The role of urban and peri-urban agriculture in global food security from post-war to the COVID-19 crisis: new perspectives on food justice, global health, and sustainability<sup>,</sup>

Bertolini, Ana Maria; Jaime, Patricia Constante; Giulio, Gabriela Marques Di

doi:10.1590/S0104-12902023230330en

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Dossier • Saude soc. 32 (3) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902023230330en copy

The role of urban and peri-urban agriculture in global food security from post-war to the COVID-19 crisis: new perspectives on food justice, global health, and sustainability³ 3 This work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) from the direct doctoral scholarship granted to Bertolini in the Graduate Program in Global Health and Sustainability (Process Nº-: 88887.615675/2021-00). ^,² 2 O artigo é uma versão atualizada e revista do capítulo original “Entrelaçamentos entre a segurança alimentar e nutricional, pandemia de Covid-19 e sustentabilidade” - BERTOLINI, A. M.; JAIME, P. C.; DI GIULIO, G publicado em VENTURA, D. F. L.; RIBEIRO, H. (Orgs.) As múltiplas dimensões da crise de Covid-19: perspectivas críticas da Saúde Global e Sustentabilidade. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP, 2023 As autoras agradecem às organizadoras do livro pela autorização para publicação.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The current global syndemic, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the collapse of current food systems. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) initiatives have been recognised as strategies of opposition to the dominant food system model based on their multiple positive impacts. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss the evolution of the concept of food and nutrition security (FNS) at the international level from its proposition (in the post-World War II period) to the COVID-19 crisis, understanding the contributions of UPA in this agenda. To this end, the document is based on a critical literature review. The FNS field has evolved, and different dimensions have been included in its characterisation; however, institutional responses are concentrated in times of crises, whose impacts affect it and favour the maintenance of globalised and unsustainable food systems. The UPA practices, on the other hand, appear with peaks of rise and decline, as their contributions gain new contours, evolving along with the FNS agenda. With a view to broadening and adding to the current discussions on FNSand UPA, we finally discuss the need to incorporate the concepts of justice, global health, and a multidimensional view on sustainability.

Keywords:
Global syndemic; COVID-19; Food and nutrition security; Urban and peri-urban agriculture

Agency	Characterization
United Nations (UN)	Multilateral organization whose objective, among others, is to facilitate international cooperation between countries with a view to law, security, social progress, human rights, and world peace.
World Health Organization (WHO)	Agency linked to the UN, whose central theme is the fight against diseases, health promotion-more recently planetary health-and produces a series of references that must be adapted to local realities.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)	Agency linked to the UN, dedicated to discussing and proposing themes and solutions in the field of food and food production, aiming to lead international efforts to end food insecurity and hunger.
World Food Programme (WFP)	Agency linked to the UN, whose focus is on humanitarian aid and the fight against hunger, acting mainly in emergency and conflict situations.
United Nations Children’s Fund - UNICEF	Agency linked to the UN, dedicated to ensuring the rights to life, health, and good nutrition of children and adolescents.

FSN Dimension	Definition:
Availability	Having a quantity and quality of food sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, free from adverse substances and acceptable within a given culture, supplied through domestic production or imports.
Access	Having personal or household financial means to acquire food for an adequate diet without compromising other basic needs; and that adequate food is accessible to everyone, including vulnerable individuals and groups.
Utilization	Having an adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met.
Stability	Having the ability to ensure food security in the event of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic, health, conflict, or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity).

FNS Dimension	Definition
Agency	Individuals or groups with the capacity of acting independently in choosing what they eat; the food they produce; how the food is produced, processed, and distributed, and those with the capacity to engage in political processes that shape the food systems. Protecting agency requires socio-political systems that support governance structures that enable the realization of FNS for all.
Sustainability	Food system practices that contribute to the long-term regeneration of natural, social, and economic systems, ensuring that the food needs of current generations are met without compromising the food needs of the future generations.

Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública. Av. dr. Arnaldo, 715, Prédio da Biblioteca, 2º andar sala 2, 01246-904 São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7880 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: saudesoc@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence Ana Maria Bertolini Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715. São Paulo, SP, Brasil. CEP 01246-904. E-mail: ana.bertolini@usp.br E-mail: constant@usp.br E-mail: ggiulio@usp.br