Husain et al.45 (2007) |
Kuwait |
24-hour food recall. |
Laboratory analysis of 344 food samples. |
Artificial colorants: tartrazine, sunset yellow, carmoisine, allura red, orange G, erythrosine, fast green, indigo-carmine, brilliant blue, brilliant black, chocolate brown HT. |
Consumption by 3,141 children over 5 years old. In 4 dyes analyzed the consumption was 2 to 8 times above the ADI (tartrazine, sunset yellow, carmoisine and allura red). |
Schumann et al.46 (2008) |
Brazil |
Quali-quantitative questionnaire on food frequency of powdered juices, powder for gelatin and soda. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed. |
Artificial dyes: sunset yellow, amaranth and tartrazine. |
Consumption by 150 children up to 10 years old. Consumption of sunset yellow and amaranth may be exceeding the ADI in 20% and 90% of children, respectively. |
Sardi et al.47 (2010) |
Switzerland |
Purchase data provided by a retailer’s card and interviews. |
Card from a retail chain, which contains data on the composition of foods. |
Sunset yellow dye. |
Representative sample of the population with 2,390 individuals of all age groups. In the age group from 1 to 10 years, the average consumption and the maximum values were above the ADI. |
Dixit et al.48 (2011) |
India |
Food frequency questionnaire. |
Laboratory analysis |
Artificial dyes: sunset yellow, erythrosine, tartrazine, carmoisine, ponceau 4R and brilliant blue. |
Consumption by 245 individuals aged 4 to 18 years. Considering the average consumption values, erythrosine exceeded the ADI value. Considering the maximum consumption values (95th percentile), in addition to erythrosine, sunset yellow also exceeded the ADI. |
Larsson et al.49 (2011) |
Sweden |
Official government data obtained from a 4-day food diary. |
Official government data, obtained by laboratory analysis. |
Preservatives nitrites and nitrates. |
Consumption by 2259 children below the ADI. However, considering the endogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite, 12% of 4-year-olds may exceed the ADI. |
Lok et al.50 (2011) |
China |
Food frequency questionnaire. |
Laboratory analysis of 87 foods. |
11 artificial colors: tartrazine, quinoline yellow, sunset yellow, amaranth, Chromotrope FB red, ponceau 4R, allura red, erythrosine, indigo-carmine, brilliant blue, lissamine Green B. |
Consumption by 142 children aged 8 and 9 years. Mean consumption of sunset yellow dye was higher than the ADI per 9-year-old boy. The consumption of the other dyes did not exceed the ADI. |
Polônio e Peres14 (2012) |
Brazil |
Food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed. |
Artificial dyes: sunset yellow, brilliant blue, amaranth, erythrosine, tartrazine, red 40. |
Questionnaire administered to 148 mothers of children between 3 and 5 years old. The consumption of burgundy red and sunset yellow dyes may be exceeding the ADI in 56% and 25% of children, respectively. |
Urtiaga et al.51 (2013) |
Spain |
Population survey. |
Laboratory analysis of 909 foods. |
Sulfite antioxidants. |
Consumption of 1,055 individuals aged 4 to 18 years. Consumption was higher than the ADI in 4% of children. |
Vin et al.52 (2013) |
Italy, France, Ireland and the UK |
Population surveys. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed and data provided by the industry. |
13 additives: benzoates, nitrites, sulfites, butylated hydroxytoluene, polysorbates, sucrose esters, sucroglycerides, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, stearoyl lactylates, sorbitan esters, phosphates, aspartame and acesulfame. |
Consumption by 16,603 individuals of all age groups. Considering consumptions above the 95th percentile, 4 of the 13 additives showed consumption above the ADI in children (sulfites, polysorbates, stearoyl-lactylates and sorbitan esters). |
Diouf et al.53 (2014) |
Germany |
Population surveys. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed. |
Dyes: carmine, sunset yellow, ponceau 4R, allura red and paprika. |
Consumption by 1,234 children aged 6 to 11 years and 1,272 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. On average, consumption of ponceu 4R exceeded the ADI. Considering the maximum consumptions (above the 95th percentile), the consumption of sunset yellow and ponceau 4R exceeded the ADI. |
Mancini et al.54 (2015) |
France |
Population surveys in children under 3 years of age. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed. |
Preservatives: benzoates, parabens, nitrites, nitrates; Antioxidants: BHA and BHT; Sweetener: aspartame. |
Consumption by 706 children aged 0 to 3 years. Consumption of benzoates, nitrites and BHA exceeded the ADI in, respectively, 25%, 54% and 20% of the population studied. |
Suomi et al.55 (2016) |
Finland |
Official government data obtained from a 3-day food diary. |
Official government data, obtained by laboratory analysis. |
Preservatives: nitrites and nitrates in cured meats and in water. |
Consumption by 1,471 children aged 1, 3 and 6 years. Consumption below the ADI for all age groups. |
Reddy et al.56 (2015) |
India |
24-hour recall. |
Laboratory analysis. |
Preservatives: sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. |
Consumption by 960 individuals aged 2 to 19 years. Consumption below the ADI. |
Martyn et al.57 (2016) |
Ireland |
Official government data. |
Official government data, obtained by laboratory analysis. |
Sweeteners: acesulfame K, saccharin, aspartame and sucralose. |
Consumption by 500 children aged 1 to 4 years. Consumption below the ADI. |
Feitosa et al.58 (2017) |
Brazil |
Official government data. |
Inference by the maximum limit allowed. |
Sunset yellow dye. |
Consumption by a representative sample of the population over 10 years old. Consumption above the ADI for children over 10 years old, considering the prevalence of consumption of the analyzed foods. |
Bastaki et al.59 (2017) |
USA |
Official government data. |
Data provided by the industry. |
Dyes: allura red, tartrazine, brilliant blue, sunset yellow, indigo-carmine, erythrosine, fast green. |
Consumption by 16,011 individuals of all age groups. Consumption below the ADI for all age groups. |
Choi e Suh60 (2017) |
Korea |
Population survey. |
Laboratory analysis of 287 foods. |
Nitrite preservative. |
Consumption by 8,019 individuals of all age groups. Average consumption below the ADI. |
Martyn et al.61 (2017) |
Brazil, Mexico, Canada, USA |
Population surveys of the 4 countries. |
Data provided by the industry. |
Benzoate preservatives in non-alcoholic beverages. |
Consumption by a representative sample of the population of the 4 countries. Consumption may exceed the ADI above the 95th percentile in Canada and Mexico. |
Bel et al.62 (2018) |
Belgium |
Official government data. |
Inference by the maximum allowable limit and laboratory analysis. |
Emulsifiers: sodium and calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate. |
Consumption by a representative sample of the population of all age groups. Maximum limit: consumption of 92% of children possibly exceeds the ADI; Laboratory analysis: consumption exceeded the ADI in 1.9% of children. |
Garavaglia et al.63 (2018) |
Argentina |
Population survey. |
Food labeling and data provided by the industry. |
Sweeteners: acesulfame K, saccharin, aspartame, cyclamate and sucralose. |
Consumption by 2,664 individuals aged 2 to 18 years. Average consumption below the ADI. Considering maximum intakes, 0.3% of children exceeded the ADI for saccharin and 0.9% for cyclamate. |
Long et al.39 (2019) |
Vietnam |
24-hour recall. |
Laboratory analysis. |
Preservatives: benzoates and sorbates; Sweeteners: cyclamate and saccharin; Dyes: tartrazine and sunset yellow. |
Consumption by 10,499 individuals of all age groups. Benzoate consumption was higher than the ADI in 4.6% of children under 5 years of age and 2.6% of children between 6 and 10 years of age. |
Martínez et al.64 (2020) |
Chile |
Food frequency questionnaire. |
Food labeling and data provided by the industry. |
Sweeteners: acesulfame K, stevia, saccharin, aspartame, cyclamate and sucralose. |
Consumption by 250 children between 6 and 12 years old. Consumption below the ADI. However, all 250 children evaluated consumed at least one type of sweetener daily. |