341	78.9	22.2		339	83.1	23.0		340	72.9	20.6
< 3 Meals	49	56.2	24.9	0.013c	49	70.6	25.0	0.001c	49	82.1	21.4	0.015c	49	64.9	22.7	0.002c
3 a 5 Meals	1,083	66.0	21.3		1,092	82.7	20.7		1,084	86.2	21.2		1,082	76.1	19.4
≥ 6 Meals	60	68.1	21.4		60	84.4	18.8		59	92.9	14.5		60	77.9	15.1
Alc. Yes	516	67.3	20.8	0.062d	521	84.1	18.5	0.110d	515	88.0	19.6	0.024d	515	77.8	17.7	0.008d
Alc. No	674	64.4	22.0		679	80.8	22.6		675	84.9	21.9		674	74.0	20.8
Years smoking	246	-0.080		0.209e	247	-0.005		0.937e	246	-0.038		0.555e	246	-0.084		0.190e
Years ex-smoker	162	-0.157		0.046e	165	-0.264		0.001e	163	-0.140		0.074e	161	-0.091		0.253e
A.F. – Yes	329	71.9	20.1	< 0.0001d	331	85.2	20.6	< 0.0001d	329	89.3	19.8	< 0.0001d	329	79.9	18.9	< 0.0001d
A.F. – No	859	63.4	21.6		865	81.2	21.0		859	85.3	21.2		858	74.1	19.6
< 7 h/day^a	282	58.6	22.0	< 0.0001c	283	75.9	23.0	< 0.0001c	283	80.1	23.7	< 0.0001c	282	68.8	21.0	< 0.0001c
7 a 8 h/day	791	67.9	20.7		797	84.5	19.7		791	88.4	19.3		790	77.9	18.5
> 8 h/day	102	68.7	22.3		104	82.7	21.9		102	86.6	23.0		102	78.2	20.2
Vis.M – No	467	70.6	19.8	< 0.0001d	471	86.4	18.8	< 0.0001d	468	89.6	17.8	< 0.0001d	467	79.1	17.1	< 0.0001d
Vis.M – Yes	735	62.7	22.1		741	79.6	21.8		734	84.2	22.6		734	73.5	20.8
T.C. – CG	507	62.6	22.3	0.883b	510	80.4	21.1	0.206d	504	84.6	22.0	0.437d	506	74.1	20.9	0.156d
T.C – Esp	226	62.3	21.7		229	77.8	23.1		228	83.0	23.8		226	72.0	20.5
C.M.R –Yes	528	63.2	21.8	< 0.0001b	529	81.2	21.5	0.084d	527	86.1	20.5	0.196d	527	74.3	20.3	0.032d
C.M.R – No	650	67.8	21.2		659	83.3	20.3		651	86.7	21.2		650	76.9	18.8
C.M.N.R Yes	323	65.5	20.7	0.647d	324	81.6	20.9	0.317d	324	86.2	19.7	0.579d	323	75.7	19.2	0.655d
C.M.N.R No	852	65.8	21.9		859	82.8	20.8		850	86.4	21.4		851	75.9	19.7
C.D. Yes	1,106	66.1	21.6	0.026b	1,114	82.6	21.1	0.008d	1,105	86.5	20.9	0.040d	1,105	76.1	19.6	0.002d
C.D. No	96	61.0	20.3		98	78.8	18.5		97	83.3	21.9		96	70.6	19.4
C.D.^b Yes	728	65.1	21.2	0.005d	735	81.9	21.2	0.037d	727	86.5	20.2	0.220d	727	75.3	19.8	0.035d
C.D. No	374	68.1	22.3		375	84.1	20.8		374	86.8	22.2		374	77.7	19.1
Mam. Yes	511	61.5	21.8	0.012b	513	79.4	22.1	0.041d	512	84.6	21.5	0.324d	511	72.4	21.8	0.059d
Mam. No	202	66.1	21.3		203	83.13	20.3		200	86.2	21.4		202	76.1	18.7
Citol. Yes	441	60.4	20.3	0.004d	442	78.80	21.7	0.029d	440	84.6	20.8	0.430d	441	71.7	19.8	0.006d
Citol. No	228	64.6	23.7		230	82.0	21.7		228	84.4	23.6		228	74.7	21.4
Vacina Yes	307	60.8	23.3	< 0.0001d	310	77.0	23.2	< 0.0001d	307	80.5	26.0	< 0.0001d	307	71.1	22.2	< 0.0001d
Vacina No	866	67.6	20.6		873	84. 5	19.6		866	88.5	18.4		865	77.4	18.2
CTA – Yes	889	65.5	22.1	0.955d	897	82.2	21.1	0.638d	890	85.5	21.6	0.019d	888	75.7	20.0	0.491d
CTA – No	282	66.5	19.3		282	83.2	20.0		281	89.5	18.1		282	75.7	18.4
Coles. – Yes	671	61.9	21.1	< 0.0001d	679	79.8	21.1	< 0.0001d	672	83.6	22.1	< 0.0001d	670	73.2	20.1	< 0.0001d
Coles. – No	484	70.9	20.5		484	86.4	19.3		483	90.5	18.3		484	79.1	18.0

	Physical dimension
	Physical function				Physical performance				Pain				General Health

	n	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p	n	M	SD	p
Aus. CD		737	90.1	^15.4	< 0.0001^b	742	90.0	17.1	< 0.0001^b	743	77.9	20.9	< 0.0001^b	740	67.1	14.7	^{< 0.0001b}
Pres. CD		460	75.5	^24.5		462	74.8	26.4		468	58.2	24.0		465	53.3	19.5
1 to 2 CD		330	81.9	^20.4	< 0.0001^d	330	80.8	22.6	< 0.0001^d	332	64.1	22.8	< 0.0001^c	332	57.7	17.4	^{< 0.0001c}
3 to 4 CD		87	63.6	^26.6		89	66.2	28.7		91	47.9	21.1		89	48.0	20.6
≥ 5 CD		43	50.2	^24.2		43	46.1	25.0		45	34.9	16.9		44	31.6	14.7
1. Yes	51	49	60.8	^25.7	< 0.0001^b	50	62.6	29.8	< 0.0001^b	51	50.4	23.8	< 0.0001^a	50	43.7	18.7
No	1,163	1,148	85.5	^19.8		1,154	85.0	21.6		1,160	71.1	23.8		1,155	62.6	17.5	^{< 0.0001a}
2. Yes	24	22	65.2	^30.2	0.001^b	23	72.3	24.6	< 0.0001^b	24	57.5	23.4	0.009^a	24	53.8	22.5
No	1,190	1,175	84.9	^20.3		1,181	84.3	22.3		1,187	70.5	24.1		1,181	61.9	17.9	^0.093a
3. Yes	188	180	70.3	^25.8	< 0.0001^b	182	70.3	27.3	< 0.0001^b	188	56.2	23.4	< 0.0001^a	185	50.0	19.0
No	1,026	1,017	87.0	^18.5		1,022	86.6	20.5		1,023	72.9	23.4		1,020	63.9	16.9	^{< 0.0001a}
4. Yes	33	32	59.2	^29.0	< 0.0001^b	32	55.9	28.6	< 0.0001^b	33	36.8	19.5	< 0.0001^a	32	38.4	21.9
No	1,181	1,165	85.2	^19.9		1,172	84.9	21.7		1,178	71.2	23.6		1,173	62.4	17.4	^{< 0.0001a}
5. Yes	136	131	62.8	^28.2	< 0.0001^b	133	61.9	29.5	< 0.0001^b	136	45.0	21.6	< 0.0001^a	134	44.2	21.5
No	1,078	1,066	87.2	^17.8		1,071	86.9	19.7		1,075	73.5	22.5		1,071	64.0	16.2	^{< 0.0001a}
6. Yes	43	41	59.4	^25.8	< 0.0001^b	41	60.1	28.7	0.023^b	43	42.9	20.8	< 0.0001^b	42	37.3	19.1
No	1,171	1,156	85.4	^19.9		1,163	85.0	21.7		1,163	71.3	23.7		1,163	62.7	17.3	^{< 0.0001a}
7. Yes	10	9	64.4	^26.5	0.006^b	9	70.1	26.5	0.001^b	10	58.0	16.4	0.066^b	9	51.6	23.9
No	1,204	1,188	84.7	^20.6		1,195	84.2	22.4		1,021	70.4	24.2		1,196	61.8	17.9	^0.087a
8. Yes	30	29	75.2	^20.8	0.002^b	30	70.0	27.1	0.002^b	30	54.0	24.6	< 0.0001^a	30	50.1	17.0
No	1,184	1,168	84.7	^20.6		1,174	84.5	22.2		1,181	70.7	23.9		1,175	62.1	17.9	^{< 0.0001a}
9. Yes	44	44	74.1	^25.6	0.002^b	44	73.7	27.0	0.001^b	44	58.1	24.7	0.001^b	44	49.8	18.2
No	1,170	1,153	84.9	^20.4		1,160	84.5	22.1		1,167	70.7	23.9		1,161	62.2	17.8	^{< 0.0001a}
10. Yes	6	6	54.2	^31.5	0.014^b	6	33.3	34.8	< 0.0001^b	6	35.0	16.2	< 0.0001^b	6	28.3	12.5
No	1,208	1,191	84.7	^20.5		1,198	84.4	22.1		1,205	70.5	24.0		1,199	61.9	17.8	^{< 0.0001a}
11. Yes	16	16	49.4	^21.1	< 0.0001^b	16	47.3	25.7	0.003^b	16	32.5	18.5	< 0.0001^a	16	33.9	19.7
No	1,198	1,181	85.0	^20.2		1,188	84.6	21.9		1,195	70.8	23.8		1,189	62.1	17.7	^{< 0.0001a}
12. Yes	3	3	41.7	^10.4	0.007^b	3	22.9	25.3	< 0.0001^b	3	42.7	35.8	0.120^b	3	40.7	31.0
No	1,211	1,194	84.6	^20.6		1,201	84.3	22.2		1,208	70.3	24.1		1,202	61.8	17.9	^0.174b
13. Yes	13	12	54.2	^24.2	< 0.0001^b	12	52.6	22.4	0.013^b	13	45.3	25.0	< 0.0001^a	13	33.6	16.2	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,201	1,185	84.8	^20.4		1,192	84.4	22.2		1,198	70.5	23.9		1,192	62.1	17.8
14. Yes	11	10	56.5	^27.9	0.001^b	10	60.6	31.3	< 0.0001^b	11	42.3	11.5	< 0.0001^b	10	47.4	13.6	^0.011a
No	1,203	1,187	84.7	^20.4		1,194	84.3	22.2		1,200	70.5	24.1		1,195	61.9	17.9
15. Yes	34	34	68.5	^28.8	< 0.0001^b	34	69.5	28.7	< 0.0001^b	34	52.9	24.5	< 0.0001^a	34	55.0	20.5	^0.025a
No	1,180	1,163	85.0	^20.2		1,170	84.5	22.1		1,177	70.8	23.9		1,171	62.0	17.9
16. Yes	107	104	75.3	^22.7	< 0.0001^b	105	67.7	26.1	0.016^b	107	48.7	22.1	< 0.0001^b	106	47.7	20.6	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,107	1,093	85.4	^20.3		1,099	85.7	21.4		1,104	72.4	23.3		1,099	63.1	17.1
17. Yes	8	8	47.5	^31.6	0.001^b	8	57.8	35.2	< 0.0001^b	8	52.3	23.7	0.034^a	8	53.9	22.0	^0.213a
No	1,206	1,189	84.8	^20.4		1,196	84.3	22.2		1,203	70.4	24.1		1,197	61.8	17.9
18. No	33	1,164	85.2	^19.9	< 0.0001^b	1,171	84.8	21.7	0.008	1,178	70.8	23.9	< 0.0001^b	1,172	62.3	17.6	^{< 0.0001a}
Yes	1,181	33	59.1	^30.4		33	60.6	33.2		33	52.2	23.4		33	42.2	20.9
19. No	94	1,105	85.0	^20.4	< 0.0001^b	1,112	84.7	21.9	< 0.0001^b	1,117	71.1	23.8	< 0.0001^b	1,112	62.2	17.6	^0.012a
Yes	1,120	925	78.5	^23.0		92	76.8	27.3		94	60.6	25.9		93	56.5	20.9
20. No	66	1,131	85.0	^20.5	< 0.0001^b	1,138	84.6	22.3	0.009^b	1,145	71.0	23.9	< 0.0001^a	1,139	62.4	17.6	^{< 0.0001a}
Yes	1,148	66	75.6	^22.0		66	76.5	22.8		66	58.2	24.4		66	50.4	20.4
Mental dimension
Aus. CD		738	71.5	^19.2	< 0.0001^b	744	86.7	17.9	< 0.0001^b	742	90.1	17.4	< 0.0001^b	738	80.3	16.4	^{< 0.0001b}
Pres. CD		464	56.4	^21.9		468	75.3	23.4		460	80.1	24.7		463	68.3	21.9
1 to 2 CD		330	60.7	^21.0	< 0.0001^c	332	78.3	22.0	< 0.0001^c	328	83.9	22.4	< 0.0001^d	330	71.8	20.8	^{< 0.0001c}
3 to 4 CD		89	49.5	^19.9		91	71.8	23.4		89	75.3	25.9		88	63.2	21.8
≥ 5 CD		45	38.6	^20.1		45	59.7	26.1		43	61.1	27.6		45	52.8	23.0
1. Yes	51	49	51.0	^22.8	< 0.0001^a	51	72.6	23.9	0.001^b	49	73.3	28.8	< 0.0001^b	49	65.8	23.7	^0.002b
No	1,163	1,153	66.3	^21.3		1,161	82.7	20.7		1,153	86.8	20.4		1,152	76.1	19.3
2. Yes	24	24	63.8	^17.2	0.440^b	24	77.6	23.9	0.267^b	23	78.3	27.0	0.092^b	23	73.9	26.6	^0.664b
No	1,190	1,178	65.7	^21.6		1,188	82.4	20.9		1,179	86.4	20.9		1,178	75.7	19.5
3. Yes	188	184	53.6	^21.0	< 0.0001^a	188	74.7	23.1	< 0.0001^b	181	80.3	24.1	< 0.0001^b	183	67.4	20.6	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,026	1,018	67.9	^20.9		1,024	83.7	20.2		1,021	87.3	20.2		1,018	77.1	19.1
4. Yes	33	33	42.1	^25.6	< 0.0001^a	33	63.3	28.8	< 0.0001^a	32	66.7	28.2	< 0.0001^b	33	56.2	23.8	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,181	1,169	66.3	^21.1		1,179	82.8	20.4		1,170	86.8	20.5		1,168	76.2	19.2
5. Yes	136	135	48.3	^22.6	< 0.0001^a	136	69.6	24.7	< 0.0001^b	133	71.8	27.1	< 0.0001^b	134	61.5	23.4	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,078	1,067	67.9	^20.4		1,076	83.9	19.9		1,069	88.1	19.4		1,067	77.4	18.0
6. Yes	43	43	42.8	^19.0	< 0.0001^a	43	68.0	28.1	< 0.0001^b	41	74.4	25.4	< 0.0001^b	43	58.9	22.3	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,171	1,159	66.5	^21.2		1,169	82.8	20.5		1,161	86.7	20.7		1,158	76.3	19.2
7. Yes	10	9	57.8	^21.2	0.271^a	10	65.0	26.2	0.021^b	9	80.6	17.2	0.148^b	9	64.4	24.5	^0.085a
No	1,204	1,193	65.7	^21.6		1,202	82.4	20.8		1,193	86.3	21.0		1,192	75.7	19.6
8. Yes	30	30	55.7	^21.0	0.010^a	30	70.0	24.3	0.002^b	30	81.7	24.9	0.244^b	30	67.5	21.6	^0.021a
No	1,184	1,172	65.9	^21.5		1,182	82.6	20.8		1,172	86.4	20.9		1,171	75.9	19.5
9. Yes	44	44	55.6	^20.8	0.002^a	44	78.1	20.7	0.095^b	44	75.8	28.1	0.003^b	44	69.3	23.0	^0.049b
No	1,170	1,158	66.1	^21.5		1,168	82.4	20.9		1,158	86.7	20.6		1,157	75.9	19.4
10. Yes	6	6	28.3	^18.9	< 0.0001^a	6	70.8	23.3	0.110^b	6	51.4	45.8	0.033^b	6	37.7	15.9	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,208	1,196	65.9	^21.4		1,206	82.3	20.9		1,196	86.5	20.7		1,195	75.8	19.5
11. Yes	16	16	37.2	^19.6	< 0.0001^a	16	50.0	24.6	< 0.0001^b	16	52.6	25.8	< 0.0001^b	16	39.0	23.1	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,198	1,186	66.1	^21.3		1,196	82.7	20.6		1,186	86.7	20.6		1,185	76.2	19.1
12. Yes	3	3	28.3	^22.6	0.017^a	3	62.5	33.1	0.149^b	3	22.2	31.6	0.002^b	3	41.3	28.4	^0.029b
No	1,211	1,199	65.8	^21.5		1,209	82.3	20.9		1,199	86.4	20.7		1,198	75.7	19.5
13.Yes	13	13	51.9	^17.4	0.021^a	13	71.2	26.7	0.054^a	12	69.4	29.2	0.004^b	13	61.2	23.9	^0.008a
No	1,201	1,189	65.8	^21.6		1,199	82.4	20.9		1,190	86.4	20.9		1,188	75.8	19.5
14. Yes	11	10	39.0	^11.7	< 0.0001^a	11	61.4	18.1	0.001^a	10	74.2	27.1	0.098^b	10	58.2	19.9	^0.005a
No	1,203	1,192	65.9	^21.5		1,201	82.5	20.9		1,192	86.4	20.9		1,191	75.8	19.6
15. Yes	34	34	52.5	^21.4	< 0.0001^a	34	71.7	22.5	0.002^b	34	74.8	26.2	0.002^b	34	64.3	22.7	^0.001a
No	1,180	1,168	66.1	^21.4		1,178	82.6	20.8		1,168	86.6	20.8		1,167	76.0	19.4
16. Yes	107	107	46.4	^19.8	< 0.0001^a	107	61.8	24.9	< 0.0001^b	105	68.3	25.2	< 0.0001^b	107	55.2	22.0	^{< 0.0001a}
No	1,107	1,095	67.6	^20.8		1,105	84.3	19.4		1,097	88.0	19.7		1,094	77.7	18.2
17. Yes	8	8	60.0	^20.4	0.456^a	8	71.9	25.7	0.158^a	8	69.8	31.5	0.026^a	8	77.5	15.6	^0.789a
No	1,206	1,194	65.7	^21.6		1,204	82.4	20.9		1,194	86.4	20.9		1,193	75.6	19.6
18. No	33	1,169	66.1	^21.3	< 0.0001^a	1,179	82.4	20.9	0.108^b	1,169	86.6	20.6	0.021^b	1,168	76.0	19.4	^0.001a
Yes	1,181	33	49.4	^25.9		33	76.9	22.6		33	73.7	30.8		33	63.9	23.4
19. No	94	1,108	66.1	^21.4	0.016^b	1,118	82.7	20.6	0.016^b	1,110	86.4	20.9	0.217^b	1,107	76.0	19.2	^0.134b
Yes	1,120	94	60.2	^22.7		94	77.1	23.6		92	84.2	22.5		94	71.5	23.4
20. No	66	1,136	66.2	^21.5	< 0.0001^a	1,146	82.7	20.6	0.010^b	1,137	86.7	20.7	0.011^b	1,135	76.1	19.4	^0.001b
Yes	1,148	66	56.0	^20.5		66	75.0	24.9		65	79.7	24.6		66	67.8	21.4

Indices	Dimensions		Physical function	Physical performance	Pain	General Health	vitality	Social function	Emotional performance	Mental health
SF-36	Physical function	R	1	0.675^a	0.585^a	0.585^a	0.539^a	0.471^a	0.519^a	0.398^a
		N		1,195	1,195	1,194	1,194	1,196	1,194	1,194
	Physical performance	R		1	0.584^a	0.591^a	0.587^a	0.546^a	0.731^a	0.465^a
	Physical performance	N			1,201	1,200	1,198	1,202	1,202	1,197
	Pain	R			1	0.610^a	0.670^a	0.585^a	0.500^a	0.553^a
		N				1,204	1,201	1,211	1,199	1,200
	General health	R				1	0.607^a	0.520^a	0.474^a	0.550^a
	General health	N					1,200	1,205	1,198	1,199
	Vitality	R					1	0.638^a	0.555^a	0.733^a
		N						1,202	1,197	1,201
	Social function	R						1	0.605^a	0.675^a
		N							1,200	1,201
	Emotional performance	R							1	0.574^a
	Emotional performance	N								1,196
	Mental health	R								1
		N
Locus of Control and Health	Locus of control	R	0.103^b	0.072^c	0.040	0.143^a	0.019	0.013	0.035	0.038
	Locus of control	N	1,193	1,200	1,207	1,201	1,197	1,207	1,198	1,196
	Powerful others	R	-0.065^c	-0.067^c	-0.083^b	-0.146^a	-0.084^b	-0.064^c	-0.093^b	-0.092^b
	Powerful others	N	1,194	1,201	1,208	1,202	1,199	1,209	1,199	1,198
Health Attitudes and Behaviors Questionnaire (QACS)	Physical activity	R	0.151^a	0.077^c	0.135^a	0.143^a	0.130^a	0.085^b	0.053	0.113^a
		N	1,067	1,074	1,082	1,075	1,072	1,082	1,072	1,071
	Diet	R	0.059	0.063^c	0.146^a	0.084^b	0.210^a	0.161^a	0.111^a	0.193^a
		N	1,055	1,062	1,069	1,063	1,060	1,069	1,060	1,059
	Self-care	R	-0.011	0.028	0.017	0.026	0.114^a	0.116^a	0.054	0.119^a
		N	986	992	997	993	989	997	991	988
	Motor safety	R	0.060	0.079^c	0.065^c	0.039	0.097^b	0.104^b	0.100^b	0.119^a
	Motor safety	N	1,026	1,032	1,036	1,032	1,029	1,037	1,030	1,028
	Drug or substance use	R	-0.038	-0.001	0.022	-0.012	0.044	0.017	-0.012	0.106^a
	Drug or substance use	N	1,040	1,046	1,053	1,047	1,044	1,053	1,044	1,043
Quality of life index	Global index	R	0.452^a	0.483^a	0.499^a	0.536^a	0.557^a	0.584^a	0.462^a	0.578^a
		N	1,184	1,191	1,198	1,192	1,189	1,199	1,189	1,188
	Health and functioning	R	0.571^a	0.576^a	0.593^a	0.634^a	0.621^a	0.616^a	0.502^a	0.585^a
	Health and functioning	N	1,184	1,191	1,198	1,192	1,189	1,199	1,189	1,188
	Social and economic	R	0.289^a	0.293^a	0.305^a	0.354^a	0.360^a	0.387^a	0.281^a	0.382^a
	Social and economic	N	1,178	1,185	1,191	1,186	1,183	1,192	1,183	1,182
	Spiritual and psychological	R	0.230^a	0.294^a	0.320^a	0.332^a	0.400^a	0.464^a	0.354^a	0.490^a
	Spiritual and psychological	N	1,178	1,185	1,191	1,186	1,183	1,192	1,183	1,182
	Family	R	0.322^a	0.365^a	0.356^a	0.370^a	0.425^a	0.463^a	0.374^a	0.486^a
		N	1,179	1,186	1,192	1,187	1,184	1,193	1,184	1,183

Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7985 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: João Paulo de Figueiredo Rua 5 de Outubro, São Martinho do Bispo 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: jpfigueiredo@estescoimbra.pt