Albuquerque et al. 1515.Albuquerque GA, Belém JM, Cavalcante Nunes JF, Leite MF. Quirino GS. Planejamento reprodutivo em casais homossexuais na estratégia saúde da família. Rev APS. 2018 Jan;21(1):104-11. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.15639 https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
|
Qualitative |
Health professionals (Family Health Strategy nurses) |
24–39, mean 30.3 |
Not shown |
Brazil (Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará) |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Andersen et al. 1616.Andersen AE, Moberg C, Bengtsson Tops A, Garmy P. Lesbian, gay and bisexual parents’ experiences of nurses’ attitudes in child health care-A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2017 Dec;26(23-24):5065-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14006 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14006...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbian, gay, or bisexual |
33–49 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Brennan and Sell 1717.Brennan R, Sell RL. The effect of language on lesbian nonbirth mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43(4):531-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12471 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12471...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians and queers |
27–44, mean 34 |
19 (95%) identified themselves as white |
USA |
Declare that there are no relevant financial relationships |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Carvalho et al. 1818.Carvalho PG, Cabral CD, Ferguson L, Gruskin S, Diniz CS. ‘We are not infertile’: challenges and limitations faced by women in same-sex relationships when seeking conception services in São Paulo, Brazil. Cult Health Sex. 2019 Nov;21(11):1257-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1556343 https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.15...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
27–43, mean 34 |
11 self-identified as white, 4 as mixed/brown, and 1 as black |
Brazil (São Paulo and cities in the metropolitan region) |
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Chapman et al. 1919.Chapman R, Wardrop J, Freeman P, Zappia T, Watkins R, Shields L. A descriptive study of the experiences of lesbian, gay and transgender parents accessing health services for their children. J Clin Nurs. 2012a Apr;21(7-8):1128-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03939.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians, gay men, and transgenders |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Australia |
Nurses Memorial Trust of Western Australia and Channel 7 Telethon |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Chapman et al. 2020.Chapman R, Wardrop J, Zappia T, Watkins R, Shields L. The experiences of Australian lesbian couples becoming parents: deciding, searching and birthing. J Clin Nurs. 2012b Jul;21(13-14):1878-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04007.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
35–52 |
Not shown |
Australia |
Nurses Memorial Trust of Western Australia and Channel 7 Telethon |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Chapman et al. 2121.Chapman R, Watkins R, Zappia T, Combs S, Shields L. Second-level hospital health professionals’ attitudes to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents seeking health for their children. J Clin Nurs. 2012c Mar;21(5-6):880-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03938.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011...
|
Cross-sectional |
Healthcare professionals (nurses and doctors) |
27–48, mean 31.1 (doctors) |
Caucasians: nurses (88.2%); doctors (61.1%) |
Australia |
Nurses Memorial Trust of Western Australia and Channel 7 Telethon |
Declare that there is no conflict |
23–64, mean 40 (nurses) |
Yellow : nurses (7.4%); doctors (33.3%) |
|
Others: nurses (4.4%); doctors (5.6%) |
Dahl and Malterud 2424.Dahl B, Malterud K. Neither father nor biological mother. A qualitative study about lesbian co-mothers’ maternity care experiences. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2015 Oct;6(3):169-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2015.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2015.02.0...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
30–52 |
Not shown |
Norway |
The Norwegian Women’s Public Health Association |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Dibley 2525.Dibley L. Experiences of lesbian parents in the UK: interactions with midwives. Evid Based Midwifery. 2009 Jan;7:94-100.
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Not shown |
Not shown |
UK |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Engström et al. 2727.Appelgren Engström H, Häggström-Nordin E, Borneskog C, Almqvist AL. Mothers in same-sex relationships-Striving for equal parenthood: a grounded theory study. J Clin Nurs. 2019 Oct;28(19-20):3700-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14971 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14971...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
25–42, mean 34 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Not shown |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Erlandsson et al. 2828.Erlandsson K, Linder H, Häggström-Nordin E. Experiences of gay women during their partner’s pregnancy and childbirth. Br J Midwifery. 2010 Feb;18(2):99-103. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2010.18.2.46407 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2010.18.2....
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
26–48 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Fantus 2929.Fantus S. Experiences of gestational surrogacy for gay men in Canada. Cult Health Sex. 2021 Oct;23(10):1361-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1784464 https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.17...
|
Qualitative |
Gays and gestational surrogates (surrogacy) |
Mean 39 (gay parents) |
Gay parents: white: n = 13 (87%); yellow: n = 2 (13%) |
Canada |
Not shown |
They declared that there was no conflict |
Mean 34 (gestational surrogates) |
Gestational surrogates: white: n = 5 (83%); Aboriginal: n = 1 (17%) |
Goldberg et al. 3030.Goldberg L, Harbin A, Campbell S. Queering the birthing space: phenomenological interpretations of the relationships between lesbian couples and perinatal nurses in the context of birthing care. Sexualities. 2011 Apr;14(2):173-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711399028 https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711399028...
|
Qualitative |
Health professionals (perinatal nurses) and lesbians |
30–40 (lesbian) |
Not shown |
Canada |
Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation (NSHRF), in partnership with the Canadian Nurses Foundation Nursing Care Partnership Program |
Not shown |
20–50 (nurses) |
Hayman et al. 3333.Hayman B, Wilkes L, Halcomb EJ, Jackson D. Marginalised mothers: lesbian women negotiating heteronormative healthcare services. Contemp Nurse. 2013 Apr;44(1):120-7. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2013.44.1.120 https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2013.44.1.1...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
28–58, mean 39.8 |
Not shown |
Australia |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Hayman et al. 3434.Hayman B, Wilkes L, Halcomb E, Jackson D. Lesbian women choosing motherhood: the journey to conception. J GLBT Fam Stud. 2015 May;11(4):395-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.921801. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.92...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
28–58, mean 39.8 |
Not shown |
Australia |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Hayman and Wilkes 3535.Hayman B, Wilkes L. De novo families: lesbian motherhood. J Homosex. 2017;64(5):577-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1194119 https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.11...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
28–58, mean 39.8 |
Participants identified their cultural background as Australian (n = 21); Anglo-Australian (n = 2); Scottish-Australian (n = 2); Lebanese-Australian (n = 1); Maori-African-American-Australian (n = 1); Italian (n = 1); Dutch (n = 1); and Filipino (n = 1) |
Australia |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Juntareal and Spatz 3737.Juntereal NA, Spatz DL. Breastfeeding experiences of same-sex mothers. Birth. 2020 Mar;47(1):21-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12470 https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12470...
|
Mixed |
Lesbians |
26–50, mean 34.5 |
White/Caucasian: n = 68 (100%). |
USA |
University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing Student Grant |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Black/African American: n = 2 (3%) |
Hispanic/Latino: n = 1 (1%). |
*Some interviewees selected more than one option |
Kerppola et al. 3939.Kerppola J, Halme N, Perälä ML, Maija-Pietilä A. Parental empowerment: lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans or queer parents’ perceptions of maternity and child healthcare. Int J Nurs Pract. 2019 Oct;25(5):e12755. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12755 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12755...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, or queer |
Not shown |
All participants were white and Finnish-speaking; some had an immigrant background |
Finland |
The authors did not receive financial support for the research |
Declare no conflict |
Inclusion criteria: parents at least 18 years of age |
Klittmark et al. 4141.Klittmark S, Garzón M, Andersson E, Wells MB. LGBTQ competence wanted: LGBTQ parents’ experiences of reproductive health care in Sweden. Scand J Caring Sci. 2019 Jun;33(2):417-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12639 https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12639...
|
Qualitative cross-sectional |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, non-binary, and queer. |
30–45 |
Whites |
Sweden |
Stiftelsen Einar Belven |
Not shown |
Larsson and Dykes 4242.Larsson AK, Dykes AK. Care during pregnancy and childbirth in Sweden: perspectives of lesbian women. Midwifery. 2009 Dec;25(6):682-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.0...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Lee et al. 4444.Lee E, Taylor J, Raitt F. ‘It’s not me, it’s them’: How lesbian women make sense of negative experiences of maternity care: a hermeneutic study. J Adv Nurs. 2011 May;67(5):982-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05548.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Scotland |
Has not received a grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Malmquist and Nelson 4646.Malmquist A, Nelson KZ. Efforts to maintain a “just great” story: lesbian parents’ talk about encounters with professionals in fertility clinics and maternal and child healthcare services. Fem Psychol. 2014 May;24(1):56-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353513487532 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353513487532...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Mean 36 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Not shown |
Not shown |
McNair et al. 4848.McNair R, Brown R, Perlesz A, Lindsay J, De Vaus D, Pitts M. Lesbian parents negotiating the health care system in Australia. Health Care Women Int. 2008 Feb;29(2):91-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330701827094 https://doi.org/10.1080/0739933070182709...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
29–62 (mothers) |
Families of Anglo-Australian origins (n = 11); with Australian Aboriginal origins (n = 2); that contained members from southern Europe (n = 2); with northern European origins (n = 3); with Eastern European origins (n = 3); of Asian origin (n = 2); of Latin origin (n = 1) |
Australia |
Australian Research Council and Victorian Association of Family Therapists |
Not shown |
4–34 (children) |
Mikhailovich et al. 4949.Mikhailovich K, Martin S, Lawton S. Lesbian and gay parents: their experiences of children’s health care in Australia. Int J Sex Gend Stud. 2001;6(3):181-91. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011586417276 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011586417276...
|
Cross-sectional |
Lesbians and gay men |
Mean 38 |
Not shown |
Australia |
University of Canberra |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Nicol et al. 5050.Nicol P, Chapman R, Watkins R, Young J, Shields L. Tertiary paediatric hospital health professionals’ attitudes to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents seeking health care for their children. J Clin Nurs. 2013 Dec;22(23-24):3396-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12372 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12372...
|
Cross-sectional |
Health professionals in a pediatric tertiary hospital (nurses; doctors; other professions and employees) |
Similar mean ages for nurses (37.1), physicians (35.9), and other healthcare professionals and other staff (37.4) |
Caucasian: n = 178 (88.1%) |
Australia |
Nurses Memorial Trust of Western Australia |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Others: n = 24 (11.9%) |
Nimbi et al. 5151.Nimbi FM, Viozzi E, Tripodi F, Simonelli C, Baiocco R. Could educational programs in sexology have an influence on attitudes towards same-sex marriage and parenting? Sexologies. 2020;29(3):e77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2020.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2020.01....
|
Quantitative |
Health professionals |
Mean 34.54 (Sexology Educational Programs Group); |
Not shown |
Italy |
Not shown |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Mean 30 (Group without Educational Programs in Sexology) |
O’Neill et al. 5353.O’Neill KR, Hame HP, Dixon R. Perspectives from Lesbian women: their experiences with healthcare professionals when transitioning to planned parenthood. Divers Equal Health Care. 2013 Dec;10(4):213-22.
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Mid 30s–mid 40s |
All women identified as being of European descent |
New Zealand |
Te Pou, New Zealand National Mental Health Research Center |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Obem 5454.Obem MK. A (in)visibilidade de famílias homoafetivas durante atendimentos nos serviços de saúde. Rio Grande do Sul [dissertation]. Santa Maria: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 2018.
|
Qualitative (master’s thesis) |
Lesbians and gay men |
23–54 |
Not shown |
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) |
Capes |
Not shown |
Perrin and Kulkin 5555.Perrin EC, Kulkin H. Pediatric care for children whose parents are gay or lesbian. Pediatrics. 1996 May;97(5):629-35. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.629 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.629...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians and gay men |
Not shown |
White: n = 435 (94%) |
USA |
Joseph P. Healey Endowment Grant Award, 1993 to 1995 |
Not shown |
Hispanic: n = 11 (2%) |
Black: n = 6 (1%) |
Other/unknown: n = 15 (3%) |
Renaud 5656.Renaud MT. We are mothers too: childbearing experiences of lesbian families. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(2):190-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00136.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007...
|
Qualitative and critical ethnography |
Lesbians |
20–40 |
Of the interviewees, Caucasian (n = 18), Hispanic (n = 2); and “woman of color,” as identified in the research (n = 1) |
USA |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Support group participants: included “women of color” |
Focus group: all were Caucasian |
Rondahl et al. 5757.Röndahl G, Bruhner E, Lindhe J. Heteronormative communication with lesbian families in antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care. J Adv Nurs. 2009 Nov;65(11):2337-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05092.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
30–46 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Uppsala University Hospital and Linkoping University, ISV/HAV |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Ross et al. 5858.Ross LE, Steele LS, Epstein R. Lesbian and bisexual women’s recommendations for improving the provision of assisted reproductive technology services. Fertil Steril. 2006 Sep;86(3):735-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.049 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.200...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians or bisexuals |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Canada |
Lesbian and Gay Community Appeal Foundation of Toronto. Lori E. Ross is supported by a Career Scientist Award from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Ontario Women’s Health Council. Leah Steele is supported as an academic researcher by the Department of Family Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto and the Health Systems Research and Consultancy Unit at the Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and, as a career scientist, by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care |
Not shown |
Rozental and Malmquist 5959.Rozental A, Malmquist A. Vulnerability and acceptance: lesbian women’s family-making through assisted reproduction in Swedish Public Health Care. J GLBT Fam Stud. 2015 Mar;11(2):127-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.891088 https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.89...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
26–45 |
Not shown |
Sweden |
Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research |
Not shown |
Silva 6161.Silva DA. Enfim mães! Da experiência da reprodução assistida à experiência da maternidade lésbica [dissertation]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; 2013.
|
Qualitative (master’s thesis) |
Healthcare professionals and Lesbians |
26–46 (lesbians) |
Not shown |
Brazil (states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) |
Not shown |
Not shown |
29–60 (health professionals) |
Spidsberg 6464.Spidsberg BD. Vulnerable and Strong: lesbian women encountering maternity care. J Adv Nurs. 2007 Dec;60(5):478-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04439.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007...
|
Qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological |
Lesbians |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Norway |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Spidsberg and Sørlie 6565.Spidsberg BD, Sørlie V. An expression of love: midwives’ experiences in the encounter with lesbian women and their partners. J Adv Nurs. 2012 Apr;68(4):796-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05780.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011...
|
Qualitative |
Health professionals (midwives) |
30–59, mean 50 |
Not shown |
Norway |
The Norwegian Women’s Public Health Association |
Declare that there is no conflict |
Stewart 6666.Stewart M. Lesbian parents talk about their birth experiences. Br J Midwifery. 1999 Feb;7(2):96-101. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1999.7.2.8377 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1999.7.2.8...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians |
Not shown |
White (100%) |
UK |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Doussa et al. 6767.Doussa H, Power J, McNair R, Brown R, Schofield M, Perlesz A, et al. Building healthcare workers’ confidence to work with same-sex parented families. Health Promot Int. 2016 Jun;31(2):459-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav010 https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav010...
|
Qualitative |
Lesbians and gay men; health and wellness service providers |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Australia |
Australian Research Council Linkage Grant, with financial support from the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), Relationships Australia (National and Victoria), ACON (formerly the AIDS Council of NSW), and in-kind support from Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria and the Queensland Association for Healthy Communities |
Declared that there was no conflict |
Wilton and Kaufmann 7171.Wilton T, Kaufmann T. Lesbian mothers’ experiences of maternity care in the UK. Midwifery. 2001 Sep;17(3):203-11. https://doi.org/10.1054/midw.2001.0261 https://doi.org/10.1054/midw.2001.0261...
|
Mixed |
Lesbians |
All except one were over 30 years old |
White: n = 45 (100%) |
UK |
Not shown |
Not shown |
Wojnar and Katzenmeyer 7272.Wojnar DM, Katzenmeyer A. Experiences of preconception, pregnancy, and new motherhood for lesbian nonbiological mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43(1):50-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12270 https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12270...
|
Qualitative phenomenological descriptive |
Lesbians |
28–48, mean 37.2 |
White (n = 20), African American (n = 2), mixed ethnicity (n = 2) |
Various communities in the Pacific Northwest |
No relevant financing relationship |
Declare that there is no conflict |