Slow-released fertilizers optimization and experimental impacts on soil fertility and wheat- maize cropping system

El-Sharkawy, Mahmoud; Li, Jian; AL-Huqail, Arwa Abdulkreem; Hamed, Mervat A.; Du, Daolin; EL-Khamisy, Rasha R.

doi:10.1590/1678-992X-2023-0234

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Soils and Plant Nutrition • Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 81 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2023-0234 copy

Slow-released fertilizers optimization and experimental impacts on soil fertility and wheat- maize cropping system

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Using of traditional fertilizers to enhance plant productivity extensively causes nutrient loss and environmental hazards. Urea-coated fertilizers are expected to balance the riddle between soil fertility and plant productivity. This study aimed to optimize grain yield prediction based on plant type, soil type, and coated urea levels through the Design Expert Model. Experimental investigations were carried out using sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) plants across multiple winter/summer seasons (2019/2020-2020/2021) in a split-plot design. The main plots represented sandy, loamy, and clayey soils, and subgroups (T1, T2, T3) denoted urea, SCU, and UF, respectively, at recommended nitrogen doses. The central composite face-centered (CCFC) model explained 89 % of the total variability, highlighting the optimal 100 % coated urea dose for maximum grain yield. The application of sulfur-coated urea (SCU) enhanced soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) availability, dehydrogenase (DHA), and urease activities. The N-coated fertilizers positively correlated with soil fertility and soil microbial biomass (SMB), organic matter (OM), grain yield, and microbial population. The highest wheat and maize yields were observed with SCU application in clayey soil. The principal component analysis (PCA) reinforced the positive correlations between SMB, OM, DHA, and urease, emphasizing their significance in grain and straw yield. Consequently, the application of SCU as a slow-release fertilizer for sulfur and nitrogen nutrients proved beneficial in improving soil characteristics and enhancing plant productivity.

coated fertilizers; optimal approach; plant productivity; soil properties

Factor	Name	Level	Low level	High level
A	Plant type	1.50	1.00	2.00
B	Soil type	2.80	1.00	3.00
C	Coated urea	100.00	50.00	150.00

Properties	Types of soils
Properties	Sandy	Loamy	Clayey
Clay (%)	4.99	17.12	50.45
Silt (%)	7.11	35.01	29.18
Fine sand (%)	39.49	25.01	12.32
Coarse sand (%)	48.41	22.86	8.05
Textural class	Sand	Loam	Clay
pH (1:2.5)	8.02	8.11	7.93
ECe (dS m ^–1 )	1.09	1.90	1.7
CEC (cmol _c kg ^–1 )	16.8	43.27	65.65
Bulk Density (g cm ^–3 )	1.65	1.51	1.24
Total porosity (%)	37.8	43.02	53.21
OM (%)	0.72	0.94	1.15
CaCO ₃ (%)	3.61	24.70	2.88
N available (mg kg ^–1 )	13.45	39.78	49.05
P available (mg kg ^–1 )	2.18	4.05	6.19
K available (mg kg ^–1 )	55.15	128	286

Soil type	Treatment	Wheat					Maize
		EC	pH (1:2.50)	NPK available			EC	pH (1:2.50)	NPK available
		EC	pH (1:2.50)	N	P	K	EC	pH (1:2.50)	N	P	K
		dS m ^–1		-------------- mg kg ^–1 --------------			dS m ^–1		-------------- mg kg ^–1 --------------
Sandy soil	T1	0.91 ^fg	8.07 ^a	34.50 ^ef	2.22 ^e	78.32 ^e	0.82 ^e	8.01 ^a	24.50 ^f	2.96 ^d	92.50 ^f
	T2	0.77 ^g	7.91 ^c	40.12 ^def	2.95 ^e	97.15 ^d	0.61 ^f	7.88 ^c	29.08 ^ef	3.99 ^d	114.27 ^de
	T3	0.82 ^g	7.91 ^c	34.08 ^f	2.46 ^e	83.67 ^de	0.71 ^ef	7.94 ^abc	25.35 ^ef	3.30 ^d	102.97 ^ef
Loamy soil	T1	1.66 ^a	8.02 ^ab	41.63 ^de	3.92 ^d	116.37 ^c	1.51 ^a	7.91 ^bc	28.32 ^ef	4.24 ^d	119.30 ^de
	T2	1.37 ^bc	7.88 ^c	46.42 ^cd	5.02 ^c	131.37 ^c	1.24 ^bc	7.86 ^c	36.07 ^ab	6.53 ^c	147.83 ^c
	T3	1.51 ^ab	7.91 ^c	43.47 ^d	4.16 ^d	124.52 ^c	1.39 ^ab	7.89 ^c	30.52 ^cde	5.83 ^c	134.20 ^cd
Clayey soil	T1	1.31 ^cd	8.05 ^a	51.03 ^bc	6.72 ^b	322.13 ^b	1.24 ^bc	7.99 ^ab	32.58 ^bcd	8.10 ^b	333.89 ^b
	T2	1.08 ^ef	7.93 ^bc	62.75 ^a	8.79 ^a	366.00 ^a	1.00 ^d	7.90 ^bc	40.50 ^a	9.50 ^a	374.01 ^a
	T3	1.14 ^de	7.94 ^bc	55.45 ^b	7.28 ^b	336.33 ^b	1.10 ^cd	7.91 ^bc	34.85 ^c	8.19 ^ab	363.70 ^a

Soil types	Treatments	Wheat	Maize
Sandy soil	T1	4.98 ^h	4.88 ^h
	T2	5.86 ^g	5.76 ^f
	T3	5.24 ^h	5.24 ^g
Loamy soil	T1	6.68 ^f	5.98 ^f
	T2	7.46 ^d	7.43 ^d
	T3	6.97 ^e	6.85 ^e
Clayey soil	T1	10.85 ^c	10.26 ^c
	T2	12.66 ^a	11.69 ^a
	T3	11.53 ^b	10.88 ^b
LSD (0.05)		0.27	0.50

Soil type	Treatment	Wheat						Maize
Soil type	Treatment	Grain yield	Straw yield	1,000 grains weight	Plant height	Chl a	Chl b	Grain yield	Straw yield	100 grains weight	Plant height	Chl a	Chl b
		------ Mg ha ^–1 ------		g	cm	------ mg g ^–1 ------		------ Mg ha ^–1 ------		g	cm	------ mg g ^–1 ------
Sandy soil	T1	2.75 ^e	4.86 ^d	45.09 ^d	71.07 ^c	2.39 ^d	0.94 ^d	4.61 ^e	5.93 ^g	35.35 ^f	275.00 ^cd	1.44 ^e	0.69 ^c
	T2	3.03 ^de	5.13 ^d	45.86 ^cd	71.87 ^c	2.41 ^d	0.98 ^d	4.77 ^e	6.17 ^f	37.20 ^de	276.67 ^bcd	1.44 ^e	0.73 ^abc
	T3	2.66 ^e	4.92 ^d	45.20 ^d	72.25 ^c	2.46 ^cd	1.01 ^cd	4.61 ^e	5.85 ^g	35.79 ^ef	273.33 ^d	1.43 ^e	0.70 ^bc
Loamy soil	T1	3.29 ^cd	5.69 ^c	46.19 ^bc	80.19 ^b	2.53 ^bc	1.09 ^bc	5.31 ^d	6.58 ^e	38.50 ^cd	280.33 ^bcd	1.64 ^cd	0.68 ^c
	T2	3.52 ^c	5.85 ^c	46.94 ^ab	80.53 ^b	2.55 ^b	1.11 ^ab	5.66 ^c	7.19 ^d	39.76 ^bc	283.00 ^b	1.65 ^bcd	0.73 ^abc
	T3	3.49 ^c	5.81 ^c	46.44 ^abc	81.20 ^b	2.50 ^bc	1.09 ^bc	5.39 ^d	6.43 ^e	39.36 ^c	281.33 ^bc	1.61 ^d	0.74 ^abc
Clayey soil	T1	4.35 ^b	6.38 ^b	47.14 ^a	86.15 ^a	2.72 ^a	1.15 ^ab	6.07 ^b	7.62 ^c	41.24 ^ab	294.33 ^a	1.68 ^abc	0.78 ^abc
	T2	4.82 ^a	6.78 ^a	47.28 ^a	87.63 ^a	2.75 ^a	1.18 ^a	6.47 ^a	8.15 ^a	42.23 ^a	292.33 ^a	1.70 ^ab	0.81 ^a
	T3	4.65 ^ab	6.53 ^ab	47.20 ^a	86.87 ^a	2.68 ^a	1.19 ^a	6.15 ^b	7.93 ^b	42.12 ^a	292.78 ^a	1.72 ^a	0.80 ^ab

Soil types	Treatment	Wheat						Maize
		Uptake in grain			Uptake in straw			Uptake in grain			Uptake in straw
		N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K
		------------------------------------------------------------------------------- kg ha ^–1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sandy soil	T1	32.55 ^d	4.59 ^e	8.53 ^f	16.38 ^de	3.53 ^g	54.60 ⁱ	57.36 ^f	9.54 ^e	22.91 ^f	17.59 ^f	5.81 ^f	7.19 ^f
	T2	36.33 ^d	5.64 ^e	13.07 ^e	17.96 ^d	5.82 ^de	63.79 ^g	61.15 ^e	11.12 ^e	35.78 ^de	21.39 ^e	8.02 ^de	90.50 ^d
	T3	31.07 ^d	5.32 ^e	10.47 ^ef	15.41 ^e	4.78 ^ef	58.66 ^h	57.77 ^ef	9.99 ^e	27.00 ^ef	15.80 ^f	6.43 ^ef	74.10 ^e
Loamy soil	T1	48.12 ^c	4.84 ^e	12.32 ^e	24.28 ^c	4.19 ^fg	69.62 ^f	75.23 ^d	10.97 ^e	30.07 ^ef	26.98 ^d	6.74 ^ef	84.45 ^d
	T2	52.39 ^c	6.09 ^de	23.44 ^c	26.53 ^c	7.80 ^ab	80.98 ^d	81.96 ^c	19.43 ^b	53.05 ^bc	32.61 ^c	13.17 ^c	117.41 ^bc
	T3	50.44 ^c	7.44 ^cd	18.26 ^d	25.40 ^c	6.24 ^cd	73.64 ^e	77.43 ^d	13.82 ^d	43.14 ^cd	26.60 ^d	8.37 ^d	92.21 ^d
Clayey soil	T1	69.60 ^b	8.87 ^c	23.71 ^c	30.62 ^b	6.44 ^cd	95.76 ^c	94.28 ^b	17.01 ^c	55.61 ^b	37.58 ^b	8.89 ^d	109.13 ^c
	T2	79.63 ^a	13.94 ^a	36.58 ^a	34.75 ^a	8.98 ^a	132.56 ^a	103.91 ^a	25.86 ^a	74.36 ^a	47.79 ^a	18.76 ^a	142.68 ^a
	T3	75.56 ^ab	11.44 ^b	28.64 ^b	33.09 ^a	7.18 ^bc	100.14 ^b	95.32 ^b	18.27 ^bc	58.41 ^b	39.68 ^b	16.13 ^b	126.98 ^b
LSD (0.05)		3.68	0.88	1.51	1.30	0.69	5.43	2.02	1.36	5.77	1.71	0.93	5.79

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[1] * Corresponding author < aaalhuqail@pnu.edu.sa >