Public policy networks: an approach to analyze the governance of Food and Nutrition Security

Zúñiga-Escobar, Marianela; Grisa, Cátia; Coelho-de-Souza, Gabriela

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Original articles • Saude soc. 29 (4) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902020180890 copy

Public policy networks: an approach to analyze the governance of Food and Nutrition Security¹ 1 Funding: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) of the edital of the Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) and Universidad de Costa Rica.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The concept of governance acquires more and more relevance in the debates and practice of the management of political strategies of Food and Nutrition Security (FSN). However, its analysis demonstrates a complexity due to the influence of local, regional, national and international actors. The systemic approach of the FNS contemplates participation and intersectorality, among other principles. Such strategies are based on a multidisciplinary perspective that does not imply homogeneity, but rather consists on diverse actors and their different forms of multilevel relationship. In order to clarify it, this article proposes a theoretical-methodological route that consists on the analysis of actors involved in a given problem using the contributions of the Public Policy Networks (PPN) approach. The analytical tools of this approach offer ways to delimit the study and define the way, as well as who exercises the governance in FSN under the context to be studied.

Keywords:
Participation; Intersectorality; Governance; Public Policy Networks; Food and Nutrition Security

Subcategory and definition	Actor	Network	Considerations and interpretation of the results of the analysis
Structure: number of actors that make up the PPN.		X	The networks are not necessarily open or inclusive; they may include a small number of actors, as expected.
Degree of Intermediation (betweenness): is the possibility that an actor has to connect to others who are isolated.	X		Actors with greater intermediation have great power because they control communication or resource flows.
Degree of centrality of entry (indegree) of an actor: number of links with actors who report knowing him.	X		It allows the identification of those actors who, because of their high degree of recognition (a considerable number of actors recognize them or report having some kind of inter/dependent relationship with them), occupy a central position in the network.
Degree of centrality of output (oudegree): number of links with actors who report to know the actor.	X		They are considered influential actors in the PP process.

Subcategory and definition	Actor	Network	Considerations and interpretation of the results of the analysis
Substructure: the coalitions and subgroups that are in a PPN.		X	Coalitions, alliances or micro-networks characterized by the proximity or specific collaborative work of a set of actors who are closer and more strongly connected to each other than the rest of the network members.
Density: the number of relationships actually existing versus the number of possible relationships in the network.		X	The non-existence of relationships between some actors shows a disconnection among them, around issues on which they should be articulated to mobilize a PP, support its formulation, work on its implementation or on its monitoring/evaluation. Provides evidence of political and ideological differences among actors, preventing collaborative work.
Degree of centralization (centrality): Level of concentration of power in the PPN.		X	It shows how in/equitable the distribution of power is. A high centrality in the network is dominated by one or few actors. If those actors are removed, the network will quickly fragment into disconnected sub-networks. A network with low centrality does not have a single point of failure, making it much more resilient. High values of centralization show dysfunctional and hierarchical coalitions.
Degree of Closeness (closeness): The ability of an actor to reach all actors in the PPN.	X		It allows to identify who has more capacity to obtain and send information.
Actors’ Perspectives: Actors’ views about aspects of their participation in the PPN.	X	X	They can include aspects on which the actors consider that everyone agrees. Aspects on which the actors do not agree. What they consider is the objective of the PP or political action, as well as its scope.

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[1] Correspondence Marianela Zúñiga-Escobar Universidad de Costa Rica. Ciudad de la Investigación, Finca 2. Sabanilla, San José, Costa Rica. 2060.

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Public policy networks: an approach to analyze the governance of Food and Nutrition Security1 1 Funding: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) of the edital of the Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) and Universidad de Costa Rica.

Abstract

Public policy networks: an approach to analyze the governance of Food and Nutrition Security¹ 1 Funding: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) of the edital of the Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) and Universidad de Costa Rica.